Abstract: The Colombian Navy currently has a deficit of logistical vessels to support other maritime and landbased units. Through the Naval Development Plan 2042, the Navy’s objective is to acquire, among other objectives, one multipurpose vessel or Landing Platform Dock and four logistic ships. This study aims to apply the MCDA methodology for selecting a logistic ship within the alternatives presented by the Chief of Naval Planning. In developing this study, a Multi-criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) model has been made for the Colombian Navy. The Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique (SMART) has been applied to select the most optimal logistic vessel according to the considerations and specifications provided by the Navy. Four alternatives of different designs and companies were assessed in this study: KERSHIP B2M, FASSMER MPV 70 MKII, DAMEN Logistic Support Vessel LSV 6513 and BCC 6012 (Cargo and cabotage vessel) from COTECMAR shipyard. Our main idea was to break down the overall problem into smaller parts, focusing on them separately. The SMART model was structured in a step-by-step procedure described in an easy-to-follow and user-friendly manner. Six fundamental objectives were identified and assessed by experts. The decision-maker then assessed the main attributes resulted from the expert’s evaluation. The decision-maker preferences were identified for the following criteria: cost, operational capabilities, and support capacity to determine the most preferred alternative. The results suggest that the B2M and BCC 6012 were the most preferred alternative, lying on the efficient frontier. Through sensitivity analysis, the decision-maker was supported to assess how efficient the vessel selection is and thus achieve an optimal choice within the alternatives. The results indicate that MCDA and SMART can support decision-makers in analysing, structuring, and interpreting priorities in a decision-making process. The main output of this thesis has been the implementation of a decision model to assist decision-making in selecting a logistics vessel for the Navy.

This article reflects on the roles and powers of the OECD National Contact Points (NCPs), under the 2011 version of the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises (‘the Guidelines’), regarding complaints on an alleged breach of the Guidelines by a transnational corporation, from both the empirical and the normative perspective. It does so through an examination of relevant OECD instruments, the regulations and practice of Brazil’s, Mexico’s, Norway’s, the United Kingdom’s and the United States of America’s NCPs, and many relevant theoretical and empirical studies. While this work demonstrates the particular importance of the function of NCPs of handling these complaints, it finds that the NCPs case studies and the Australian have fundamentally different conceptions of their roles and powers regarding such complaints. This contribution, then, proposes an interpretation of these matters based on a systematic understanding of relevant OECD instruments and broader normative considerations. When doing so, it demonstrates that these differences are not well justified in normative terms. In addition and when addressing the main arguments against the proposed view in this study, this work provides new analysis on the distinction between soft and hard law in the field of corporate social responsibility, in light of the case of the Guidelines.

Resumen: Esta investigación tiene como objetivo responder la pregunta por el papel que juegan las redes sociales en el activismo, qué tipo de prácticas activistas albergan y cómo esto da forma a un espacio feminista en la red. Para lograr responder a estas preguntas he trabajado de cerca con cuatro activistas de cuatro colectivos colombianos reconocidos por su presencia digital, creación de contenido y trabajo activista en el contexto nacional. A saber: Hiedras y Bolívar en Falda en Medellín, Feministas en Construcción en Bogotá y Maleza en Manizales. Los cuatro colectivos y las activistas con las que tuve la oportunidad de discutir son un caso representativo del feminismo digital en el país. Por lo cual propongo implementar la metodología de estudio de caso. Este diseño de investigación provee herramientas para cumplir con los objetivos planteados en cuanto me permite, a partir de los datos empíricos y la teoría planteada, construir explicaciones y reconstruir patrones de las prácticas activistas mediáticas. Finalmente, a partir del análisis del activismo digital feminista en términos de prácticas mediáticas digitales se plantea una discusión, algunas conclusiones y reflexiones finales. Esta investigación espera aportar a la literatura sobre activismo digital feminista. Dado que el material es reducido mientras que los grupos activistas son cada vez más y con logros y alianzas cada vez más importantes. En tiempos donde las acciones políticas desde diferentes flancos de la sociedad colombiana que van en detrimento de los derechos de las mujeres tienen tanta fuerza y presencia en redes sociales, las voces feministas en las redes sociales constituyen una fuerza contestataria importante. Por esto, considero que indagar más sobre las relaciones entre prácticas, medios digitales y feminismo, es un aporte hacia una comprensión más amplia del presente y futuro del feminismo y los movimientos feministas contemporáneos. Abstract: This research aims to answer the question of the role that social networks play in activism, what kind of activist practices they harbor and how this shapes a feminist space on the web. In order to answer these questions I have worked closely with four activists from four Colombian collectives recognized for their digital presence, content creation and activist work in the national context. The collectives Hiedras and Bolivar en Falda in Medellin, Feministas en Construcción in Bogota and Maleza in Manizales. The four collectives and the activists with whom I had the opportunity to discuss are a representative case of digital feminism in the country. Therefore, I propose to implement the case study methodology. This research design provides tools to meet the objectives set out in that it allows me, from the empirical data and the theory proposed, to build explanations and reconstruct patterns of media activist practices. Finally, based on the analysis of feminist digital activism in terms of digital media practices, a discussion, some conclusions and final reflections are presented. This research hopes to contribute to the literature on feminist digital activism. Given that the material is reduced while activist groups are increasingly more and with increasingly important achievements and alliances. In times where political actions from different sides of Colombian society that are detrimental to women's rights have so much strength and presence in social networks, feminist voices in social networks are an important contestation force. For this reason, I believe that further research on the relationship between practices, digital media and feminism is a contribution to a broader understanding of the present and future of feminism and contemporary feminist movements.

