This dissertation aims to make an evaluation of the relationship between development and climate change mitigation policies within developmental states, specifically a comparison between China and Brazil. Developmental states are those countries focused on obtaining economic growth through developmentally driven policies. Traditionally, climate change mitigation and environmental protection have been seen as obstacles to development. However, as climate change is a global issue which requires domestic response, countries are required to act locally in order to mitigate carbon emissions into the atmosphere and reduce their reliance on fossil fuels. Developing countries, such as China and Brazil, are heavily dependent on carbon consumption to promote development and economic growth. For this reason, international pressure has been focused on these countries to reduce CO2 emissions, threatening their future development. Furthermore, it examines Brazil and China’s climate policies in light of developmental state guidance. So far what has been found is that climate policies have been relevant to the same extent as they contribute to economic growth and social development. China has envisioned the clean energy industry as a business opportunity capable of generating new jobs and exporting technology. Interests mainly focused on other issues independent to those of climate variability mitigation. Brazil, on the other hand, has relied on the promotion of biofuels as an alternative industry to the use of oil. By adopting ethanol and biodiesel as substitutes for fossil fuels, the government has been able to promote the country’s economic development and position itself as the world’s main producer. Similar to China, mitigation actions are generally implemented as long as there are other interests involved. Furthermore, when there is conflict of interests with environmental policies in both countries, they have acted as developmental states, prioritising development over policies of climate mitigation.Adrian Leftwich’s developmental state model was published in the early 1990s, to further address Chalmers Johnson’s interpretation of the Japanese economic miracle. Nonetheless, Leftwich’s characterisation of developmental states was thought to define a model exclusive to the Asia-Pacific region. This dissertation will apply Leftwich’s model, by adapting it to contemporary China and Brazil, two countries deliberately excluded from the developmental state model, but who now days represent the political context that Leftwich had in mind. In addition, the developmental state model allows a broader interpretation to the current policies implemented by the above mentioned countries, specifically on climate change related issues.

The Legal Transplant Theory proposed by A. Watson, K. Pistor and D. Berkowitz is defined as movement of a rule or a system of law from one country to another. Under this theory, the mentioned authors conclude that a legal change does not perform in an equal manner in the transplanting country as in the origin country. They argue that the adoption of it in the latter is the result of a comprehensive study of the socio-economic circumstances of the nation, while transplanting countries import the legal entity without having similar circumstances. Furthermore, under this theory, the successfulness of a legal transplant is determined by an adaptation process that the legislator, the governmental institutions and the society of the transplanting country shall undertake to prepare the scenario for the introduction. In consequence, transplanted legal changes are called to fail due to uninformed or erroneous decision made by the law-makers. Pistor and Berkowitz analyzed company regulation in various countries, among them Colombia, to support their theories. Regarding the Colombian case, they referred to the Codes of Commerce of 1853 and 1887, concluding that they were unsuccessful legal transplants from Spain and Chile, respectively.  This paper analyzes the abovementioned theory pretending to determine if the legal transplant theory was correctly applied to the Colombian case. Particular attention deserves the Sociedad por Acciones Simplificadas (S.A.S), which is a new hybrid business form adopted in Colombia as a transplant from the United States’ Limited Liability Company. In the light of this case, the document will determine whether this is called to be an unsuccessful legal transplant (as predicted by the Legal Transplant Theory). If the answer is negative, the document will determine if the S.A.S. is merely an exception of the theory or if it demonstrates the failure of such assumption.

This paper summarises the views of outsiders with respect to indigenous forest management. The information on foreign perspectives was collected between May and December of 2001 through an on-line survey. It is argued that even the most knowledgeable people in the industrialised world have no precise idea of how ‘vulnerable’ rainforest is and few have accurate knowledge about the political conditions facing indigenous peoples or other human inhabitants of the Amazonian rainforest. It is signalled that conservationists, armed groups, governmental officers, churches and NGOs are used to attach themselves to certain narratives, be them hegemonic/managerial or counter-hegemonic/populist, aiming to make alliances and enhance their own power. However, the paper calls the attention on the fact that the responses analysed seem to indicate that a large group of people is unhappy with the assumptions behind either populists or hegemonic discourses with respect to rainforest management and, that they are seeking for new ways of formulating environmental policy. The paper concludes that each group has a way of intervening and exercising a certain amount of power to modify the global political agenda for the governance of Amazonia, in function of their own particular interest. It is suggested that such tendency does not facilitate the development of indigenous peoples’ own strategies for the management of Amazonian environments and, that it makes difficult for them to exercise their right to self-determination.

