Especialización

Resumen: Antecedentes y objetivo: Se llevó a cabo una revisión de la literatura que evidencia problemas y necesidades en la diada paciente – cuidador familiar en cuidados paliativos durante el proceso de transición entre el hospital y el hogar. Estas necesidades tienen relación con: los conocimientos relacionados con la enfermedad, los sentimientos del cuidador y del paciente al alta, la comunicación efectiva, la educación para el cuidado a domicilio, el apoyo a la diada en el domicilio y la sobrecarga del cuidado - soporte social para el cuidador. La escasa evidencia sobre las experiencias en el proceso de transición hospital-hogar, así como de estudios en el ámbito latinoamericano, llevan a plantear una propuesta de investigación con el objetivo de describir la experiencia de la diada paciente – cuidador familiar en cuidado paliativo durante el proceso de transición entre el hospital y el hogar, en el contexto colombiano. Materiales y métodos: Esta propuesta se llevará a cabo utilizando metodología cualitativa con abordaje de teoría fundamentada. Los informantes del estudio serán pacientes y cuidadores familiares en cuidados paliativos en una institución sanitaria de Bogotá-Colombia. Para la recogida de datos, se utilizará la técnica de la entrevista familiar semiestructurada, que se realizará a las diadas en el hospital y posteriormente en el domicilio. El análisis de los datos se hará a través del método comparativo constante. Implicaciones prácticas: Conocer las experiencias de la diada al alta hospitalaria, saber los retos a los que se enfrentan en el domicilio y las necesidades que tienen durante este proceso, ayudaría a mejorar la atención a estas familias que requieren de cuidados paliativos. Abstract : BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We carried out a review of the literature that evidences problems and needs in the patient - caregiver family in palliative care during the transition process between the hospital and the home. These needs are related to: knowledge related to illness, feelings of caregiver and patient on discharge, effective communication, education for home care, home support and care overload - support For the caregiver. The lack of evidence on experiences in the transition process from home to hospital, as well as from studies in the Latin American context, lead to a research proposal with the objective of describing the experience of the patient-caregiver family in palliative care during the Process of transition between the hospital and the home, in the Colombian context. Materials and methods: This proposal will be carried out using qualitative methodology with a grounded theory approach. The informants of the study will be patients and family caregivers in palliative care at a health institution in Bogota-Colombia. For the collection of data, the semi-structured family interview technique will be used, which will be done at the dyads in the hospital and later at the home. The analysis of the data will be done through the constant comparative method. Practical implications: Knowing the experiences of the hospital discharge, knowing the challenges they face at home and the needs they have during this process, would help to improve care for these families that require palliative care.

Tesis de Antonio José Peláez para obtener el título de Doctor en Medicina y Cirugía de la Facultad de Medicina en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia en 1892. A lo largo del documento, Peláez estudia la metritis crónica, enfermedad infecciosa del útero. Se mencionan las causas probables de la enfermedad, las condiciones fisiológicas que favorecen el desarrollo de la misma, los síntomas, las formas de diagnóstico, tratamientos, técnicas operatorias, resultados de las operaciones realizadas en el Hospital de la Caridad y cuatro casos de estudio en los que se ejemplifican las ideas del autor.

Tesis de Lorenzo Eslava para obtener el título de doctor en Medicina y Cirugía de la Facultad de Medicina en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia en 1892. A lo largo de la investigación Eslava presenta una visión exploratoria sobre una enfermedad inusual para la época: la elefancia en las extremidades inferiores. Se menciona que hay antecedentes sobre el estudio de la enfermedad, pero en las medicinas árabes. Por tal motivo, Eslava señala los antecedentes sobre el estudio de esta enfermedad, la forma en que esta se ha manifestado en el cuerpo de los pacientes a lo largo de la historia, la descripción de síntomas y anatomía patológica, y finalmente, observaciones de casos de estudio con anotaciones sobre el crecimiento de los miembros antes y después de los tratamientos.

Tesis escrita por Luis Felipe Calderón en 1891, para optar por el título de Doctor en Medicina y Cirugía de la Universidad de Bogotá. A lo largo de su investigación estudia la cirugía de prolapso uterino a partir de los escritos publicados desde su aparición en 1766, hasta su más reciente versión, realizada en la Clínica Quirúrgica de M. Trélat en 1891. Adicionalmente, toma en consideración los resultados de las ocho operaciones llevadas a cabo en Colombia.

Tesis de Juan Bautista Montoya y Flórez, para optar por el título de Doctor en Medicina y Cirugía de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia en 1892. A lo largo de la investigación Montoya se plantea la necesidad de utilizar y difundir el uso de la electrología en Colombia, como un procedimiento novedoso para el diagnóstico y cura de enfermedades.

Tesis de Nicolás Osorio para optar al título de Doctor en Medicina, en la Facultad de Medicina de París, en 1865. A lo largo del documento, escrito en francés, Osorio analiza el comportamiento de los tumores que obstruyen el líquido cefalorraquídeo.

