Abstract: Purpose: The aim of this study is to understand the role performed and the challenges faced by emergent groups and spontaneous volunteers during the response of Covid-19 emergency. Moreover, this study seeks to examine if structural social capital wealth is related or no with spontaneous volunteerism during Covid-19 outbreak. To be able to assess and compare if the variation between bonding, bridging and linking social networks from place to place impact volunteers´ management the study will be conducted in United Kingdom and Colombia. Design/methodology/approach: This study comprises of qualitative and quantitative methodological approaches. A comprehensive literature review was undertaken alongside an online survey with volunteers in Colombia and United Kingdom and online interview. Analyze survey results: Descriptive statistics, t-test and data visualization and qualitative data analysis were implemented to. Findings: Spontaneous volunteerism during Covid-19 was not relate with structural social capital wealth. A centralized management and communication sharing can improve emergency response and volunteers' performance. The more common volunteering activity was food distribution and the biggest challenge was fear of contagion. Practical implications: The author provide insights to improve spontaneous emergency response in the future. In addition, present the excellent opportunity that official organizations are facing to formally work and train spontaneous volunteers. Originality/value: The author introduces a different of social capital and volunteering relationship. Additionally, offer suggestions to improve volunteers´ management from the strengthening of structural social capital.

Abstract: Since the covid-19 pandemic, the ECB has conducted different measures in order to counter its harmful economic effects. The most notorious one is the Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme (PEPP). This paper aims at studying the impact of the PEPP announcement and its subsequent extension on the Eurozone corporate bond market. Using market data from Eikon and employing a difference-in-difference design, we find that the PEPP was successful in increasing prices and liquidity of eligible bonds. Nonetheless, in the medium term (after the second envelope extension) the impact of the programme on these bonds relative to the ineligible ones diminishes. Therefore, the results seem to indicate the existence of indirect effects, the idea of portfolio rebalancing mechanisms triggered by the PEPP release gives a possible explanation to these effects.

Abstract: The objective of this study is to quantitatively estimate the probability of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus inside the train carriage and to develop a simulation for the model based on the passenger demand for calculating the risk associated with origin-destination. The transmission rate of the virus in train carriage was analyzed using trip data from Pakenham Station to Flinders Street Station in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, and the modified Wells-Riley model.

Abstract: Access to food should be considered a stone in the shoe for the food security issues around the world. This phenomenon has been highly studied and contested, but without a clear path to guarantee regular access to affordable and nutritious food for all in familiar contexts. The Covid-19 pandemic marked an exciting but tragic scenario that deepens the gap in the food access capability, especially for the urban poor in developing countries. This study takes place in Cali, one of the main cities in Colombia, intending to identify changes in access to food patterns by citizens from different socioeconomic levels. Moreover, this paper uses an ecological framework to examine the individual, social, physical and macro-level factors that can positively or negatively influence peoples’ behaviours towards accessing food. This research uses a mixed-study methodology. An online survey method and phone interviews were used to gather information regarding availability, physical and economic access and citizen’s engagement in their local food system. One hundred (100) people voluntarily accepted to participate in the study, and each one belonged to one of the three socioeconomic levels: low, middle or high. The results compare food access patterns before and during the sanitary crisis with a particular focus on class. The findings showed that the participants prefer to procure food in supermarkets before and during the pandemic, as they offer better price, closeness, variety and quality of food products. Also, they perceive a generalised increase in food prices. This economic aspect was crucial for most participants as long as income was affected during the crisis, particularly for the urban poor. Even though it was found an essential barrier for food access, no alternative patterns were found other than food donations or lower quantity purchased by low-income dwellers. In contrast, some practices of self-consumption and direct-to-the-producer purchases were implemented by middle and high SLs, but they are still insufficient and individually-based actions. The macro-level food environment has a vital role in shaping food access patterns and do not enable citizens to have a more significant engagement to their local food system. Resumen: El acceso a alimentos debe ser considerado la piedra en el zapato de la problemática de inseguridad alimentaria en el mundo. Este fenómeno ha sido altamente estudiado y controvertido, pero sin un camino claro sobre cómo garantizar acceso regular a alimentos asequibles y nutritivos para los hogares. La pandemia de la Covid-19 se enmarca como un escenario excitante pero trágico, el cual profundiza las brechas ya existentes en la capacidad de acceder a los alimentos, especialmente para la población pobre que reside en las urbes en países en desarrollo. El presente estudio se ubica en Cali, una de las ciudades principales de Colombia, y tuvo como objetivo identificar cambios en los patrones de acceso a alimentos por ciudadanos de diferentes niveles socioeconómicos durante la pandemia de la Covid-19. Así mismo, este estudio utiliza el modelo ecológico para examinar los factores individuales, sociales, físicos y estructurales que inciden positiva o negativamente sobre los comportamientos alrededor del acceso a alimentos antes de, y durante la crisis. Se diseña un estudio mixto, mediante el uso de encuesta cualitativa y entrevistas telefónicas para recolectar información sobre disponibilidad, acceso físico y económico, y sobre dinámicas de involucramiento de los ciudadanos para acceder a sus alimentos más allá de la compra directa. En total fue incluida una población de 100 ciudadanos que voluntariamente aceptaron participar de la investigación, y se logró que pertenecieran a los tres niveles socioeconómicos: bajo, medio y alto. Los resultados comparan los patrones de acceso antes y durante la crisis sanitaria con un enfoque particular en las diferencias de clase social. Los resultados evidencian que los participantes prefieren comprar sus alimentos en supermercados antes y durante la pandemia, debido a que ofrecen mejores precios, cercanía, variedad y calidad de los productos. Otro cambio evidenciado fue la percepción de aumento del precio de los alimentos. Este aspecto económico determinó en gran medida el limitado acceso a alimentos para las poblaciones pobres de la ciudad. A pesar de esta situación, no se encontraron patrones alternativos de acceso a alimentos además de donaciones de alimentos o compra de menor cantidad de alimentos. En contraste, prácticas de autoconsumo y compra directa al productor fueron implementados por participantes de nivel socioeconómico medio y alto, pero siguen siendo acciones insuficientes e individualistas. El ambiente estructural tiene un efecto crucial en moldear los patrones de acceso y limitar la posibilidad de participación directa de los ciudadanos con su sistema alimentario local.

