Abstract: The objective of this study is to quantitatively estimate the probability of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus inside the train carriage and to develop a simulation for the model based on the passenger demand for calculating the risk associated with origin-destination. The transmission rate of the virus in train carriage was analyzed using trip data from Pakenham Station to Flinders Street Station in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, and the modified Wells-Riley model.

Abstract: The urban projects proposed by subsequent administrations from Bogota with thepurpose of solving concerns regarding homeless youth have been developed as aresponse to physical and spatial issues, as well as public health difficulties associated withdrug use. The crisis addressing the current global health emergency proves that theseprojects associate power technologies that seek despacialization trend. Besides studying the problem area previously described, the present article analyzes a series of spatial components adapted to the spatialization for homeless youth exposed to covid-19. Resumen: Los proyectos urbanos propuestos por sucesivas administraciones de Bogotá con el propósito de resolver la problemática de los/as jóvenes habitantes de calle han sido formulados como respuestas a problemas físico-espaciales y de salud pública asociados con el consumo de drogas. La actual coyuntura de emergencia sanitaria global evidencia que estos proyectos vehiculizan tecnologías de poder que procuran el fenómeno de desespacializacion. Además de estudiar la problemática descrita, en el presente artículo se analiza una serie de elementos espaciales adecuados a la espacialización de los/as jóvenes habitantes de calle expuestos al covid-19.

Abstract: Evidence about the effectiveness of school closures as a measure to control the spread of COVID-19 is controversial. We posit that schools are not an important source of transmission; thus, we analyzed two surveillance methods: a web-based questionnaire and a telephone survey that monitored the impact of the pandemic due to COVID-19 cases in Bogotá, Colombia. We estimated the cumulative incidences for Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) and COVID-19 for each population group. Then, we assessed the differences using the cumulative incidence ratio (CIR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI95%). The ARI incidence among students was 20.1 times higher when estimated from the telephone survey than from the online questionnaire (CIR: 20.1; CI95% 17.11–23.53). Likewise, the ARI incidence among choolteachers was 10 times higher in the telephone survey (CIR: 9.8; CI95% 8.3–11.5). The incidence of COVID-19 among schoolteachers was 4.3 times higher than among students in the online questionnarie (CIR: 4.3, CI95%: 3.8–5.0) and 2.1 times higher in the telephone survey (CIR = 2.1, CI95%: 1.8–2.6), and this behavior was also observed in the general population data. Both methods showed a capacity to detect COVID-19 transmission among students and schoolteachers, but the telephone survey estimates were probably closer to the real incidence rate. Resumen: La evidencia sobre la efectividad del cierre de las instituciones educativas como una medida para controlar la transmisión del COVID-19 es controversial. Nosotros postulamos que los colegios no son una fuente importante de transmisión, por lo tanto, se analizaron dos métodos de vigilancia: un cuestionario en línea y una encuesta telefónica que monitoreaba el impacto causado por los casos de la pandemia de COVID-19 en Bogotá, Colombia. Se estimó las incidencias acumuladas por infección respiratoria aguda (IRA) y COVID-19 para cada grupo poblacional. Posteriormente, se evaluaron las diferencias usando la tasa de incidencias acumuladas (TIA) con intervalos de confianza del 95%. La incidencia de IRA en los estudiantes fue 20.1 veces más alta cuando se estimó a partir de la encuesta telefónica frente al cuestionario en línea (TIA: 20.1; IC95% 17.11–23.53). Igualmente, la incidencia de ARI entre los docentes fue 10 veces más alta en la encuesta telefónica (TIA: 9.8; IC95% 8.3–11.5). La incidencia de COVID-19 en los docentes fue 4.3 veces más alta que la de los estudiantes de acuerdo con el cuestionario en línea (TIA: 4.3, IC95%: 3.8–5.0) y 2.1 veces más alta en la encuesta telefónica (CIR = 2.1, CI95%: 1.8–2.6), y este comportamiento también se observó en los datos de la población general. Ambos métodos de vigilancia mostraron ser capaces de detectar la transmisión del COVID-19 entre los estudiantes y los docentes, pero las estimaciones derivadas de la encuesta telefónica fueron probablemente más cercanas a las tasas de incidencia reales.