Abstract: This contribution provides for a main comparison between the new Article X proposed by the OECD under Action 6 Final Draft and the new Article 22 of the 2016 US Model Income Tax Convention. For purposes of the above, this contribution is divided in two main parts. The first part contains a comparative analysis of the main differences resulting from a tax treaty policy perspective. The second part compares both proposals under an itemized approach. This second part addresses the specific wording differences between new Article X proposed by the OECD under Action 6 Final Draft and the new Article 22 of the US Model Income Tax Convention. At the time of drafting, some additional changes to the final version of the Article X proposed by the OECD under Action 6 could be made as consequence of the disclosure of the latest version of the US LOB on 17 February 2016. Resumen: Este artículo hace una comparaciòn entre el artìculo X propuesto por la OCDE bajo la acción 6 del reporte final contra la erosión de la base gravable y la transferencia de utilidades, y el nuevo artículo 22 del Modelo de Convenio del Impuesto sobre la Renta de los estados Unidos (modelo 2016). Para efectos delo anterior, el artículo está dividido en dos partes principales. La primera parte establece un análisis de las principales diferencias en materia de política tributaria en relación con la suscripción de tratados. La segunda parte analiza las diferencias específicas en la redacción de ambos artículos.

Podcast que recopila testimonios del público asistente al ciclo de charlas "Libertad Sublime" realizadas en las Bibliotecas Públicas de BibloRed. Dan cuenta de la experiencia musical relacionada al Festival Rock al Parque. Los participantes relatan sus vivencias: donde compraban los discos, los primeros conciertos a los que asistieron, como se difundían los nuevos exponentes del rock colombiano en los medios públicos, la relación de los rockeros con seguidores de otros géneros musicales y la influencia que tuvo esa música en un momento en sus vidas.

