Mención de responsabilidad tomada del final de la obra.

In this work, the particularities of natural resource wealth are the building blocks for the theoretical identification of some challenges faced by national governments in relation to extractive activities. Such challenges are later on unfolded from the perspective of overlapping claims on both environmental sustainability and social justice. The discussion here presented travels between different spatial, institutional and temporal scales, and particularly from the national to the regional (sub-national) levels. In order to observe how some of the challenges of extractive activities are manifested in practice, the case of La Colosa, an intended gold mining venture in the Colombian Andean region, is addressed. This work exposes some relevant tasks that the Colombian government has to undertake if the economic growth of the country is to be based on natural resources exploitation. In regards to long-term provision of environmental goods and services, the analysis done in this work allows the identification of tensions between the mining interests and the need to protect environmental functions related to the availability and quality of land and water resources. These tensions are aggravated by the existence of disjointed institutions and policies at the national level as well as between regional and national scales. So as to the achievement of social justice, this analysis reveals how the national interest on extractive activities for economic growth need to be not superimposed on, but harmonised with regional interests on natural resources for environmental functionality and local livelihoods, so as to avoid a systematic misrecognition of population’s needs and rights. Misaddressing this challenge conduces local entities to the necessary search of other avenues for claiming their recognition and participation. In this second stage, there is an additional need to ensure the security, effectiveness and legitimacy of participatory spaces that, if overshadowed by particular interests, may end up further reproducing the misrecognition patterns, exhausting the avenues for assertive claiming and even triggering conflict.

International recovery of illegal assets has received considerable attention in the last 25 years. International conventions against corruption, organized crime and terrorism have recognized its central importance for international and national security, development policy and the Rule of Law. International institutions such as the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the World Bank (WB) have created special units and programs to deliver and implement policy recommendations on the issue. Moreover, private organizations such as Transparency International and the Basel Institute on Governance have also engaged in supporting efforts done by States and local NGOs around the world, especially in developing countries. However all these initiatives to design and implement a comprehensive and effective framework to identify, trace, freeze, confiscate and recover illegal assets from abroad have not fulfilled the expectations of victims, civil society, States and international community. Extensive literature claims that political, legal and operational problems impede an effective approach to international recovery of illegal assets in the context of the fight against organized crime. Yet, there are no studies that consider international asset recovery in the context of peace negotiations between the State and illegal armed groups, where cooperation, compromise and mutual concessions are essential features of such situation. I argue that a peace process is a special opportunity for international asset recovery because in this context parties can create the incentives to overcome the key obstacles of ordinary asset recovery. Still, this requires to rethink international asset recovery in terms of restorative justice. I argue that a peace process setting is an exceptional background to create complementary, temporal and exceptional mechanisms by which illegal armed groups can effectively map, identify and cooperate with State authorities in order to recover, repatriate and liquidate their illegal assets from abroad. By pursuing this, the State would not only comply with the international standards of asset recovery, but also could fulfil the obligations owed to victims of international crimes. I claim that we should examine this new dimension of international asset recovery because most illegal armed groups involved in peace negotiations are also involved in drug trafficking, money laundering and terrorism at a global scale. This dissertation aims to link the standard literature of international asset recovery with the field of restorative justice, peace-making and transitional justice to explore a new a research agenda that could have relevant policy implications. 

The main Topic of this dissertation is to critically analyze the obligations of States’ parties to the TRIPS Agreement in relation to the extent of protection that they are bound to confer on first and second medical use patents. In this sense, the Viagra case illustrates the tensions between the national pharmaceutical industries of the States members of the Andean Community and a leading pharmaceutical company like Pfizer. The dissertation pretends to demonstrate that the decisions taken by the authorities in the Andean Region were consistent with the international minimum standards of IPRs as embodied in the TRIPS Agreement. The Viagra case is the most important series of administrative and judicial decisions concerning first and second use patents in the Andean region. It is composed of the administrative rulings of the member States national authorities of the Andean Community, by the administrative rulings of the Andean Community Secretariat and by the judicial decisions of the Andean Tribunal of Justice. This case was elected as the topic of the dissertation because it doesn’t follow the international trend to expand the levels of patent protection, which has occurred in two ways. First, the scope of patentable subject- matter has been given an inclusive interpretation. Secondly, the restrictions on patentability have been narrowly interpreted.