Abstract: This paper analyzes some of the consequences that a perspective of economic growth based on the domain of what is usually called ""natural resources"" has for the Amazon Region and its socio-biodiversity. Through a critical analysis of academic literature and recent journalistic articles, it aims to contextualize the Amazon region and its importance for the planet, as well as show the scope of the deforestation problem and point out some of its consequences. In contrast to the ""exploitation of nature"" promoted by the capitalist system, which only benefits a minority of human beings to the detriment of a majority of other beings -human and non-human-and their environments, the worldview of Good Living developed by the Andean-Amazonian peoples and the decolonial perspective are highlighted. Good Living defends the need to respect all forms of life. Thus, it constitutes a possibility of establishing another relationship between all living beings and their environments and, as a consequence, an attempt to avoid the destruction of what remains of the Amazon rainforest and the possible appearance of other pandemics such as COVID-19 in that region. Resumen: Este artículo analiza algunas de las consecuencias que una perspectiva de crecimiento económico, por medio del dominio de lo que se suele denominar “recursos naturales”, tiene para la región amazónica y para su sociobiodiversidad. Desde un análisis crítico de literatura académica y de artículos periodísticos recientes, se pretende contextualizar la región amazónica y su importancia para el planeta, así como mostrar el alcance del problema de la deforestación y señalar algunas de sus consecuencias. Como contrapunto a la “explotación de la naturaleza” promovida por el sistema capitalista, que solo beneficia a una minoría de seres humanos en detrimento de una mayoría de otros seres –humanos y no humanos–y de sus ambientes, se destacan la cosmovisión del Buen Vivir desarrollada por los pueblos andino-amazónicos y la perspectiva decolonial. El Buen Vivir defiende la necesidad de respetar todas las formas de vida. Así, constituye una posibilidad de establecer otra relación entre todos los seres vivos y sus ambientes y, como consecuencia, un intento de evitar la destrucción de lo que queda de la selva amazónica y la posible aparición de otras pandemias similares a la de COVID-19 en esa región.

Abstract: The adoption of teleworking as a work modality in organizations has grown exponentially due to the current COVID-19 pandemic crisis. This phenomenon has allowing the development of remote activities that are normally carried out in person. However, there is a concern among managers and employers due to the apparent absence of control and decreased productivity when using teleworking. For this reason, this article reviews, through two case studies of teleworkers surveillance and control software, the way in which their use provide support to the theory of formal and informal control, and how it can improve perception about the teleworking application and offer guarantees to employers. Similarly, the manuscript discusses the effects on the quality of life and personal behavior of employees who are involved within this modality. Resumen: La adopción del teletrabajo como modalidad laboral en las organizaciones ha crecido exponencialmente debido a la crisis actual de pandemia por COVID-19. Esto ha permitido el desarrollo de actividades a distancia que normalmente se realizan de forma presencial. Sin embargo, existe una preocupación en los gerentes y empleadores por la aparente ausencia del control y disminución de la productividad en su uso. Por tal razón el presente artículo revisa, a partir de dos casos de estudio de softwares de vigilancia y control de teletrabajadores, la forma en que su utilización brinda soporte a la teoría del control formal e informal, y cómo puede mejorar la percepción en la aplicación del teletrabajo al ofrecer garantías a los empleadores. De igual manera, se discuten las afectaciones en la calidad de vida y comportamiento personal de los empleados involucrados en esta modalidad.

