Trabajo de grado de Antonio Gómez para obtener el título de Doctor y Cirujano de la Universidad Nacional, en 1922. En la primera parte se hace una recopilación sobre las investigaciones en torno al sarampión y lo que a la fecha se sabía de la enfermedad. En la segunda, se habla de la epidemia de sarampión en Bogotá de 1914 y la forma como fue fue atendida por parte del personal médico de la ciudad.

Zanahoria-Daucus carota

Pregnancy during adolescence is a worldwide public health concern. In developing countries, 14 million adolescents give birth each year, which accounts for 90% of all worldwide pregnancies. The proportion of adolescent women aged 10-19 whom have been pregnant in Mitú, Colombia is of approximately 25%, in comparison to 19.5% at the national level. This report aims to review the effectiveness and identifying best practice of adolescent pregnancy interventions in low and middle income countries and use formative research to make specific recommendations for policy and practice to prevent adolescent pregnancy in Mitú, Colombia. EMBASE, Medline, CINHAL, Cochrane library, GLOBAL HEALTH, ADOLEC, Popline, LILACS and REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH LIBRARY were searched to identify studies examining adolescent pregnancy prevention interventions in developing countries. GOOGLE was searched to identify grey literature. Five semi-structured interviews were also conducted with key service providers in the field of Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health in Mitú to explore the needs of the region in regards to adolescent pregnancy prevention and the barriers and facilitators for programme implementation. The literature review found that adolescent pregnancy prevention interventions in developing countries had a positive impact on the knowledge of pregnancy prevention and may contribute to the delay of sexual initiation. However, impact on the use of contraceptive methods and reduction of adolescent pregnancy inconclusive. Interviews revealed key societal, familial and individual factors that were viewed to be linked to adolescent pregnancy in Mitú. Relationships between military personnel and young women appeared to be an important factor in high teenage pregnancy rates. Barriers for the adequate implementation and continuation of programmes included lack of political commitment, lack of financial, human and material resources and lack of inter-institutional collaboration, the high rate of staff turnover and the lack of monitoring programmes. Only few facilitators were mentioned that consisted mainly in the willing of both adolescent and military to collaborate in the implementation of adolescent pregnancy prevention interventions. In conclusion, evidence suggests that adolescent pregnancy prevention strategies are effective in increasing knowledge of pregnancy and might delay sexual initiation in low and middle-income countries. Features of effective programmes were identified and discussed and are important in designing and developing new strategies. However, cultural, environmental and social barriers need to be addressed through political commitment and inter-institutional collaboration in order to develop effective interventions for pregnancy prevention in Mitú.

Physical activity promotion (PAP) has reached policy agendas worldwide due to the social and economic burden that non-communicable diseases have generated. Colombia is one of the countries that have taken the challenge of promoting healthy lifestyles in order to reduce this burden and in addition, take advantage of other benefits that promoting this healthy lifestyle brings. Although some research has been done on the field, no studies related to the local government contribution were found. The local government plays a crucial role in PAP, considering that it has a great influence on the physical and social environment of a city and consequently in the individual behavior of its citizens. Additionally, it has a great responsibility concerning public health, social and economic development and environmental sustainability, aspects that are related to PAP. The present research, aims to provide a general overview on the current state of PAP in the Municipal Sport Authorities (MSAs) of one department of Colombia. In this sense, it is important to highlight that the sport sector has had a major role in PAP in the country and the department. Hence, structured interviews were conducted among heads of the MSAs of the 14 municipalities of the department and development plans were analyzed. Using this data, two main aspects were studied in order to achieve the research aim: the current PAP interventions and the conditions to promote physical activity (PA) in the department. Results indicate that the current PAP interventions have both strengths and weaknesses. Among the most important aspects, it was noticed that PAP in Risaralda has neglected important environmental determinants for PA behavior. PAP has been oriented from an “anthropic” perspective (targeting the individual). However, this seems to have had a positive effect on PA levels in the department. Concerning the conditions to promote PA, there are important findings related to the knowledge and skills of policy-makers and the management process used to develop the interventions. Some of the weaknesses found in the interventions might be related to the conditions to develop them. Recommendations to MSAs and for further research are given.