On the one hand food waste is generated in huge amounts throughout the food supply chain, which has environmental, economic and social consequences. On the other hand, consumers’ knowledge of safe food handling practices has an important role to play in preventing foodborne diseases which represent a growing public health issue all over the world. Though households are the largest contributor to these two issues, little is known about the effects that the consumers’ level of food safety knowledge can have on the production of food waste. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of consumers’ knowledge of safe food handling practices on the amount of food thrown away. A survey of 57 London consumers examined the level of food safety handling knowledge and practices as well as food waste behaviour. The results showed that respondents’ shopping behaviour tended to result in the production of food waste, yet there were some motivations that could decrease the likelihood of food being thrown out. For instance, they were aware of how much food they had at home and checked their cupboards before buying more food. Furthermore, it was found that economic status and feelings of guilt also contributed to respondents behaviour regarding food safety and waste. The findings indicated that most of the respondents (78%) always read the expiry dates but that their level of understanding of what these mean was low. Similarly, participants on the whole knew how to handle and store their leftover food correctly and knew the correct temperature at which a fridge or freezer should be set. However, their reported behaviour did not always match the knowledge that they demonstrated. Therefore, their responses suggested that some poor food handling practices due to knowledge not being implemented could lead to food going off before it could be eaten, thus increasing the amount of wasted food. This suggests that in order to improve consumers’ food safety handling practices and knowledge to reduce the amount of food waste, efforts should be made to develop food safety education strategies aimed at schools and households as well as new technologies to improve the interpretation of these practices.

Este artículo presenta una indagación sobre la medicina moderna y su impacto en la construcción de representaciones corporales. Aquí, representarse a sí mismo pasa por la apropiación que cada sujeto hace de los discursos provenientes de determinadas disciplinas científicas y/o sociales, así como de ciertas prácticas culturales, que aparentemente se conectan con los sistemas de verdad. No obstante, las apropiaciones que hacen los sujetos mutan, deforman e hibridan la noción de cuerpo, haciendo de la representación un espacio contra-discursivo, en donde se plantan críticas a las normalizaciones del cuerpo.

¿Por qué no pensamos en construir una ciudad donde el deseo tenga cabida, donde sea posible el envolvimiento corporal para su aprehensión, donde el maestro transmita su propia experiencia, sus entusiasmos y temores donde ambos, maestro y niño, se lancen a recorrerla, a descubrirla, aprendiendo uno de otro? Esto exigirá una manera diferente de abordar su diseño y construcción, pues tendrá que hacer las veces de aula y de patio de recreo, tendría que tener espacios para permitir el desplazamiento cómodo de estos pequeños habitantes.

En Colombia, la pionera había sido la revista bogotana La Mujer, creada 50 años antes y dirigida por la escritora Soledad Acosta de Samper. Sin embargo, mientras La Mujer se publicó solo por cuatro años, Letras y Encajes fue editada mensualmente durante 33 años, hasta 1959. Una aventura de estas pareciera ser un ejemplo de emancipación femenina, pero al revisar la publicación es fácil encontrarse con una postura conservadora que, con todo, da cuenta de cómo se entendía a la mujer a principios del siglo veinte.

Este artículo presenta resultados de una investigación acerca de las formas de subjetividad presentes en tres mujeres negras víctimas de violencia sexual en el contexto del municipio de Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca. El presente estudio feminista posiciona a las mujeres como sujetos enunciantes de sentidos y reflexiona sobre la violencia sexual. Los hallazgos apuntan a identificar tendencias y singularidades que surgen en los discursos de las mujeres a partir de la experiencia de violencia sexual vivida. Los resultados y la discusión emanan de algunos de los núcleos interpretativos, que emergen en la investigación como las manifestaciones del poder patriarcal, los sentimientos, la reinterpretación del cuerpo a partir de la experiencia y la resistencia al contexto, caracterizado por la presencia del conflicto armado. A partir de estas vivencias las mujeres reinterpretan las relaciones que establecen con los otros y con sus cuerpos. En ellas prevalecen sentimientos de culpa, temor y resistencia.