Vom Himmel hoch, MWV A10: Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her (05 min. 39 sec.) / Mendelssohn -- Pueri, concinite (04 min. 08 sec.) / Herbeck -- Messiah, HWV 56: Part I: For unto us a child is born (04 min. 04 sec.) / Handel -- Ich steh an deiner Krippen hier (02 min. 13 sec.) / Praetorius -- Cantique de Noël (O Holy Night) (arr. for counter-tenor, chorus and harp) (03 min. 23 sec.) / Adam -- Übers Gebirg Maria geht (02 min. 49 sec.) / Eccard -- Messiah, HWV 56: Part I: And the glory of the Lord shall be revealed (03 min. 06 sec.) / Handel -- Maria durch ein Dornwald ging (03 min. 24 sec.) / -- Süßer die Glocken nie klingen (02 min. 35 sec.) / -- In dulci jubilo, BWV 368 (02 min. 35 sec.) / Bach -- Hört der Engel helle Lieder (Angels We Have Heard On High) (02 min. 24 sec.) / -- Messiah, HWV 56, Part I: He shall feed His flock like a shepherd (04 min. 37 sec.) / Handel -- O Heiland, reiß die Himmel auf (01 min. 37 sec.) / -- Auf dem Berge, da wehet der Wind (arr. H. Froschauer for vocal duet and orchestra) (01 min. 30 sec.) / -- Christmas Oratorio, BWV 248, Part I: Chorale: Wie soll ich dich empfangen (01 min. 11 sec.) / Bach -- Ein Kind ist uns geboren, SWV 302 (03 min. 21 sec.) / Schütz -- Kindelein zart, von guter Art (02 min. 03 sec.) / -- Messiah, HWV 56, Part I: And He shall purify the sons of Levi (02 min. 21 sec.) / Handel -- Es ist ein Ros' entsprungen (02 min. 10 sec.) / Praetorius -- Oratorio de Noël, Op. 12: Quintet and Chorus: Consurge, Filia Sion - Chorus: Tollite hostias (06 min. 37 sec.) / Saint-Saëns -- Christmas Oratorio, BWV 248, Part I: Jauchzet, frohlocket, auf, preiset die Tage (07 min. 28 sec.) / Bach -- Messiah, HWV 56, Part I: Pastoral Symphony, "Pifa" (02 min. 51 sec.) / Handel -- Quem pastores laudavere (03 min. 25 sec.) / Praetorius -- Ein Kind ist uns geboren, ein Sohn ist uns gegeben (02 min. 54 sec.) / Franck -- Concerto Grosso in C Major, Op. 3, No. 12: I. Pastorale: Andante (04 min. 06 sec.) / Manfredini -- Heil'ge Nacht auf Engelsschwingen (02 min. 51 sec.) / -- Christmas Oratorio, BWV 248, Part I: Großer Herr, o starker König (04 min. 22 sec.) / Bach -- O Jesulein zart (02 min. 18 sec.) / -- Sacrae symphoniae (1597): Canzon septimi toni a 8 (03 min. 05 sec.) / Gabrieli -- O Heiland, reiß die Himmel auf (01 min. 36 sec.) / -- Schlaf wohl, du Himmelsknabe du (arr. H. Froschauer for counter-tenor and orchestra) (02 min. 56 sec.) / Neuner -- Enatus est Emanuel (01 min. 35 sec.) / Praetorius -- Concerto Pastorale: I. Larghetto (01 min. 21 sec.) / Molter -- Jesu, meines Herzens Freud, BWV 361 (03 min. 16 sec.) / Bach -- Gott hat dich, Maria erwählt (01 min. 30 sec.) / -- Christmas Oratorio, BWV 248, Part I. Aria: Bereite dich, Zion (04 min. 52 sec.) / Bach -- Weihnachtslied, Op. 81, No. 3 (02 min. 20 sec.) / Taubert -- Concerto Grosso in G Minor, Op. 6, No. 8, "Christmas Concerto": V. Allegro - Pastorale ad libitum: Largo (05 min. 02 sec.) / Corelli -- Stille, stille, lasst uns lauschen (03 min. 11 sec.) / -- Jubilate-Amen, Op. 3 (03 min. 41 sec.) / Bruch -- Adeste fidelis (arr. D. Willcocks and K. Herrlinger for counter-tenor, choir and orchestra) (02 min. 55 sec.) / Wade -- Still, still, still (03 min. 43 sec.) / -- Tauet Himmel den Gerechten (03 min. 09 sec.) / -- O Jesulein süß, BWV 493 (01 min. 48 sec.) / Bach -- Zu Bethlehem geboren (01 min. 43 sec.) / -- Flute Sonata in E-Flat Major, BWV 1031: II. Siciliano (arr. for trumpet and organ) (02 min. 10 sec.) / Bach -- Messiah, HWV 56, Part II: Surely, He hath borne our griefs and carried our sorrows (02 min. 03 sec.) / Handel -- Lieb Nachtigall, wach auf (arr. H. Froschauer for counter-tenor and organ) (02 min. 11 sec.) / -- Concerto Grosso in F Minor, Op. 1, No. 8, "Christmas": VII. Pastorale - Largo andante (03 min. 43 sec.) / Locatelli -- 3 Motets, Op. 39: No. 2. Laudate pueri (O praise the Lord), MWV B30 (05 min. 22 sec.) / Mendelssohn -- Kommet ihr Hirten (01 min. 54 sec.) / -- Vom Himmel hoch, o Englein kommt (02 min. 08 sec.) / -- Gesang der heiligen drei Könige (Song of the 3 Magi), Op. 21 (05 min. 26 sec.) / Bruch -- Als ich bei meinen Schafen wacht (02 min. 05 sec.) / -- Christmas Oratorio, BWV 248, Part I: Frohe Hirten, eilt, ach eilet (03 min. 27 sec.) / Bach -- Canzoni et sonate (1615): Canzon No. 14 (03 min. 04 sec.) / Gabrieli -- Freut euch, ihr lieben