Se ha elaborado este libro partiendo de la premisa de que la formación y la realización de prácticas de laboratorio en buses de campo e industriales es fundamental para los futuros profesionales del sector de la automatización y el control industrial. La presente obra contiene un total de 16 prácticas comprobadas y puestas en marcha para su realización en el laboratorio, las cuales se aplican a sistemas automatizados mediante buses y redes de comunicación industrial, y en las cuales se detallan los elementos, equipos y materiales necesarios para desarrollar de manera guiada estas prácticas. Para la...

Los primeros aportes que permiten la publicación de este libro se remontan a la década de los años ?80, cuando se considera conveniente la creación de la asignatura Ingeniería de Plantas para su incorporación en los programas para la formación de ingenieros, con el objetivo entregar a los alumnos los conocimientos relacionados con el efecto de la confiabilidad operacional de sistemas complejos en la toma de decisiones en proyectos industriales bajo el enfoque del ciclo de vida de los equipos, LCC (Life Cycle Cost).

El trabajo describe la necesidad de la implementación del sistema de gestión de calidad, y se establece como por medio de la ejecución del sistema de gestión de calidad la empresa puede lograr mejores rendimientos, minimizar externalidades y entregar servicios con calidad y continuidad. Se inicia con la revisión literaria de fuentes primarias, secundarias y otras fuentes, de investigaciones realizadas con el fin de detectar, obtener y consultar la trayectoria de los sistemas de gestión de calidad, que pueden ser útiles a los propósitos del trabajo de investigación, así como extraer y recopilar la información relevante y necesaria que atañe a nuestro problema de investigación. El trabajo de investigación continua con una revisión de los antecedentes normativos de los sistemas de gestión de calidad del sector público, las generalidades del servicio público de acueducto; y luego se describe la situación técnica y financiera que presenta la SEMSEP ES.P. SA contextualizando la situación objeto de investigación. Se continua con la propuesta para la implementación del sistema de gestión de la calidad del macro proceso de acueducto, que inicia con un diagnóstico del macro proceso de acueducto, la evaluación financiera de la propuesta, y la planeación para la implementación de la propuesta

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is one of the latest mobile communication technologies being commercially deployed worldwide. It has emerged as a promising technology for new applications such as mobile video surveillance (IPVS) due to its higher data throughputs as well as the quality of the service management capabilities. This work focuses on the performance evaluation of a mobile and real-time IPVS system over a LTE network in both operation modes, namely FDD and TDD. The QoS Requirements for the IPVS were defined and two simulation analyses were performed in OPNET Modeler in order to compare them to the QoS Delivered. The first analysis studied the performance of the IPVS service from a capacity point of view in a single cell scenario while the second analysis looked at the performance of the IPVS service in a sample network configuration including several cells. In light of the analysed results it was evidenced the flexibility of TDD operation mode in terms of capacity as well as its higher delay and packet delay behaviours in comparison with FDD operation mode. Additionally it was shown that TDD index 6 does not comply with the QoS performance required for an IPVS service in a multi cell network. 

During the last decades there has been an increase in the generation of solid wastes in the world, in developing countries the situation has been specifically critical since in many cases there is no adequate treatment for the solid waste due to the scarcity of the resources and to the poor conscience of the real situation and possible consequences. This document presents the composting method as a suitable alternative for the treatment of solid waste in developing countries considering that its costs are not so high and that the composition of the solid waste is mainly organic. The analysis was based on a current literature review and on the study of some cases of composting projects, according to the results an operational guideline for the development of composting projects in developing countries was proposed. The guideline is composed of two main cores: the planning system and the evaluation system. The planning system supports the development of a composting project and the evaluation system is a base for the comparison of performance between different future cases.