Resumen: Las restricciones derivadas de la pandemia por el coronavirus 2019 instauraron un contexto prolongado de implementación forzosa de teletrabajo en diversas organizaciones e instituciones. El presente estudio examina el impacto ejercido por la intensidad en la adopción de dicho esquema laboral sobre la satisfacción de los colaboradores del sector de la educación superior. Para ello, se aplicó un instrumento transversal sobre una muestra de 154 colaboradores de una universidad colombiana, cuyos datos fueron analizados mediante un modelamiento de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren la existencia de una asociación significativa entre las variables en cuestión. Se observa además que tanto los individuos mayores de 40 años como aquellos que cuentan con un lugar aislado para teletrabajar tienden a favorecer dicha relación. Abstract: The restrictions derived from the pandemic by the coronavirus 2019 created a prolonged context of forced implementations of telework in several organizations and institutions. This study examines the impact exerted by the intensity of the adoption of this work scheme on the satisfaction of employees in the higher education sector. To do this, the study applies a cross-sectional instrument to a sample of 154 employees of a Colombian university, and the data obtained was subsequently analyzed by structural equation modeling. Results suggest the existence of a significant association between the variables in question. It is also observed that both individuals over 40 years of age and those who have an isolated place to telework tend to favor this relationship.

Abstract: The promotion of education as a human right became part of the discourse of international aid agencies and banks since the end of WWII. Consequently, studies of development have examined the conditions under which education becomes a driver of socio-economic progress under three theories: “modernization”, “human capital”, and “dependency”. Previous research has not agreed on the impact of education on inequalities and mainly adopted a quantitative approach. This dissertation implements a mixed-methods approach to examine context-specific variables in comparative education with the “dependency” theory. The outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 generated great losses in human capital accumulation. In Latin America, one of the most unequal regions in the world, the impact of school disruption increased drop-out rates and forced governments to generate measures to mitigate learning losses. This dissertation examines through a comparative analysis to what extent remote learning policies implemented during COVID-19 reduced inequality gaps in Chile and Colombia, with a particular focus on secondary education. Moreover, as intervening variables, it selects two neoliberal characteristics: privatization and government intervention. Colombia and Chile implemented multimodal education policies during COVID-19. However, in Colombia, school closures lasted longer than in Chile. The PISA exam forecast of the World Bank also suggests that education inequality gaps in secondary education increased after the pandemic, with greater inequalities in Colombia. Moreover, the Gini coefficient shows that Colombia has been more unequal than Chile before and after COVID-19. Lastly, the analysis of the intervening variables shows that remote learning policies were unable to reduce inequalities and mainly favoured private institutions and urban areas. Finally, as part of the lessons, this research suggests that the neo-liberal characteristics of both countries marked a difference in the implementation of policies. Moreover, the lack of information incentivised the adoption of good practices that become suitable policy alternatives when adapted to local needs. Lastly, this research evidences the need for LAC to include technological tools in their education systems to respond to future crises.

Abstract: The adoption of teleworking as a work modality in organizations has grown exponentially due to the current COVID-19 pandemic crisis. This phenomenon has allowing the development of remote activities that are normally carried out in person. However, there is a concern among managers and employers due to the apparent absence of control and decreased productivity when using teleworking. For this reason, this article reviews, through two case studies of teleworkers surveillance and control software, the way in which their use provide support to the theory of formal and informal control, and how it can improve perception about the teleworking application and offer guarantees to employers. Similarly, the manuscript discusses the effects on the quality of life and personal behavior of employees who are involved within this modality. Resumen: La adopción del teletrabajo como modalidad laboral en las organizaciones ha crecido exponencialmente debido a la crisis actual de pandemia por COVID-19. Esto ha permitido el desarrollo de actividades a distancia que normalmente se realizan de forma presencial. Sin embargo, existe una preocupación en los gerentes y empleadores por la aparente ausencia del control y disminución de la productividad en su uso. Por tal razón el presente artículo revisa, a partir de dos casos de estudio de softwares de vigilancia y control de teletrabajadores, la forma en que su utilización brinda soporte a la teoría del control formal e informal, y cómo puede mejorar la percepción en la aplicación del teletrabajo al ofrecer garantías a los empleadores. De igual manera, se discuten las afectaciones en la calidad de vida y comportamiento personal de los empleados involucrados en esta modalidad.