Abstract: Latin America continued to experience social, economic and political turmoil in 2021. The vulnerabilities set by preexisting conditions such as persistent inequality, a high level of labour force participation in the informal economy, and exclusionary social protection systems have been exacerbated by recent health and humanitarian crises that are unprecedented in the region’s modern history. These crises have significantly affected socioeconomic indicators, reflected in the increased levels of vulnerability and poverty, combined with stagnant economic growth. Public sector responses have been made but have been insufficient to cushion the effect of these multiple crises and, in many cases, have revealed the extent of governments’ fiscal conservatism that limited the role of the state in providing adequate support to its citizens. The chapter explores efforts to tackle the effects of compounded deprivation in terms of spatial segregation, a pervasively high informal labour force, gendered and racialized vulnerabilities and the education crisis, and explores the options that governments in the region face in terms of reversing the adverse effects of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, while sustaining the economic recovery. In a context of polarized political participation, discontent will inevitably lead to contention and, in some cases, instability and violence, if the governments choose to ignore the need for a socially just recovery.

Abstract: Stochastic time series methods for load forecasting are the traditional methods used by electric power companies [1] because they can model seasonal and stochastic behavior of the load [2]. A load time series has patterns that repeat at different time scales such as daily, weekly or yearly. These patterns indicate that load can be predicted and the shortest seasonality component has the highest effect on the forecast. There might be conditions in which load is in different time resolutions, has a different amount of missing data or is under special events such as COVID-19 pandemic. Load forecasting methods should be able to perform well under these circumstances. On the other hand, neural networks are a wide research topic, they can learn [3] and have low forecasting errors [4]. In this work we explain the main characteristics of load demand in time, load forecasting and we compare stochas-tic time series methods with neural networks for load forecasting in terms of the error with respect to the real load. Resumen: Los métodos de series de tiempo estocásticos para pronósticos de carga son los métodos tradicionales usados por compañías de energía eléctrica [1] porque pueden modelar el comportamiento estocástico y estacional de la carga [2]. Una serie de tiempo de carga tiene patrones que se repiten en diferentes escalas de tiempo como diaria, semanal o anual. Estos patrones indican que la carga puede ser predicha y que el componente de estacionalidad más corto tiene el efecto más grande en el pronóstico. Pude que haya condiciones en las cuales la carga este en diferentes resoluciones de tiempo, tenga una diferente cantidad de datos faltantes o este bajo eventos especiales como la pandemia COVID-19. Los métodos de pronóstico de carga deberían ser capaces de llevarse a cabo bien bajo estas circunstancias. Por otra parte, las redes neuronales son un tema de investigación amplio, ellas pueden aprender [3] y tienen errores de pronóstico bajos [4]. En este trabajo explicamos las principales características de la demanda de carga en el tiempo, pronósticos de carga y comparamos métodos de serie de tiempo estocásticos con redes neuronales para pronósticos de carga en términos del error con respecto a la carga real. [1] H. Wang, B.-S. Li, X.-Y. Han, D.-L. Wang and H. Jin, "Study of Neural Networks for Electric Power Load Forecasting," Third International Symposium on Neural Networks - Advances in Neural Networks - ISNN 2006, Proceedings, Part II, pp. 1277-1283, 2006. [2] K. Berk, Modeling and Forecasting Electricity Demand, Siegen: Springer Spektrum, 2015. [3] H. Alfares and N. Mohammad, "Electric load forecasting: Literature survey and classification of methods," International Journal of Systems Science - IJSySc. 33, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 23-34, 2002. [4] M. Singh and R. Maini, "Various Electricity Load Forecasting Techniques with Pros and Cons," International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), vol. 8, pp. 220-229, 2020.

