El trabajo describe la necesidad de la implementación del sistema de gestión de calidad, y se establece como por medio de la ejecución del sistema de gestión de calidad la empresa puede lograr mejores rendimientos, minimizar externalidades y entregar servicios con calidad y continuidad. Se inicia con la revisión literaria de fuentes primarias, secundarias y otras fuentes, de investigaciones realizadas con el fin de detectar, obtener y consultar la trayectoria de los sistemas de gestión de calidad, que pueden ser útiles a los propósitos del trabajo de investigación, así como extraer y recopilar la información relevante y necesaria que atañe a nuestro problema de investigación. El trabajo de investigación continua con una revisión de los antecedentes normativos de los sistemas de gestión de calidad del sector público, las generalidades del servicio público de acueducto; y luego se describe la situación técnica y financiera que presenta la SEMSEP ES.P. SA contextualizando la situación objeto de investigación. Se continua con la propuesta para la implementación del sistema de gestión de la calidad del macro proceso de acueducto, que inicia con un diagnóstico del macro proceso de acueducto, la evaluación financiera de la propuesta, y la planeación para la implementación de la propuesta

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is an emerging technology designed to tackle climate change by making processes more sustainable. This work gives a technical review of the current status of this process in order to compare it with the production of biochar. The latter is a carbon-rich material obtained when biomass is heated in the absence of oxygen. Although this production technique, which is called pyrolysis, has been known for centuries, there is little information regarding its process at an industrial level. As a result, this dissertation presents a study of the feasibility of biochar production as a means of carbon capture and storage. In other words, this research generates an approach to provide a preliminary estimate of the potential of large-scale biochar production to reduce atmospheric CO2. In this context, it is important to consider that pyrolysis-based biochar could be valuable in terms of soil improvement, crop yield increase, bioenergy generation and greenhouse gas (GHG) offsets. In this perspective, there are two categories of pyrolysis: fast and slow. Fast pyrolysis produces biochar in a matter of seconds, whereas slow pyrolysis produces a higher conversion to biochar but in a matter of hours. Generally speaking, the pyrolysis-based process is considered to be carbon-negative, because biochar production could reduce the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. In terms of the data analysis, several factors were considered and some assumptions were made. These assumptions are based on the literature because biochar production is not yet available at a commercial scale. According to the results, the cost to capture a tonne of carbon dioxide is $6.47 and $32.49 for fast and slow pyrolysis respectively. Therefore, although it is not a profitable technology, it could be cost competitive compared with CCS projects.

Engineered barriers are used in the containment of hazardous materials and are usually a composite of compacted clayey soil and a synthetic membrane. Containment elements such as landfill liners should be designed to control or prevent leachate migration or groundwater ingress. Engineering specifications for a compacted clay liner are based mainly in a hydraulic conductivity less than 10-9 m/s and the need for stability during construction and operation of the landfill. Sandbentonite mixtures are often used as a barrier material. The addition of relatively small amounts of bentonite (5-15%) can improve the performance of a granular material providing both a low permeability and an enhanced mechanical stability. However not all the possible compaction conditions produce a low permeability and mechanically stable material. Changes in water content after compaction can cause swelling or collapse depending on the stress and suction conditions before the water content change occurs. A laboratory investigation of the swelling-collapse behaviour of compacted mixtures of Sand-bentonite has been undertaken. Compaction and suction characteristics were established. The suction and volume change characteristics were investigated through a series of oedometer tests. The central part of the experimental programme focused on the detailed investigation of the processes of swelling and collapse during controlled wetting.To do this, a significant number of modifications were required to the existing apparatus. Fabric studies including Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry were also undertaken. Intrinsic behaviour and the relationship between suction and water content were comprehensively studied. A parametric study of the influence of bentonite content and sand grading was also undertaken. The results are presented and analysed. Recommendations for future research are made.

During the last decades there has been an increase in the generation of solid wastes in the world, in developing countries the situation has been specifically critical since in many cases there is no adequate treatment for the solid waste due to the scarcity of the resources and to the poor conscience of the real situation and possible consequences. This document presents the composting method as a suitable alternative for the treatment of solid waste in developing countries considering that its costs are not so high and that the composition of the solid waste is mainly organic. The analysis was based on a current literature review and on the study of some cases of composting projects, according to the results an operational guideline for the development of composting projects in developing countries was proposed. The guideline is composed of two main cores: the planning system and the evaluation system. The planning system supports the development of a composting project and the evaluation system is a base for the comparison of performance between different future cases.

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is one of the latest mobile communication technologies being commercially deployed worldwide. It has emerged as a promising technology for new applications such as mobile video surveillance (IPVS) due to its higher data throughputs as well as the quality of the service management capabilities. This work focuses on the performance evaluation of a mobile and real-time IPVS system over a LTE network in both operation modes, namely FDD and TDD. The QoS Requirements for the IPVS were defined and two simulation analyses were performed in OPNET Modeler in order to compare them to the QoS Delivered. The first analysis studied the performance of the IPVS service from a capacity point of view in a single cell scenario while the second analysis looked at the performance of the IPVS service in a sample network configuration including several cells. In light of the analysed results it was evidenced the flexibility of TDD operation mode in terms of capacity as well as its higher delay and packet delay behaviours in comparison with FDD operation mode. Additionally it was shown that TDD index 6 does not comply with the QoS performance required for an IPVS service in a multi cell network. 

