The cities are composed by a series of complex networks of relationships that shape an urban fabric based on the social condition developing around the territory. The urbanism that rules most human establishments today, can be clearly differentiated by the conditions in which the inhabitants have appropriated the spaces that constitute the urban centers. In the case of the city of Bogotá, the contrasting territory is notorious. The capital district stands as the largest urban center in the country, which has a great historical, economic, and social burden and yet stands out strongly for its anti-value of urban deterioration. Within the rest of the city, some sectors coexist despite of being on undergoing process of deterioration because of urbanistic and social reasons that determined the spatialization of the crime and marginal dynamics. This issue has spread and become more complex over time. The areas called “ollas”, remind the city the consequences of oblivion and indifference toward broken zones, and at the same time, set an opportunity to transform the urban environment through architectural actions. “Ollas” urban phenomenon in the city of Bogotá, intends to analyze the cases known as “ollas” in the Colombian capital scenario, understanding these urban decay cases from an abstract concept applied to an area of high complexity where spatial, institutional and social factors converge and result in a built territory inhabited by vulnerable populations isolated from legality and conventional city dynamics; the above, with the aim of generating an urban and architectural proposal in the character of a model of acting based on the analysis of causes and effects of the entire system.

Resumen: A través de la investigación en un barrio de Estambul y sus transformaciones físicas y sociales se plantea un proyecto que parte de la lectura del entorno construido. El entendimiento del mismo y de su valor arquitectónico (el valor de la no-arquitectura) genera un diálogo entre lo propuesto y lo existente. El edificio resultante sirve de marco para dar un nuevo significado a aquello que está ahí pero pasa desapercibido, transformando algo común en algo inusual. El objeto arquitectónico se convierte en una exploración en sí mismo, e intenta generar nuevas relaciones espaciales, retando convenciones establecidas por la arquitectura. El proyecto explora nuevas maneras en las que pueden habitarse y apropiarse tanto los espacios exteriores como interiores del edificio, un poco más cercanas a la forma en la que puede ocurrir en la arquitectura espontánea e informal de ciudades como Estambul. Abstract: Through the research of a neighborhood in Istanbul and its physical and social transformations, a project is proposed from the reading of the built environment. Its understanding and its architectural value (the value of the non-architecture) produces a dialog between what is proposed and the existent. The resulting building works as a frame to give a new meaning to what is already there but isn’t seen, making the common, uncommon. The architectural object becomes an exploration within itself and tries to generate new spatial relations, which challenge the conventions established by architecture. The project explores new ways in which both the exterior and interior spaces can be appropriated, closer to what can happen in the informal or spontaneous architecture of cities like Istanbul.

Abstract: Because there is nothing intelligent to say about a massacre. Everybody is supposed to be dead, to never say anything or want anything ever again. Everything is supposed to be very quiet after a massacre, and it always is, except for the birds.” All wars are atrocious, and the task of incorporating such inglorious events into a nation’s collective identity becomes understandably hard. But it needs to be done, otherwise, the memory of the war might be trivialized and forgotten and, hence, are more prone to be repeated. War is bound to replicate itself without confrontation and awareness. Mosul city was established on the western bank of the Tigris River in the 6th Century, just across the water from the ruins of the Assyrian city of Nineveh. The city flourished during the ancient era establishing itself as an epicentre of the Islamic world, therefore it is rich with ancient ruins and cultural heritage. The war which erupted in Iraq didn’t aim to destroy only its defence, but also its identity. Entire urban blocks of Mosul’s city were damaged so severely, that when it comes to reconstruction it cannot simply restore the former fabrics, either of space or architecture. The war has changed everything, and most critically the structure of society itself. The spatial reconstruction will mostly require more than just physical rehabilitation and restoration of the cities devastated infrastructure and housing. In order to provide sensations for the need of diversity and unity, more urgent concern should be given to restoring public facilities and daily utilities. Architectural and landscape design can be judiciously used in healing the social structure. How can common spaces be rearranged to create conditions for a peaceful and creative coexistence among citizens which survived such horrors? How can the location and the design of such utilities be done in a way as to meet the needs for intimacy and peace? This thesis study intends to recommend an urban and architectural regeneration project, to be taken upon during the redevelopment of the old city of Mosul. Furthermore, a set of strategies that may ensure the preservation of the urban identity of the area, while redeveloping and coping with the environmental, socioeconomic and political changes have been identified for reclaiming the urban identity and promoting the sense of belonging.