Abstract: Latin America continued to experience social, economic and political turmoil in 2021. The vulnerabilities set by preexisting conditions such as persistent inequality, a high level of labour force participation in the informal economy, and exclusionary social protection systems have been exacerbated by recent health and humanitarian crises that are unprecedented in the region’s modern history. These crises have significantly affected socioeconomic indicators, reflected in the increased levels of vulnerability and poverty, combined with stagnant economic growth. Public sector responses have been made but have been insufficient to cushion the effect of these multiple crises and, in many cases, have revealed the extent of governments’ fiscal conservatism that limited the role of the state in providing adequate support to its citizens. The chapter explores efforts to tackle the effects of compounded deprivation in terms of spatial segregation, a pervasively high informal labour force, gendered and racialized vulnerabilities and the education crisis, and explores the options that governments in the region face in terms of reversing the adverse effects of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, while sustaining the economic recovery. In a context of polarized political participation, discontent will inevitably lead to contention and, in some cases, instability and violence, if the governments choose to ignore the need for a socially just recovery.

Abstract: Stochastic time series methods for load forecasting are the traditional methods used by electric power companies [1] because they can model seasonal and stochastic behavior of the load [2]. A load time series has patterns that repeat at different time scales such as daily, weekly or yearly. These patterns indicate that load can be predicted and the shortest seasonality component has the highest effect on the forecast. There might be conditions in which load is in different time resolutions, has a different amount of missing data or is under special events such as COVID-19 pandemic. Load forecasting methods should be able to perform well under these circumstances. On the other hand, neural networks are a wide research topic, they can learn [3] and have low forecasting errors [4]. In this work we explain the main characteristics of load demand in time, load forecasting and we compare stochas-tic time series methods with neural networks for load forecasting in terms of the error with respect to the real load. Resumen: Los métodos de series de tiempo estocásticos para pronósticos de carga son los métodos tradicionales usados por compañías de energía eléctrica [1] porque pueden modelar el comportamiento estocástico y estacional de la carga [2]. Una serie de tiempo de carga tiene patrones que se repiten en diferentes escalas de tiempo como diaria, semanal o anual. Estos patrones indican que la carga puede ser predicha y que el componente de estacionalidad más corto tiene el efecto más grande en el pronóstico. Pude que haya condiciones en las cuales la carga este en diferentes resoluciones de tiempo, tenga una diferente cantidad de datos faltantes o este bajo eventos especiales como la pandemia COVID-19. Los métodos de pronóstico de carga deberían ser capaces de llevarse a cabo bien bajo estas circunstancias. Por otra parte, las redes neuronales son un tema de investigación amplio, ellas pueden aprender [3] y tienen errores de pronóstico bajos [4]. En este trabajo explicamos las principales características de la demanda de carga en el tiempo, pronósticos de carga y comparamos métodos de serie de tiempo estocásticos con redes neuronales para pronósticos de carga en términos del error con respecto a la carga real. [1] H. Wang, B.-S. Li, X.-Y. Han, D.-L. Wang and H. Jin, "Study of Neural Networks for Electric Power Load Forecasting," Third International Symposium on Neural Networks - Advances in Neural Networks - ISNN 2006, Proceedings, Part II, pp. 1277-1283, 2006. [2] K. Berk, Modeling and Forecasting Electricity Demand, Siegen: Springer Spektrum, 2015. [3] H. Alfares and N. Mohammad, "Electric load forecasting: Literature survey and classification of methods," International Journal of Systems Science - IJSySc. 33, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 23-34, 2002. [4] M. Singh and R. Maini, "Various Electricity Load Forecasting Techniques with Pros and Cons," International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), vol. 8, pp. 220-229, 2020.