Abstract: The synthesis of nanostructures has attracted much interest due to their advanced properties compared to their bulk material. Zinc Oxide (ZnO) has gained substantial interest in the research community due to its large exciton binding energy (60 meV). ZnO is a semiconductor with several favorable properties like a good transparency in the visible region, and a wide band gap of 3.37 eV. Those properties are already used in many emerging applications as chemical sensors, nano laser, and transistors. Due to its wurtzite crystal structure ZnO readily grows to elongated nanoparticles such as nanorods or nanowires. Elongated nanostructures are promising due to precise electron transport in one direction. Special attention has been devoted to the realization of transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) for optoelectronic devices such as solar cells and displays. The first part of this thesis is dedicated to the comparison of the synthesis of ZnO nanorods in a three-neck flask to solvothermal method. In order to investigate the effects of various reaction parameters on the structural and optical properties in the solvothermal method, different temperatures, volumes of solvent and reaction time were selected. The second part addresses the tailoring of the microstructure and electrical properties of ZnO nanorods modified with aluminum and indium, respectively. Finally, doped ZnO nanorods thin films prepared on glass substrate by drop casting method were investigated. This thesis provides first experimental work for transparent conductive zinc oxide prepared by solvothermal synthesis and highlights possibilities and boundaries for introduction of dopants in ZnO nanorods. Resumen: La síntesis de nanoestructuras ha atraído mucho interés debido a sus excelentes propiedades en comparación con su material a granel. El óxido de zinc (ZnO) ha ganado un interés sustancial en la comunidad de investigación debido a su gran energía de ligadura (60 meV). ZnO es un semiconductor con varias propiedades favorables, así como una buena transparencia en la región visible, y una amplia brecha de banda de 3,37 eV. Esas propiedades ya se utilizan en muchas aplicaciones emergentes como sensores químicos, nano láser y transistores. Debido a su estructura de cristal de wurtzita, ZnO se desarrolla fácilmente a nanopartículas alargadas como nanorods o nanocables. Las nanoestructuras alargadas son prometedoras debido al transporte preciso de electrones en una dirección. Se ha dedicado especial atención a la realización de óxidos conductores transparentes (TCO) para dispositivos optoelectrónicos como células solares y pantallas. La primera parte de esta tesis está dedicada a la comparación de la síntesis de nanorods de ZnO en un matraz de tres bocas versus un método solvotermal. Con el fin de investigar los efectos de diversos parámetros de reacción sobre las propiedades estructurales y ópticas en el método solvotermal, se seleccionaron diferentes temperaturas, volúmenes de disolvente y tiempo de reacción. La segunda parte aborda la adaptación de la microestructura y las propiedades eléctricas de los nanorods de ZnO modificadas con aluminio e indio, respectivamente. Finalmente, se investigaron las películas finas de nanorods modificadas y preparadas sobre sustrato de vidrio mediante el método de moldeo a gotas. Esta tesis proporciona el primer trabajo experimental para óxido de zinc como conductor transparente preparado por síntesis solvotérmica y resalta las posibilidades y los límites para la introducción de dopantes en nanorods de ZnO.

El sistema de aumentación en tierra GBAS permite mejorar el rendimiento de cualquier sistema de navegación por satélite, o GNSS, permitiendo proveer operaciones de precisión en aproximación y aterrizaje hasta la categoría CAT I para aeronaves civiles. El equipo a bordo de la aeronave confía en la validez y exactitud de la información suministrada por la estación GBAS para así calcular sus propios Niveles de Protección (PL). Por tanto, la estación GBAS es completamente responsable de evaluar los y asegurar los niveles de integridad de la señal que recibe, en cumplimiento con los requerimientos establecidos. De lo contrario, una notificación o mensaje ha de ser enviado por la estación GBAS a las aeronaves informando de esta situación. El error de posicionamiento de satélite debido a efemérides es una falla en la cual la ver- dadera posición del satélite no se corresponde con aquella calculada por las aeronaves. Pese al hecho de que la probabilidad de tales eventos es baja, y que normalmente cuando se sucede su magnitud no es lo suficientemente considerable para tener un impacto significativo en el posicionamiento, podría ocurrir que una combinación de factores diera lugar a una amenaza real a la integridad, y a potenciales errores en el posicionamiento. Este reporte se centra en el tipo de error de orbitas B, en el cual la discordancia entre la posición emitida por satélite y la verdadera es una consecuencia directa de un error en la información contenida en las efemérides. Trabajos previos han demostrado satisfactorios resultados detectando estas fallas comparando el mensaje de efemérides recibido con respecto a un mensaje previo que ya haya sido validado, implementando una aproximación de orden cero (ZOH), de primer orden (FOH) y de segundo orden (SOH). El objetivo principal es la implementación de estas aproximaciones, comparar los resultados y elegir un candidato para el monitor de error en orbitas de satélite de tipo B, cumpliendo los requerimientos para aproximaciones y aterrizajes de precisión categoría CAT-I. El siguiente trabajo de grado presentado para optar por el título de Master en Sistemas de Navegación por Satélite en la Escuela Nacional de la Aviación Civil Francesa, ENAC, también presentado como resultado final del trabajo de practicas la Universidad Politécnica de Catalunya, UPC, bajo el marco del Master de Ciencias y Tecnologías Aeroespaciales, detalla el desarrollo e implementación practica de un monitor de orbita de satélite para ser utilizado en aproximaciones de precisión CATI.