Christen (01 min. 31 sec.) / Schroeter -- Heiligste Nacht (02 min. 31 sec.) / Haydn -- Schlaf, mein Kindelein (03 min. 05 sec.) / Praetorius -- Christmas Oratorio, BWV 248, Part II: Schlafe, mein Liebster, genieße der Ruh (09 min. 24 sec.) / Bach -- Judas Maccabaeus, HWV 63: Daughter of Sion, Rejoice (03 min. 02 sec.) / Handel -- Macht hoch die Tür (03 min. 01 sec.) / -- Joseph, lieber Joseph mein (01 min. 36 sec.) / -- Fröhliche Weihnacht überall (02 min. 18 sec.) / -- Christmas Oratorio, BWV 248, Part II: Sinfonia (05 min. 34 sec.) / Bach -- Ihr Kinderlein kommet (02 min. 49 sec.) / -- Joy to the World (02 min. 13 sec.) / Handel -- Auf, Tochter Zion, schmücke dich (02 min. 31 sec.) / -- Sacrae symphoniae (1597): Canzon septimi toni (03 min. 05 sec.) / Gabrieli -- O du fröhliche (arr. H. Froschauer for choir) (03 min. 02 sec.) / -- Gegrüsst seist, Maria (01 min. 31 sec.) / -- Lobe den Herrn, meine Seele, BWV 143: Chorale: Du Friedefürst, Herr Jesu Christ (02 min. 22 sec.) / Bach -- Nun sei gegrüsst, o Jesulein (01 min. 53 sec.) / -- Christmas Pastorale for Organ and Strings (03 min. 55 sec.) / Werner -- Ave, maris stella, EG 150 (version for choir) (02 min. 34 sec.) / Grieg -- Ich freue mich in dir, BWV 133 (01 min. 33 sec.) / Bach -- Heut kam ein Engel (01 min. 33 sec.) / -- 18 Chorales, BWV 651-668, "Leipziger Chorale": Nun komm der Heiden Heiland, BWV 659 (04 min. 33 sec.) / Bach -- 9 Advent-Motetten, Op. 176: No. 7. Rorate coeli (02 min. 15 sec.) / Rheinberger -- Gruss an die Heilige Nacht, Op. 62 (13 min. 32 sec.) / Bruch -- Christmas Oratorio, BWV 248: Chorus: Ehre sei dir, Gott gesungen (06 min. 05 sec.) / Bach -- Lasst uns das Kindlein wiegen (01 min. 58 sec.) / -- Trumpet Sonata in G Major: III. Lento dolce (02 min. 47 sec.) / Loeillet (Loeillet of London) -- Allelujah! Freuet euch, ihr Christen alle (05 min. 05 sec.) / Hammerschmidt -- O admirabile commercium (02 min. 09 sec.) / -- Die Kindheit Jesu, W. XIV/2, B. D5: Hirtenlied: Holde, hohe Wundernacht (02 min. 04 sec.) / Bach -- Oratorio de Noël, Op. 12: Recitative: Et Pastores erant - Gloria in altissimis Deo (04 min. 52 sec.) / Saint-Saëns -- Schlichte Weisen, Op. 76: No. 52. Mariä Wiegenlied (arr. for choir) (04 min. 18 sec.) / Reger -- Canzon No. 25 (02 min. 38 sec.) / Guami -- Jesu, du mein liebstes Leben, BWV 356 (02 min. 52 sec.) / Bach -- The First Noël (02 min. 34 sec.) / -- Concerto Grosso in G Minor, Op. 8, No. 6: I. Grave - Vivace - II. Largo (05 min. 18 sec.) / Torelli -- Jauchzet Gott in allen Landen, BWV 51: Chorale: Sei Lob und Preis mit Ehren (05 min. 43 sec.) / Bach -- God rest you merry, gentleman (02 min. 30 sec.) / -- Oratorio de Noël, Op. 12: Quare fremuerunt gentes? (03 min. 39 sec.) / Saint-Saëns -- 8 Geistliche Gesänge, Op. 138: No. 4. Unser lieben Frauen Tranen (02 min. 20 sec.) / Reger -- Little Drummer Boy, "Carol of the Drum" (03 min. 02 sec.) / Davis -- Heilige Nacht (01 min. 56 sec.) / Reichardt -- Stille Nacht (Silent Night) (03 min. 42 sec.) / Gruber -- Christmas Oratorio, BWV 248: Part VI: Choral: Nun seid ihr wohl gerochen (03 min. 18 sec.) / Bach

El documento contiene las impresiones, evaluaciones y comentarios que un grupo de representantes de la sociedad granadina realiza sobre la propuesta de abrir un canal que comunique el Atlántico y el Pacífico haciendo uso del itsmo de Panamá. El documento conserva la ortografía de la época.

El documento es una contestación frente a la demanda de los hermanos Tomás y Antonio Currea contra el señor Luis Pinzón Currea; por concepto de reconvención por arrendamientos y perjuicios resultantes de una venta y escrituración de una casa, realizada el 26 de abril de 1878. Después de cuatro años, los hijos del señor Pinzón publican en esta nota la resolución en la que su padre se ve absuelto de la demanda y adjuntan el denuncio que el señor hizo un año ante, por los malos manejos del caso del gobernador en su momento.

El impreso hace referencia a la muerte de Justo Delgado y las publicaciones falsas y calumnias que se han publicado respecto a este hecho.

Documento redactado por Ezequiel Rojas en el que se defiende de las acusaciones que se hacen en su contra, luego de haber participar en la conspiración septembrina, en la que se planeó atentar contra la vida de Simón Bolívar en septiembre 1828. El documento conserva la ortografía de la época.