Nowadays, the development of global competition has been one of the main factors that have driven the efforts toward the optimisation development. Therefore, oil refineries have been encouraged to be restructured for competing successfully in this new scenario with low profit margin, tighter environmental regulations and more efficient plant operation. However, many years and a lot of human and computational efforts have been dedicated to improve the techniques applied for the overall refinery optimisation. Good developments have come successfully operating at the planning level; but developing and solving rigorous overall plant optimisation models at the production scheduling level still are at research stage and much more work must be done to continue improving in this field through the involvement of difficult tasks due to the mathematical complexity of the models which have the compulsory use of a large quantity of equations and variables that hugely increase the size of the problem. This Thesis presents a new generic mixed integer linear programming model for optimising the scheduling of crude oil unloading, inventories, blending and feed to oil refineries that usually unload several kinds of crude oils with different compositions. The objective function of the model consists on minimising the operational cost generated during the mentioned operation. Case studies are presented and compared each other illustrating the capabilities of the model to solve operation scheduling problems in this area and to support future expansion projects for the system as they happen in real situations. The solution involves optimal operation of crude oil unloading, optimal transfer rates among equipments in accordance with the pumping capacities and tank volume limitations, optimal oscillation of crude oil blended compositions and fulfilment of the oil charging demand per process unit. border’s fringe. 

Abstract: The Environmental Control System (ECS) allows the control of the environment within the cabin and flight deck for pilot and passenger comfort, and protects them from adverse weather conditions. This study presents a Matlab-Simulink® model developed to calculate the shaft power and ventilation required by the ECS during different flight conditions. The ECS model includes two blocks. The first block determines the requirements of the ECS by means of the analysis of thermal loads presented inside the helicopter. The second block computes the ECS air-conditioning pack of the helicopter (for cooling, heating and demisting). Two different ambient and flight conditions are simulated to find the power consumption of the air-conditioning pack once a comfortable cabin environment has been achieved. It is concluded that by using this model, the changes in the comfort level can be predicted in real time in order to intelligently reduce the ECS overall power consumption in a helicopter by choosing among five different ECS configurations the most appropriated, thus maintain the thermal comfort of the pilot and the passengers. Resumen: El Sistema de Control Ambiental (ECS por sus siglas en inglés) permite el control del ambiente dentro de la cabina y la consola de control del helicóptero, proporcionando confort y protección a los pilotos y pasajeros en condiciones climáticas adversas. Este estudio presenta un modelo en Matlab-Simulink® aplicable a diversas condiciones de vuelo para calcular la potencia mecánica y la ventilación requerida por el ECS. El modelo ECS incluye dos bloques. El primer bloque determina los requerimientos del ECS por medio del análisis de cargas térmicas presentadas en el interior del helicóptero. El segundo bloque computa el sistema de acondicionamiento de aire del ECS dentro de un helicoptero (para refrigeración, calefacción y desempañado). Dos condiciones diferentes de ambiente y de vuelo son simuladas para encontrar el consumo de potencia del sistema de acondicionamiento de aire una vez alcanzado un ambiente de cabina confortable. Se concluye que por medio de este modelo, los patrones de cambio próximos en el nivel de confort se pueden predecir en tiempo real con el fin de reducir de forma inteligente el consumo general de energía del ECS en un helicóptero al seleccionar entre 5 configuraciones la más apropiada, y asi mantener el confort térmico del piloto y los pasajeros.