Abstract: As online classes became the norm in many countries as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the concern for child and adolescent mental health became an issue of concern. This study evaluates the differences in the psychosocial status of school children based on engagement in in-person or Emergency Remote Education (ERE) and assessed the prevalence and predictors of symptom-derived risk levels for anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD). Cross-sectional data were collected from students at a Florida K-12 school and their household members through an online survey conducted in October 2020 (n = 145). No significant difference was found between ERE and in-person learning for risk of anxiety, depression, or OCD. Prevalence of students presenting as at risk for anxiety, depression, and OCD was 42.1%, 44.8%, and 41.4%. Several student factors (e.g., child sex, school level) and parental factors (e.g., parental COVID-19 attitudes) were associated with students presenting as at risk for anxiety, depression, or OCD; child’s participation in sports was protective against all three outcomes. Participation in sports was found to be protective against risk of anxiety (aOR = 0.36, CI = 0.14–0.93), depression (aOR = 0.38, CI = 0.15–0.93), and OCD (aOR = 0.31, CI = 0.11–0.85). Resumen: A medida que las clases en línea se convirtieron en la norma en muchos países como respuesta a la pandemia de COVID-19, la preocupación por la salud mental de niños y adolescentes se convirtió en un tema de preocupación. Este estudio evalúa las diferencias en el estado psicosocial de los niños en edad escolar con base en la participación en la Educación Remota de Emergencia o en persona (ERE) y evaluó la prevalencia y los predictores de los niveles de riesgo derivados de los síntomas de ansiedad, depresión y trastornos obsesivo-compulsivos (TOC). Se recopilaron datos transversales de estudiantes en una escuela K-12 de Florida y los miembros de su hogar a través de una encuesta en línea realizada en octubre de 2020 (n = 145). No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre el ERE y el aprendizaje en persona para el riesgo de ansiedad, depresión u TOC. La prevalencia de estudiantes con riesgo de ansiedad, depresión y TOC fue 42,1%, 44,8% y 41,4%. Varios factores de los estudiantes (p. ej., sexo del niño, nivel escolar) y factores de los padres (p. ej., Las actitudes de los padres ante el COVID-19) se asociaron con estudiantes que presentaban riesgo de ansiedad, depresión u TOC; La participación de los niños en los deportes protegía a los tres resultados. Se encontró que la participación en deportes protege contra el riesgo de ansiedad (ORa = 0,36, IC = 0,14-0,93), depresión (ORa = 0,38, IC = 0,15-0,93) y TOC (ORa = 0,31, IC = 0,11-0,85).

Abstract: This work project (WP) was developed following the challenges of the current COVID-19 crisis and the related issues presented in the business project. The main research topic is: COVID-19 Outlook in Western Europe: How is Covid-19 crisis impacting makeup consumption and purchase within younger female generations? The current COVID-19 crisis has presented several challenges for the beauty industry, were several restrictions, such as social distancing, limited in-store experiences, the use of face masks, and health concerns have affected the consumer behavior in younger generations. Therefore, this work project aims to analyze the change in consumption and purchase behaviors of younger female generations within the makeup industry across Western Europe. An in deep analysis of the industry and the conduction of a survey with 192 participants serve as the foundation for future discussions about the role of beauty payers in challenging times. The goal of this work project is to analyze and understand the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the makeup beauty industry within younger female generations in Western Europe. To address this research topic, three specific objectives were defined: The first one is to investigate the makeup beauty industry in Western Europe, including the competitive landscape performance and current challenges. The second objective is to gain an in-depth understanding of the impact of COVID-19 on younger generation’s usage and purchase behaviors. Finally, the third objective is to confront the WP insights to the Business Project’s insights. Resumen: La actual crisis de COVID-19 ha presentado varios desafíos para la industria de la belleza, fueron varias restricciones, como el distanciamiento social, las experiencias limitadas en las tiendas, el uso de máscaras faciales y las preocupaciones de salud han afectado el comportamiento del consumidor en las generaciones más jóvenes. Por lo tanto, este proyecto de trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar el cambio en los comportamientos de consumo y compra de las generaciones femeninas más jóvenes dentro de la industria del maquillaje en Europa Occidental. Un análisis en profundidad de la industria y la realización de una encuesta con 192 participantes sirven como base para futuras discusiones sobre el papel de los pagadores de belleza en tiempos difíciles. El objetivo de este proyecto de trabajo es analizar y comprender el impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en la industria de la belleza del maquillaje entre las generaciones más jóvenes de Europa Occidental. Para abordar este tema de investigación, se definieron tres objetivos específicos: El primero es investigar la industria de la belleza del maquillaje en Europa Occidental, incluido el desempeño del paisaje competitivo y los desafíos actuales. El segundo objetivo es obtener una comprensión profunda del impacto de COVID-19 en los comportamientos de uso y compra de las generaciones más jóvenes. Finalmente, el tercer objetivo es comparar los conocimientos de WP con los conocimientos del proyecto empresarial.