Conventional agricultural practices are often contrary to human health and environmental conservation. Use of and exposure to pesticides in agricultural communities in tropical countries is a pressing public health problem and an important facet of environmental degradation. This research project was undertaken by documenting use and exposure behaviors among agricultural communities in San Cristobal, Antioquia (Colombia). The research questions were: (1) What are the primary factors associated with the use of pesticides and do those factors differ between pesticide users and agroecological adherents? (2) How do campesino pesticide users and agroecological adherents(non-pesticide users) differ in their attitudes and beliefs with regards to pesticide use and exposure? and (3) How do these factors influence campesinos‟ behaviors associated with pesticide use and exposure? I implemented qualitative and quantitative methods in this investigation. The qualitative approach was based on community participatory ethnographic research. The latter involved participant observation, interviews, and focus groups aimed at existing pesticides users and agroecological adherents. The quantitative approach used questionnaires to derive demographic information, scale-based evaluations of attitudes and beliefs, pesticides decision making, perceived confidence, and perceived control. Findings showed that the most relevant factors related to pesticide use and their categories included: a) individual: beliefs, attitudes and knowledge; b) interpersonal: family support and cultural acceptance of pesticide use; c) economic: fear of living within financially unviable constraints, market conditions and lack of economic support from the government; d) cultural: collective acceptance or tolerance of pesticide use and exposure and onset of negative reactions when stopping pesticide use; e) political: deficient regulations for controlling pesticide use control and adequate utilization of protective equipment. Pesticide users experienced the most apprehension regarding stopping pesticide use as they often believed pesticides allow them to obtain better crop yields and, therefore, higher monetary gains. Pesticide users lacked a positive attitude toward personal protectionequipment, regardless of the risks to which they may be exposed. Pesticide training was deficient in this population showing a clear need to improve safety conditions and training to reduce occupational hazards. Future studies should explore with greater detail these attitudes and beliefs so as to promote mid- to long-term public health interventions that directly address the sense of food and income insecurity found among the population of pesticides users, which blocks their transition into a non-pesticide scenario for agricultural production. Over the short-term, public health programs should continue to educate the population of pesticide users on the immediate risks of exposure. The decision making process surrounding pesticide use in the studied population was influenced by a variety of factors. Campesinos who were prone to use pesticides for their crops often exhibited diminished degrees of knowledge about adverse effects of pesticides on human health, believed pesticides are necessary for their crops, had negative attitudes about stopping pesticide use, had a strong family influence toward the use of pesticides, experienced economic fear of stopping pesticide use, cultivated flowers as their main source of income, expressed strong social acceptance of pesticide use, experienced negative community reactions when attempting to stop pesticide use, received government subsidies for pesticide use, and had never received any training on the use of required protective equipment. Campesinos who showed more proclivities towards the use of pesticides were convinced that pesticides are necessary for their crops as they guarantee substantial yields and larger specimens of the different crop varieties. They also exhibited low perceived control, low perceived confidence, and a low perception of adverse pesticide effects on human health and the natural environment. Future studies are required to fully comprehend the unique occupational health and safety needs of these campesinos. Additionally, future studies should be aimed at designing and introducing long-term, well-structured public health interventions to increase awareness about the harmfulness of pesticides on human and environmental health so as to promote a well-established behavioral change in relation to pesticides use reduction among these communities.

Tesis escrita por Ramón V. Lanao en 1891, para optar por el título de Doctor en Medicina y Cirugía de la Universidad Nacional. Su estudio se concentra en las patologías presentes en el clima cafetero, caracterizado por tener temperatura media de 19° a 22°, aire templado y húmedo, y vientos y lluvias suaves.

Many low- and middle-income countries are experiencing a rapid increase of overweight and obesity rates. Nonetheless, there are some concerns not only about the pace of the increase in overweight and obesity, but also about inequalities in their distribution across social groups. The main aims of this thesis were to: i) examine socioeconomic differences in overweight and obesity over the last decades among women of childbearing age in low- and middle- income countries; ii) determine the contribution of reproductive variables (e.g., parity, age at first birth, breastfeeding) to socioeconomic inequalities in overweight and obesity in low- and middle-income countries; and iii) assess the impact of recently adopted poverty reduction policies, namely conditional cash transfer programs (CCT) on determinants of child health and children´s nutritional status. Overall, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among women has increased in most low- and middle-income countries across all educational groups and occupational classes in the last two decade. Nonetheless, overweight and obesity trends have rapidly increased among less educated and lower occupational classes especially in North Africa/West and Central Asia (NWA), Sub-Saharan (SS) and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region. For example, women working in agriculture and production sector had an annual increase in the prevalence of overweight/obesity ranged from 2.8% in LAC region to 3.7% in the SS region. In addition, women with lower age at first birth, high parity, and shorter duration of breastfeeding had an increased odds of overweight. Nonetheless, those reproductive factors did not play a key role in explaining differences in overweight by socioeconomic status and related trends. Finally, the CCT Familias en Accion was associated with significant higher BMI z-scores among children beneficiaries of this program; BMI-for-age z-scores (β=0.14, 95%CI 0.00, 0.27, p <0.05). These results suggest that in future years, the unequal distribution of body weight between and within societies likely contributes to perpetuate poverty and poor health as in high-income countries. In addition, poverty reduction policies such as CCT programs in a middle- income country such as Colombia have not been very successful in preventing overweight and obesity. Therefore, additional efforts specifically focused on preventing an increase in inequalities in overweight and obesity are needed, targeting mothers and children from low income households.