Abstract: As online classes became the norm in many countries as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the concern for child and adolescent mental health became an issue of concern. This study evaluates the differences in the psychosocial status of school children based on engagement in in-person or Emergency Remote Education (ERE) and assessed the prevalence and predictors of symptom-derived risk levels for anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD). Cross-sectional data were collected from students at a Florida K-12 school and their household members through an online survey conducted in October 2020 (n = 145). No significant difference was found between ERE and in-person learning for risk of anxiety, depression, or OCD. Prevalence of students presenting as at risk for anxiety, depression, and OCD was 42.1%, 44.8%, and 41.4%. Several student factors (e.g., child sex, school level) and parental factors (e.g., parental COVID-19 attitudes) were associated with students presenting as at risk for anxiety, depression, or OCD; child’s participation in sports was protective against all three outcomes. Participation in sports was found to be protective against risk of anxiety (aOR = 0.36, CI = 0.14–0.93), depression (aOR = 0.38, CI = 0.15–0.93), and OCD (aOR = 0.31, CI = 0.11–0.85). Resumen: A medida que las clases en línea se convirtieron en la norma en muchos países como respuesta a la pandemia de COVID-19, la preocupación por la salud mental de niños y adolescentes se convirtió en un tema de preocupación. Este estudio evalúa las diferencias en el estado psicosocial de los niños en edad escolar con base en la participación en la Educación Remota de Emergencia o en persona (ERE) y evaluó la prevalencia y los predictores de los niveles de riesgo derivados de los síntomas de ansiedad, depresión y trastornos obsesivo-compulsivos (TOC). Se recopilaron datos transversales de estudiantes en una escuela K-12 de Florida y los miembros de su hogar a través de una encuesta en línea realizada en octubre de 2020 (n = 145). No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre el ERE y el aprendizaje en persona para el riesgo de ansiedad, depresión u TOC. La prevalencia de estudiantes con riesgo de ansiedad, depresión y TOC fue 42,1%, 44,8% y 41,4%. Varios factores de los estudiantes (p. ej., sexo del niño, nivel escolar) y factores de los padres (p. ej., Las actitudes de los padres ante el COVID-19) se asociaron con estudiantes que presentaban riesgo de ansiedad, depresión u TOC; La participación de los niños en los deportes protegía a los tres resultados. Se encontró que la participación en deportes protege contra el riesgo de ansiedad (ORa = 0,36, IC = 0,14-0,93), depresión (ORa = 0,38, IC = 0,15-0,93) y TOC (ORa = 0,31, IC = 0,11-0,85).

Abstract: This work project (WP) was developed following the challenges of the current COVID-19 crisis and the related issues presented in the business project. The main research topic is: COVID-19 Outlook in Western Europe: How is Covid-19 crisis impacting makeup consumption and purchase within younger female generations? The current COVID-19 crisis has presented several challenges for the beauty industry, were several restrictions, such as social distancing, limited in-store experiences, the use of face masks, and health concerns have affected the consumer behavior in younger generations. Therefore, this work project aims to analyze the change in consumption and purchase behaviors of younger female generations within the makeup industry across Western Europe. An in deep analysis of the industry and the conduction of a survey with 192 participants serve as the foundation for future discussions about the role of beauty payers in challenging times. The goal of this work project is to analyze and understand the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the makeup beauty industry within younger female generations in Western Europe. To address this research topic, three specific objectives were defined: The first one is to investigate the makeup beauty industry in Western Europe, including the competitive landscape performance and current challenges. The second objective is to gain an in-depth understanding of the impact of COVID-19 on younger generation’s usage and purchase behaviors. Finally, the third objective is to confront the WP insights to the Business Project’s insights. Resumen: La actual crisis de COVID-19 ha presentado varios desafíos para la industria de la belleza, fueron varias restricciones, como el distanciamiento social, las experiencias limitadas en las tiendas, el uso de máscaras faciales y las preocupaciones de salud han afectado el comportamiento del consumidor en las generaciones más jóvenes. Por lo tanto, este proyecto de trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar el cambio en los comportamientos de consumo y compra de las generaciones femeninas más jóvenes dentro de la industria del maquillaje en Europa Occidental. Un análisis en profundidad de la industria y la realización de una encuesta con 192 participantes sirven como base para futuras discusiones sobre el papel de los pagadores de belleza en tiempos difíciles. El objetivo de este proyecto de trabajo es analizar y comprender el impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en la industria de la belleza del maquillaje entre las generaciones más jóvenes de Europa Occidental. Para abordar este tema de investigación, se definieron tres objetivos específicos: El primero es investigar la industria de la belleza del maquillaje en Europa Occidental, incluido el desempeño del paisaje competitivo y los desafíos actuales. El segundo objetivo es obtener una comprensión profunda del impacto de COVID-19 en los comportamientos de uso y compra de las generaciones más jóvenes. Finalmente, el tercer objetivo es comparar los conocimientos de WP con los conocimientos del proyecto empresarial.