Engineered barriers are used in the containment of hazardous materials and are usually a composite of compacted clayey soil and a synthetic membrane. Containment elements such as landfill liners should be designed to control or prevent leachate migration or groundwater ingress. Engineering specifications for a compacted clay liner are based mainly in a hydraulic conductivity less than 10-9 m/s and the need for stability during construction and operation of the landfill. Sandbentonite mixtures are often used as a barrier material. The addition of relatively small amounts of bentonite (5-15%) can improve the performance of a granular material providing both a low permeability and an enhanced mechanical stability. However not all the possible compaction conditions produce a low permeability and mechanically stable material. Changes in water content after compaction can cause swelling or collapse depending on the stress and suction conditions before the water content change occurs. A laboratory investigation of the swelling-collapse behaviour of compacted mixtures of Sand-bentonite has been undertaken. Compaction and suction characteristics were established. The suction and volume change characteristics were investigated through a series of oedometer tests. The central part of the experimental programme focused on the detailed investigation of the processes of swelling and collapse during controlled wetting.To do this, a significant number of modifications were required to the existing apparatus. Fabric studies including Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry were also undertaken. Intrinsic behaviour and the relationship between suction and water content were comprehensively studied. A parametric study of the influence of bentonite content and sand grading was also undertaken. The results are presented and analysed. Recommendations for future research are made.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is an emerging technology designed to tackle climate change by making processes more sustainable. This work gives a technical review of the current status of this process in order to compare it with the production of biochar. The latter is a carbon-rich material obtained when biomass is heated in the absence of oxygen. Although this production technique, which is called pyrolysis, has been known for centuries, there is little information regarding its process at an industrial level. As a result, this dissertation presents a study of the feasibility of biochar production as a means of carbon capture and storage. In other words, this research generates an approach to provide a preliminary estimate of the potential of large-scale biochar production to reduce atmospheric CO2. In this context, it is important to consider that pyrolysis-based biochar could be valuable in terms of soil improvement, crop yield increase, bioenergy generation and greenhouse gas (GHG) offsets. In this perspective, there are two categories of pyrolysis: fast and slow. Fast pyrolysis produces biochar in a matter of seconds, whereas slow pyrolysis produces a higher conversion to biochar but in a matter of hours. Generally speaking, the pyrolysis-based process is considered to be carbon-negative, because biochar production could reduce the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. In terms of the data analysis, several factors were considered and some assumptions were made. These assumptions are based on the literature because biochar production is not yet available at a commercial scale. According to the results, the cost to capture a tonne of carbon dioxide is $6.47 and $32.49 for fast and slow pyrolysis respectively. Therefore, although it is not a profitable technology, it could be cost competitive compared with CCS projects.

Recent projections estimate that the Netherlands needs circa 33 GW of offshore wind capacity in the North Sea to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement. To this end, the Dutch government has very ambitious plans to create new wind sites far from shore and integrate that power generation to the high-voltage power grid in the next years. Due to the challenges of connecting future massive amounts of offshore wind power into the grid TenneT operates it becomes urgent to investigate new alternatives for this purpose. A grid topology with transmission capacities above 1 GW connecting offshore wind farms at distances close to 100 km in a standardized, modular, and cost-efficient manner is the focus of this thesis. With eight point-to-point HVDC links in operation in Germany and more expected in near future, TenneT TSO is analysing new offshore grid connection concepts to achieve a reliable and secure operation of the infrastructure connecting wind energy both in Germany and the Netherlands. A solution is presented in this thesis report in which new wind farms are connected with 66-kV cables to a centralised platform with a connection capacity of 1050 MW. This platform will utilise HVDC technology based on VSC conversion techniques and MMC topology. It is expected that the 66-kV cables will not be connected to a single busbar through paralleled converter transformer, but that this will be done with at least three converter transformers connected to each other on the valve side but not connected on the 66-kV side. A dynamic performance study of a test network with the novel connection topology developed in PSCAD has been done. Each component of the system was studied to obtain a complete overview and understanding of the overall behaviour. All the associated control loops for the MMC terminals and wind turbines were modelled in detail. Through several simulations based on eight cases and scenarios the performance of the offshore 66-kV ac grid and the MMC-HVDC link using the control schemes of MMC converters as in a typical grid connection topology for OWFs was assessed. Proyecciones recientes estiman que los Países Bajos necesitan alrededor de 33 GW de capacidad eólica marina en el Mar del Norte para cumplir los objetivos del Acuerdo de París. Para este fin, el gobierno holandés tiene planes muy ambiciosos de crear nuevas plantas eólicas lejos de la costa e integrar esa generación de energía a la red eléctrica de alto voltaje en los próximos años. Debido a los desafíos de conectar cantidades masivas de energía eólica marina a la red que opera TenneT en el futuro, es urgente investigar nuevas alternativas para este propósito. El objetivo de esta tesis es estudiar una nueva topología de red con capacidades de transmisión por encima de 1 GW que conecte parques eólicos marinos a distancias cercanas a 100 km de manera estandarizada, modular y rentable. Con ocho enlaces HVDC punto a punto en operación en Alemania y más esperados en el futuro cercano, TenneT TSO está analizando nuevos conceptos de conexión a la red en el mar para lograr una operación confiable y segura de la infraestructura que conecta la energía eólica tanto en Alemania como en los Países Bajos. En este reporte de tesis se presenta una solución en la que los nuevos parques eólicos están conectados con cables de 66 kV a una plataforma centralizada con una capacidad de conexión de 1050 MW. Esta plataforma utilizará tecnología HVDC basada en las técnicas de conversión VSC con topología MMC. Se espera que los cables de 66 kV no se conecten a un solo punto eléctrico a través de transformadores convertidores en paralelo, sino que esto se hará con al menos tres transformadores convertidores conectados entre sí en el lado del convertidor, pero no en el lado de 66 kV. En este documento se presentan los resultados de un estudio dinámico de una red de prueba con la nueva topología de conexión desarrollada en PSCAD. Cada componente del sistema se estudió para obtener una visión general completa y una comprensión del comportamiento de toda la red. Todos los lazos de control de las estaciones convertidoras MMC y las turbinas eólicas se modelaron en detalle. A través de varias simulaciones basadas en ocho casos y escenarios se evaluó el comportamiento de la red de ac de 66 kV en alta mar y el enlace MMC-HVDC utilizando los esquemas actuales de control de los convertidores MMC de las topologías típicas de conexión de red para granjas eólicas marinas.