El derecho a la intimidad de las mujeres que voluntariamente interrumpen su embarazo se encuentra en constante amenaza. Un ejemplo de esto son los casos donde médicos o jueces, sin ni siquiera saber si están cometiendo un delito, revelan sus datos personales o incluso las denuncian. Para el 2016 existían cerca de 1.604 procesos penales abiertos en contra de mujeres que se practicaron abortos (Caracol Radio, 2016), y que según el exfiscal general de la nación, Eduardo Montealegre, llegaron en gran medida a la Fiscalía por las denuncias de los mismos médicos y profesionales de la salud que atendieron a estas mujeres. Esta falta de garantías a la intimidad de la mujer que decide abortar en el marco de las causales despenalizadas, sumada a otros obstáculos propios de la cultura y del sistema jurídico, hace que las mujeres prefieran recurrir a instituciones clandestinas para realizarse el aborto antes de usar el sistema de salud. El instituto Guttmacher señala que de los 400.400 abortos practicados en el 2008 en Colombia, solo 322 se realizaron dentro del sistema nacional de salud. Este documento pretende ilustrar y analizar algunas de estas tensiones que se presentan entre el derecho a la intimidad, y otros derechos y deberes constitucionales de gran relevancia, como el derecho a acceder a la información y el deber de denuncia en el contexto de la despenalización parcial del aborto en Colombia. Estas tensiones resultan relevantes, pues las fórmulas que se adopten para resolverlas pueden limitar de manera desproporcionada la realización efectiva de estos derechos o, por el contrario, pueden contribuir a garantizarlos de manera integral. Por lo que este texto busca hacer una doble contribución constitucional, pues al avanzar en la discusión sobre las fórmulas de armonización más adecuadas puede, por un lado, aportar a la consolidación de una dogmática adecuada de estos derechos y, por el otro, a la garantía efectiva de los mismos. Descripción tomada de: https://www.dejusticia.org/publication/lo-que-no-debe-ser-contado/

La implementación voluntaria del embarazo (IVE) se encuentra parcialmente despenalizada en Colombia desde 2006, mediante la Sentencia C-355. Dicha despenalización tuvo efectos no solamente en el ámbito penal sino también en relación con el derecho a la salud. En este sentido, generó obligaciones para el Estado y derechos para las mujeres sobre su salud sexual y reproductiva. Sin embargo, a pesar de que ya se han cumplido siete años desde la emisión de la sentencia de la Corte Constitucional, persisten importantes barreras a la garantía efectiva del acceso a la IVE para las mujeres que se encuentran en los tres casos no penalizados. El propósito de este documento es entonces identificar algunos de los principales obstáculos que enfrenta la despenalización parcial del aborto en Colombia. La relevancia de esta identificación reside en que la existencia de barreras que dificultan o impiden el ejercicio de un derecho atenta contra el pleno ejercicio de la ciudadanía de las personas afectadas. Asimismo, el documento presenta algunas propuestas de política que apuntan a la solución de las problemáticas identificadas. El balance no es muy favorable, la investigación revela que las mujeres víctimas de violaciones graves de los derechos humanos ocurridas con ocasión y en desarrollo del conflicto armado enfrentan numerosas barreras para acceder efectivamente a la justicia, de allí que muchas de las atrocidades cometidas en su contra permanezcan en la impunidad. Descripción tomada de: https://www.dejusticia.org/publication/la-implementacion-de-la-despenalizacion-parcial-del-aborto-en-colombia/

En regiones afectadas por la minería del oro, la inhalación de vapores de mercurio junto con la ingesta de peces contaminados, constituyen las principales fuentes de contaminación con este metal, el cual afecta la salud humana de múltiples maneras. No obstante, otra fuente adicional reconocida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud es el consumo de agua contaminada. Aunque por lo general las aguas superficiales contienen bajos niveles de mercurio debido a que este es rápidamente consumido por microorganismos acuáticos, se ha encontrado que bajo ciertas circunstancias su concentración en el agua puede alcanzar valores alarmantes, superando incluso los 2,0 ?g/L —valor estipulado en la legislación colombiana para aquellas fuentes hídricas destinadas para consumo humano y doméstico—. En algunos municipios colombianos se han detectado concentraciones de mercurio en aguas superficiales por encima de los 3,0 ?g/L y en otros lugares del mundo por encima de los 8,0 ?g/L. Si bien es cierto que el consumo de agua contaminada con mercurio constituye un problema menor en comparación con otras fuentes de contaminación, estas bajas concentraciones también contribuyen gradualmente a la carga contaminante que afecta la salud humana, tal como ha sido reportado por diferentes investigadores.