Abstract: Different contract types means different incentives, burdens and relationships. The contract type responsibilities and price should be in accordance with the project needs and organization capacities, not knowing this could entail less project profitability and chances of success. It is necessary to understand the alternatives and how they behave, in order to develop the right strategies to avoid overruns and improve the project quality. The goal of this thesis is to develop a decision analysis model for contract type selection. This model will become a useful tool for contractor and client preferences in an easy and effective way. Decision analysis is a powerful tool that will help us to bring clarity of thought in this process; during this thesis it is described what is a project, its phases, activities and the components that understand it, in the same way it is presented the contract management life cycle. This model attempts to link and evaluate the contract types, differentiators, and the client and contractor preferences in order to quantify the costs and benefits of each type, which could be the best option. One priority of this thesis is to understand the synergetic relationship between contract type, contract management, project management and contract price, in order to take the best decision, increasing the probability to achieve a successful project execution. As application example, a contract type selection for the EPCI (Engineering, Procurement, Construction & Installation) of a topside for a semisubmersible platform is presented.Resumen: Diferentes tipos de contrato significa diferentes incentivos, cargas y relaciones. Las responsabilidades y el precio del tipo de contrato deben estar de acuerdo con las necesidades del proyecto y las capacidades de la organización, sin saber que esto podría implicar una menor rentabilidad del proyecto y posibilidades de éxito. Es necesario comprender las alternativas y la forma en que se comportan, a fin de desarrollar las estrategias correctas para evitar los excesos y mejorar la calidad del proyecto. El objetivo de esta tesis es desarrollar un modelo de análisis de decisión para la selección del tipo de contrato. Este modelo se convertirá en una herramienta útil para las preferencias de los contratistas y clientes de una manera fácil y efectiva. El análisis de decisiones es una herramienta poderosa que nos ayudará a tener claridad de pensamiento en este proceso; Durante esta tesis se describe qué es un proyecto, sus fases, actividades y los componentes que lo comprenden, de la misma manera que se presenta el ciclo de vida de gestión de contratos. Este modelo intenta vincular y evaluar los tipos de contrato, los diferenciadores y las preferencias del cliente y del contratista para cuantificar los costos y beneficios de cada tipo, lo que podría ser la mejor opción. Una de las prioridades de esta tesis es comprender la relación sinérgica entre el tipo de contrato, la gestión de contratos, la gestión de proyectos y el precio del contrato, para tomar la mejor decisión, aumentando la probabilidad de lograr una ejecución exitosa del proyecto. Como ejemplo de aplicación, se presenta una selección de tipo de contrato para el EPCI (Ingeniería, Aprovisionamiento, Construcción e Instalación) de un topside para una plataforma semisumergible.

Tracer experiments are of concern to wastewater treatment engineers and researchers because of the importance of determining hydraulic regimes and retention times in wastewater treatment units. In this work, a pilot-scale maturation waste stabilisation pond (WSP) was spiked with Rhodamine WT, in order to determine how suspended organic matter would interfere with its performance as a tracer in a domestic wastewater treatment unit which had a high content of suspended algal biomass. A primary maturation pond was spiked in three separate runs with different levels of algae (high, medium and low), with a known amount of Rhodamine WT (20% w/v); the tracer was measured in the pond effluent in real time every 20 min for 3? (the theoretical retention time, ? = 17 days). Algal biomass was monitored weekly from influent, column and effluent water samples by chlorophyll-a determination. The results show that algal biomass has a strong influence on the behaviour of Rhodamine WT as a tracer and therefore the hydraulic characteristics calculated from tracer curves may be affected by tracer adsorption on suspended organic matter.

In this work a tertiary horizontal-flow blast furnace slag (BFS) filter was tested for phosphorus removal under laboratory and field conditions. Laboratory experiments were conducted in a bench-scale BFS filter for phosphorus adsorption capacity at equilibrium conditions using P-spiked water. On-site, the performance of a pilot-scale BFS filter was monitored for phosphorus removal from the final effluent of a pilot-scale WSP system located in Esholt (Bradford, UK), which comprises a primary facultative pond and a secondary aerated rock filter (ARF) in series. Adsorption capacity (q) results showed that BFS has high affinity for inorganic P species and it can remove up to 30 g P/kg BFS; however, q values are strongly dependent on the initial P concentration. The pilot-scale BFS filter tested on-site performed better for longer (<2 mg P/L) than the laboratory-scale filter, even though despite the latter received the same hydraulic and P loadings (1.8 m3/m3 d and 18 g P/m3 d, respectively). Both the laboratory and field results showed that BFS filters are an appropriate low-cost technology to upgrading small wastewater treatment systems for phosphorus removal.