Abstract: This document is about the meanings of place, the processes of displacement, community building, and struggles for empowerment narrated by Afro-Colombian women community leaders in Cali, Colombia. The section Reforma Rural Integral of the peace agreement signed by the Colombian government and the FARC-EP defines the place as an economic asset restricting it to its physical meaning in contrast to the definitions given by the women who also attached to place symbolic and social meanings. Three research questions guide this article: What is the social and symbolic meanings given to the places left behind and newly inhabited, by displaced Afro-Colombian women? How do women narrate their belonging to different places and communities, and their struggles to establish a new life after displacement? How are gender and ethnicity/race embedded in these narratives? Based on participant observation, in-depth interviews, and thematic analysis, it was possible to demonstrate how, through individual and collective political struggles, these women build their roles within the new communities in Cali by following or challenging patterns of gender identity. What allows them to create a place for themselves, through intersections of gender, race, age, and family, as well as through loss and struggle. Resumen: Este documento trata de los significados del lugar, los procesos de desplazamiento, la construcción de la comunidad y las luchas por el empoderamiento narradas por cinco mujeres afrocolombianas lideresas comunitarias en Cali, Colombia. La sección Reforma rural integral del acuerdo de paz firmado por el gobierno colombiano y las FARC-EP define el ‘lugar’ como un activo económico que lo restringe a su significado físico en contraste con las definiciones dadas por las mujeres quienes le añaden significados simbólicos y sociales. Tres preguntas de investigación guían este artículo: ¿Cuáles son los significados sociales y simbólicos dados por las cinco mujeres desplazadas afrocolombianas a los lugares que han habitado? ¿Cómo narran las mujeres su pertenencia a los diferentes lugares y comunidades, y sus luchas por establecer una nueva vida después del desplazamiento? ¿Cómo se integran el género y la etnia / raza en estas narraciones? A partir de la observación participante, entrevistas en profundidad y un análisis temático, fue posible demostrar cómo a través de luchas políticas individuales y colectivas, estas mujeres construyen sus roles dentro de las nuevas comunidades en Cali siguiendo o desafiando patrones de identidad de género. Lo que les permite crear un lugar para sí mismas, a través de intersecciones de género, raza/etnia, edad y familia, así como a través de la pérdida y la lucha.

Abstract: The subject of State capacity is a commonplace object of study in the social sciences which in the last few years has garnered more attention from the fields of social research and economics. As state capacity has a close relationship with development the question of how state capacity affects the development of a territory merits our attention. The present work therefore focuses on Colombia’s Regions, specifically using as a unit of analysis the 32 departments into which they are divided. Data on Colombia’s municipalities from the CEDE have been used to construct 4 indexes: Fiscal, Violence, Bureaucratic, and Operational. To create the indexes several variables have been selected and constructed with recourse to the Principal Component Analysis. However, as GDP data are unavailable at the municipal level, Night Time Lights (NTL) data are used as a proxy for economic development. Using a regression model showing the extent to which state capacity indices correlate with economic development as measured by NTL, while conducting robustness checks so as to confirm the expected results, we conclude that where state capacity is greater, then more development is expected.