Objective. This work sought to characterize the scientific production of the degree works in the Master’s in Collective Health (MCH) of the Faculty of Nursing at Universidad de Antioquia, during the period from 1996 to 2013. Methodology. Ours was a descriptive, observational study, based on documentary research and content analysis. The work analyzed the degree works presented in the MCH since 1996 until 2013, reported in the library of the Faculty of Nursing, and the scientific articles published. These were reviewed manually using an instrument containing the variables of the characteristics of the works and articles. Results. Some 51 degree works were included, corresponding to eight cohorts from the Master’s in which 65 master’s students have graduated and 61 professors have participated as counselors. The most common themes have been Gender and Health (27%) and Food and Nutrition Safety (16%). The most frequent populations object of study were women (14%) and population groups and/or community (14%). The methodologies used have been 90.2% qualitative, 3.9% quantitative, and 5.9% mixed. A total of 52.9% of the degree works were published as articles in scientific journals; of these, 46.49% corresponded to A2 journals, according to the classification by COLCIENCIAS. Conclusion. The characteristics of the degree works show increased dissemination in scientific journals, as well as diversification in the populations object of study and progress in the dissemination of the knowledge generated in the MCH, thus, contributing to progress in collective health in national and international settings.

Abstract: Trypanosomes are unicellular early divergent eukaryotic microorganisms that cause sleeping sickness and Chagas disease. Genome sequencing has revealed that these parasites lack most of the highly conserved proteins involved in chromosome segregation. However, kinetochore-associated chromosome segregation has been proposed to occur in Trypanosoma brucei and the existence of centromeres, the locus that interacts with the kinetochores, has been inferred in T. brucei and Trypansoma cruzi. This work aimed to characterise, at a structural and functional level, the centromeres of Trypanosoma sp. Centromeres in T. brucei have been localised to chromosomal loci that contain an array of ~147 bp AT-rich tandem repeats. Using a long-range restriction endonuclease mapping approach, we found that the sizes of the arrays in T. brucei chromosomes 1-8 vary from 20 to 110 kb and present length heterogeneity between chromosome homologues. Topoisomerase II-? (TOP2?) plays a major role in sister chromatid segregation. TOP2? specific centromeric activity has been demonstrated in trypanosomes. In this project, we systematically evaluated through different approaches, regulatory mechanisms for the TOP2? activity/recruitment to trypanosome centromeres. In other eukaryotes, the Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier (SUMO) interaction with TOP2? is required for it to be recruited to centromeres during mitosis. In independent experiments, we found no evidence for this association in bloodstream form (BSF) T. brucei . Modifications to the carboxyl terminal region (CTR) of TOP2?, other than SUMOylation, have been described that affect cell cycle specific localisation on chromosomes. Here, we undertook experiments to further delineate regions of the CTR of trypanosome TOP2?. Using a sequential deletion approach, we found that amino acids 1223-1312 in the CTR of enzyme are not required for its centromeric-specific activity. Finally, we found that the condensin unit SMC2 is essential for growth of T. brucei BSFs and not for TOP2? specific centromeric activity.

CD34+ cell dose in the transplanted product is still considered a measure of the engraftment potential in haemopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). CD34+ selected products are characterised by their high purity and depleted T-cells. These characteristics have made them traditionally suitable to decrease the incidence of graft versus host disease, particularly in haploidentical HSCT. The CliniMACS is a state of the art cell sorting system based on magnetic particles conjugated to CD34 antibodies. This study retrospectively evaluated the CliniMACS system performance in terms of CD34+ purity and cell recovery, and T-cell depletion in the selected product. The results were compared against target values fixed by the processing centre, as well as against published data. Factors affecting the CD34+ cell recovery were also investigated and a pilot study was carried out to assess the effect of cryopreservation on the viability of the selected products. In total, 151 procedures were analysed. The mean recovery and purity were 64.82 + 16.19 and 88.0 + 11.0% respectively. The mean T-cell depletion was 4.7021 + 0.5129 logs. Only purity was slightly below the specification (90%), with the lowest values obtained from peripheral blood (PB) collections. Factors affecting the recoveries were the overall age of the product (p=0.001), overnight storage (p=0.002), and the use of a particular tubing set with the instrument (p=0.002). The mean CD34+ viability was not significantly different to the value before cryopreservation (p=0.068). Results from this study were comparable with published data of the CliniMACS system performance. Local investigations regarding the purity of PB products should be performed. For the first time, using a magnetic separation method, factors affecting CD34+ recovery were identified. The significance of the effect of product age and overnight storage on cell recovery, provide a rationale for further prospective studies