Modern data acquisition techniques such as Global positioning system (GPS), Radio-frequency identification (RFID) and mobile phones have resulted in the collection of huge amounts of data in the form of trajectories during the past years. Popularity of these technologies and ubiquity of mobile devices seem to indicate that the amount of spatio-temporal data will increase at accelerated rates in the future. Many previous studies have focused on efficient techniques to store and query trajectory databases. Early approaches to recovering information from this kind of data include single predicate range and nearest neighbour queries. However, they are unable to capture collective behaviour and correlations among moving objects. Recently, a new interest for querying patterns capturing ‘group’ or ‘common’ behaviours have emerged. An example of this type of pattern are moving flocks. These are defined as groups of moving objects that move together (within a predefined distance to each other) for a certain continuous period of time. Current algorithms to discover moving flock patterns report problems in scalability and the way the discovered patterns are reported. The field of frequent pattern mining has faced similar problems during the past decade, and has sought to provided efficient and scalable techniques which successfully deal with those issues. This research proposes a framework which integrates techniques for clustering, pattern mining detection, postprocessing and visualization in order to discover and analyse moving flock patterns in large trajectory datasets. The proposed framework was tested and compared with a current method (BFE algorithm). Synthetic datasets simulating trajectories generated by large number of moving objects were used to test the scalability of the framework. Real datasets from different contexts and characteristics were used to assess the performance and analyse the discovered patterns. The framework shows to be efficient, scalable and modular. This research shows that moving flock patterns can be generalized as frequent patterns and state-of-the-art algorithms for frequent pattern mining can be used to detect the moving flock patterns. This research develops preliminary visualization of the most relevant findings. Appropriate interpretation of the results demands further analysis in order to display the most relevant information.

El sistema de aumentación en tierra GBAS permite mejorar el rendimiento de cualquier sistema de navegación por satélite, o GNSS, permitiendo proveer operaciones de precisión en aproximación y aterrizaje hasta la categoría CAT I para aeronaves civiles. El equipo a bordo de la aeronave confía en la validez y exactitud de la información suministrada por la estación GBAS para así calcular sus propios Niveles de Protección (PL). Por tanto, la estación GBAS es completamente responsable de evaluar los y asegurar los niveles de integridad de la señal que recibe, en cumplimiento con los requerimientos establecidos. De lo contrario, una notificación o mensaje ha de ser enviado por la estación GBAS a las aeronaves informando de esta situación. El error de posicionamiento de satélite debido a efemérides es una falla en la cual la ver- dadera posición del satélite no se corresponde con aquella calculada por las aeronaves. Pese al hecho de que la probabilidad de tales eventos es baja, y que normalmente cuando se sucede su magnitud no es lo suficientemente considerable para tener un impacto significativo en el posicionamiento, podría ocurrir que una combinación de factores diera lugar a una amenaza real a la integridad, y a potenciales errores en el posicionamiento. Este reporte se centra en el tipo de error de orbitas B, en el cual la discordancia entre la posición emitida por satélite y la verdadera es una consecuencia directa de un error en la información contenida en las efemérides. Trabajos previos han demostrado satisfactorios resultados detectando estas fallas comparando el mensaje de efemérides recibido con respecto a un mensaje previo que ya haya sido validado, implementando una aproximación de orden cero (ZOH), de primer orden (FOH) y de segundo orden (SOH). El objetivo principal es la implementación de estas aproximaciones, comparar los resultados y elegir un candidato para el monitor de error en orbitas de satélite de tipo B, cumpliendo los requerimientos para aproximaciones y aterrizajes de precisión categoría CAT-I. El siguiente trabajo de grado presentado para optar por el título de Master en Sistemas de Navegación por Satélite en la Escuela Nacional de la Aviación Civil Francesa, ENAC, también presentado como resultado final del trabajo de practicas la Universidad Politécnica de Catalunya, UPC, bajo el marco del Master de Ciencias y Tecnologías Aeroespaciales, detalla el desarrollo e implementación practica de un monitor de orbita de satélite para ser utilizado en aproximaciones de precisión CATI.