Modern data acquisition techniques such as Global positioning system (GPS), Radio-frequency identification (RFID) and mobile phones have resulted in the collection of huge amounts of data in the form of trajectories during the past years. Popularity of these technologies and ubiquity of mobile devices seem to indicate that the amount of spatio-temporal data will increase at accelerated rates in the future. Many previous studies have focused on efficient techniques to store and query trajectory databases. Early approaches to recovering information from this kind of data include single predicate range and nearest neighbour queries. However, they are unable to capture collective behaviour and correlations among moving objects. Recently, a new interest for querying patterns capturing ‘group’ or ‘common’ behaviours have emerged. An example of this type of pattern are moving flocks. These are defined as groups of moving objects that move together (within a predefined distance to each other) for a certain continuous period of time. Current algorithms to discover moving flock patterns report problems in scalability and the way the discovered patterns are reported. The field of frequent pattern mining has faced similar problems during the past decade, and has sought to provided efficient and scalable techniques which successfully deal with those issues. This research proposes a framework which integrates techniques for clustering, pattern mining detection, postprocessing and visualization in order to discover and analyse moving flock patterns in large trajectory datasets. The proposed framework was tested and compared with a current method (BFE algorithm). Synthetic datasets simulating trajectories generated by large number of moving objects were used to test the scalability of the framework. Real datasets from different contexts and characteristics were used to assess the performance and analyse the discovered patterns. The framework shows to be efficient, scalable and modular. This research shows that moving flock patterns can be generalized as frequent patterns and state-of-the-art algorithms for frequent pattern mining can be used to detect the moving flock patterns. This research develops preliminary visualization of the most relevant findings. Appropriate interpretation of the results demands further analysis in order to display the most relevant information.

The results of this report indicate how niche product developments for Space Based Solar Power (SBSP) can be easily achieved using present day technology, which markets need to be addressed, which niche configurations to pursue, and which organizations have the needed competencies to proceed. Classical SBSP concepts generally call for large rigid systems to be placed in orbit to collect and transmit several GW of energy down to Earth’s commercial electricity grid, and are still faced with many problems including system complexity, development, and costs. Smaller more specific niche applications of these concepts focus on different markets with lower complexity and barriers to entry while developing technologies and infrastructure needed for the classical SBSP. Technical research was performed in order to identify potential system configurations as well as crucial competencies and technologies needed by the SBSP effort. A pair of unique technical configurations was proposed in an attempt to mitigate standard SBSP challenges such as construction, rigidity, and launch costs. A strategic evaluation tool was created to evaluate all potential system configurations in terms of risk and complexity; ideal configurations were chosen based on anticipated markets and the results from the strategic analysis. Market research was performed in order to understand and valuate the utility of different niche configurations; these included the scientific, remote, green, space to space, and military markets. Very high value segments were observed in each of these market areas with a range of $0.37 to $1.88 USD per kwh for Terrestrial applications, and a range of $380.00 to $1200.00 per kwh for space applications. Exploration of the European Carbon Trading Exchange as a source of revenue is explored due to CO2 offsets. A unique satellite product is proposed and valuated which receives energy directly from an external on orbit source. The value of restoring functionality to damaged satellites is estimated in the millions of dollars.

Mixing sound in headphones has always been a very attractive idea. They are portable, allow for surgical listening and are very affordable when compared to the cost of an adequately treated mixing room equipped with high-fidelity loudspeakers. The approach in this project was to design a workflow permitting to mix in surround format while monitoring through headphones. By reproducing the filtering responsible for accurate localization of sounds that occurs in the human auditory system using Binaural technology, a portable “virtual mixing studio” was designed and employed in the creation of three surround soundtracks for film material. Chapter 1 of this paper gives a description of the 5.1 surround system features and Binaural technology. Chapter 2 outlines the tools used to design a workflow allowing to produce and render a mix in 5.1 format. Chapter 3 describes the process of creating a 5.1 mix while monitoring through headphones. Chapter 4 provides a description of a listening experiment: aims, method, result, and discussion.