Wastewater treatment technologies suitable for serving large populations are generally reliable and reasonably cost-effective, yet they are almost always financially inappropriate for small communities (,2,000 p.e.). Comparative cost data suggests that waste stabilization ponds should be an attractive option for small communities, yet perceptions relating to land costs, climate and effluent quality have limited their application in the UK. This paper details typical UK land costs, climate and winter performance data for apilot-scale waste stabilization pond with various upgrading technologies: system A, two tertiary maturationponds in series; B, two tertiary maturation ponds in series followed by a reed bed channel; C, a control rockfilter; D, an aerated rock filter; and E, a constructed wetland. System D was found to perform best, closely followed by system B.

Discrete function integration is achieved at the package level with a variety of packaging solutions, mainly package on package. In this paper we review mainstream package on package technology offerings and compare them against improved versions of these packages where advances in materials properties and processing techniques are leveraged to meet increasingly tighter overall package thickness requirements while maintaining or improving the reliability, yield and cost effectiveness metrics set by the existing technologies. Different avenues to achieve very thin POP and system-in-a-package constructions are explored in detail, showing the implications in terms of material properties, new or improved processing steps and design trade-offs. Similarly, we show examples where these new techniques have been used successfully to achieve the stricter thickness targets and to prove that these technologies are ready to be applied and leveraged immediately for functionality integration without requiring extended development times or completely new processing methodologies.

Por muchas décadas, este texto, Dibujo técnico con gráficas de ingeniería, ha sido reconocido como una autoridad en las teorías y técnicas de la comunicación gráfica. Generaciones de profesores y estudiantes han utilizado y conservado este libro como una referencia profesional. Su éxito constante puede atribuirse a una explicación clara y atractiva de los principios y a sus dibujos, que aún no han sido superados en cuanto a detalle y precisión.

La termodinámica, componente fundamental de muchos campos de las ciencias y la ingeniería, se basa en leyes de aplicación universal. Sin embargo, las aplicaciones más importantes de esas leyes, y los materiales y procesos de mayor interés, son diferentes de una rama de las ciencias o la ingeniería a otras. Por lo tanto, consideramos de gran utilidad presentar este material desde la perspectiva de la ingeniería química, con énfasis en la aplicación de los principios termodinámicos a los materiales y los procesos que enfrentan más a menudo los ingenieros químicos. Aunque este material funciona como una introducción, no debe considerarse simple. En realidad, no hay manera de simplificarlo. Un estudiante nuevo en la materia encontrara que le espera una demandante actividad de descubrimiento. Conceptos, palabras y símbolos nuevos aparecen con una frecuencia vertiginosa, y se requiere un alto grado de capacidad de memorización y organización mental. Un desafío todavía mayor es desarrollar la capacidad para razonar en el contexto de la termodinámica de modo que se puedan aplicar los principios para solucionar problemas prácticos. Si bien se conserva el rigor característico de un análisis termodinámico sólido, nos hemos esforzado por evitar una complejidad matemática innecesaria. Además, nuestro objetivo es facilitar la comprensión con una redacción clara y directa. No podemos aportar la motivación requerida, pero nuestro objetivo, igual que en las ediciones anteriores, es un tratamiento que pueda comprender cualquier estudiante dispuesto a poner el esfuerzo necesario.

Bienvenido a su curso de dirección de operaciones. En este manual presentamos una perspectiva puntera de función de operaciones. Las operaciones constituyen una excitante área de la Administración de empresas, que tiene un profundo efecto sobre la productividad. De hecho, pocas actividades tienen tanto impacto sobre la calidad de nuestras vidas. El objetivo de este manual es presentar una amplia introducción al campo de las operaciones, de forma práctica y realista. Incluso si no piensa desarrollar su carrera en el área de las operaciones, es probable que tenga relaciones con profesionales de dicha área. Por tanto, tener un buen conocimiento del papel de la función de operaciones dentro de una organización le proporcionará grandes ventajas.Administración de la producción