Abstract: This research questions how ‘human rights’ are used in a parliamentary inquiry on the coercive or involuntary sterilisation of people with disabilities in Australia. Throughout three chapters, the thesis breaks down ‘human rights’ as a concept and as a practical approach in development programming. Chapter two delves into the multiple understandings of rights in the development literature and incorporates contributions from legal anthropology and the field of the social studies of science and technology to understand human rights in the development context. Chapter three proposes an “ethnography in the archives” as a methodological design that pushes disciplinary boundaries to understand the value of documents and arguments in how different stakeholders inside and outside of the development field engage with issues such as the coercive sterilisation of people with disabilities. Finally, chapter four offers an analysis derived from 82 documents presented in the parliamentary inquiry in Australia. This chapter shows this thesis’s main argument: That human rights differ from what this research calls ‘everyday rights’, which are the claims articulated by people drawing upon their lived experiences rather than human rights treaties or arguments. This argument sheds light on how development practice often faces a gap between what the stated outcomes are in terms of Human Rights-Based Approaches and the practical realities of rights claims. Resumen: Esta investigación cuestiona cómo se utilizan los 'derechos humanos' en una investigación parlamentaria sobre la esterilización coercitiva o involuntaria de personas con discapacidad en Australia. A lo largo de tres capítulos, la tesis desglosa los 'derechos humanos' como concepto y como enfoque práctico en el mundo del desarrollo. El capítulo dos profundiza en las múltiples interpretaciones de los derechos en la literatura sobre desarrollo e incorpora contribuciones de la antropología jurídica y el campo de los estudios sociales de la ciencia y la tecnología para comprender los derechos humanos en el contexto del desarrollo. El capítulo tres propone una “etnografía en los archivos” como un diseño metodológico que traspasa los límites disciplinarios para comprender el valor de los documentos y argumentos sobre cómo diferentes actores dentro y fuera del campo del desarrollo se involucran con temas como la esterilización forzada de personas con discapacidad. Finalmente, el capítulo cuatro ofrece un análisis derivado de 82 documentos presentados en la investigación parlamentaria en Australia. Este capítulo muestra el argumento principal de esta tesis: que los derechos humanos difieren de lo que esta investigación llama “derechos cotidianos”, que son los reclamos articulados por personas basándose en sus experiencias vividas en lugar de tratados o argumentos de derechos humanos. Este argumento arroja luz sobre cómo la práctica del desarrollo a menudo enfrenta una brecha entre los resultados esperados de los enfoques basados en los derechos humanos y las realidades prácticas de los reclamos de derechos.

Resumen: El artículo científico trata de los problemas que tiene la interpretación de los derechos y la creación de los mismos en el escenario de los jueces. Presenta una nueva teoría para superar el asunto. Dada su importancia, fue publicado en la Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Jurisprudencia. La Academia es la asociación de juristas más importantes de Colombia, fundada en 1894 y sirve de Consultora del Estado colombiano, el gobierno y las altas cortes.

Resumen: La tesis busca indagar acerca de la implementación de medidas no pecuniarias en el ámbito del derecho de la responsabilidad civil extracontractual, como parte del derecho privado. En ese orden, se enfoca en proveer una justificación ante lo que puede ser su aplicación después de causado el daño y antes. Así, el trabajo analiza las medidas consistentes en la restitución, rehabilitación, satisfacción y las garantías de no repetición, y ofrece una interpretación de ellas que permita su implementación en el derecho privado. Así mismo, en la segunda parte se analizan las medidas preventivas que se pueden implementar antes del daño y se presenta una posible justificación de ellas en el ámbito de la responsabilidad civil. Abstract: The thesis seeks to inquire about the implementation of non-pecuniary measures in the field of tort law, as part of private law. In that order, it focuses on providing a justification for what its application may be after causing the harm and before. Thus, the work analyzes the measures consisting of restitution, rehabilitation, satisfaction and guarantees of nonrepetition, and offers an interpretation of them that allows their implementation in private law. Likewise, in the second part, the preventive measures that can be implemented before the harm occurs are analyzed and a possible justification for them in the field of civil liability is exposed.

Abstract: This research aims at critically appraising the connections that can be traced between the regulation of strategic approaches towards public procurement and the interest of integrating sustainability and innovation driven goals within procurement proceedings. As such, the investigation is framed under areas of research that have not acquired significant attention until recently; on the one hand, the interaction of sustainability and environmental concerns has increased at the same rate that the environmental crisis has worryingly amplified, and the study of law and technology has simultaneously gained attention as regulation attempts to keep the pace in which technology rapidly change human experience. Along these two intertwined objects of academic interest, this research will attempt to demonstrate that the synergy between public procurement and sustainability concerns may be further enhanced and strengthened by reaching out to the support that technological innovations may provide along the multiple stages of the procurement process. The investigation is thus concerned not only in identifying the advantages derived from such cooperative interaction, but also in examining the margins and shortcomings which this involvement entails.

Impreso en el que León E. Díaz se defiende de las acusaciones que le hacen de haber falsificado billetes y ponerlos en circulación en Bogotá. Con el fin de recuperar su honra, Díaz ofrece un testimonio de lo ocurrido.