Abstract: Because there is nothing intelligent to say about a massacre. Everybody is supposed to be dead, to never say anything or want anything ever again. Everything is supposed to be very quiet after a massacre, and it always is, except for the birds.” All wars are atrocious, and the task of incorporating such inglorious events into a nation’s collective identity becomes understandably hard. But it needs to be done, otherwise, the memory of the war might be trivialized and forgotten and, hence, are more prone to be repeated. War is bound to replicate itself without confrontation and awareness. Mosul city was established on the western bank of the Tigris River in the 6th Century, just across the water from the ruins of the Assyrian city of Nineveh. The city flourished during the ancient era establishing itself as an epicentre of the Islamic world, therefore it is rich with ancient ruins and cultural heritage. The war which erupted in Iraq didn’t aim to destroy only its defence, but also its identity. Entire urban blocks of Mosul’s city were damaged so severely, that when it comes to reconstruction it cannot simply restore the former fabrics, either of space or architecture. The war has changed everything, and most critically the structure of society itself. The spatial reconstruction will mostly require more than just physical rehabilitation and restoration of the cities devastated infrastructure and housing. In order to provide sensations for the need of diversity and unity, more urgent concern should be given to restoring public facilities and daily utilities. Architectural and landscape design can be judiciously used in healing the social structure. How can common spaces be rearranged to create conditions for a peaceful and creative coexistence among citizens which survived such horrors? How can the location and the design of such utilities be done in a way as to meet the needs for intimacy and peace? This thesis study intends to recommend an urban and architectural regeneration project, to be taken upon during the redevelopment of the old city of Mosul. Furthermore, a set of strategies that may ensure the preservation of the urban identity of the area, while redeveloping and coping with the environmental, socioeconomic and political changes have been identified for reclaiming the urban identity and promoting the sense of belonging.

Resumen: Después de medio siglo de preocupación por las implicaciones en el ambiente del estilo de vida consumista, no se han visto cambios que estén impulsando la relación entre economía y naturaleza positivamente. Los procesos lineales en las ciudades aumentan el agotamiento de recursos, producción de desechos y contaminación. Por lo tanto, se debe impulsar una mentalidad circular para evitar el derroche de energía y promover una mejor gestión de recursos para relacionarse con las lógicas metabólicas naturales. Es necesario repensar cómo nuestras ciudades pueden cambiar la idea errada de basura, por la de material esperando a ser reintegrado al sistema. La arquitectura es uno de los impulsores de la generación de desperdicios mediante la construcción y demolición de edificaciones. El diseño arquitectónico, la producción de materiales y la disposición de edificios antiguos, son problemas a resolver para proporcionar un cambio en el medio. Por lo tanto, la presente investigación buscó encontrar relaciones entre diferentes grupos de diseño para crear una ciudad circular sostenible con un modelo de producción circular. Se realizó un análisis de cadenas productivas para encontrar relaciones en busca de cerrar bucles abiertos. Se analizaron materiales, agua, alimentos, naturaleza y energía como recursos básicos de un enfoque ecosistémico. Posteriormente, se presenta una investigación en producción cero residuos y la creación de materiales sostenibles, plasmando al final todos los hallazgos en el producto arquitectónico de una fábrica de materiales reciclados. Se definió un plan maestro para el barrio Muide Meulestede en Bélgica para el año 2030, como población objetivo. Esta exploración reveló que las iniciativas dispersas pueden orientarse hacia objetivos más resilientes y definió que la creación de relaciones puede ser una estrategia de diseño sostenible para lograr una mentalidad circular. Una vez se utilizan lógicas circulares como metodología principal de diseño, es posible adaptar estrategias para ser uno de los principales núcleos a tener en cuenta en el desarrollo arquitectónico y planteamiento de ciudades. Abstract: After half a century of concern about the environmental implications of consumer lifestyle, there have been no changes that turn the relationship between economy and nature positively. Linear processes in cities increase resource depletion, waste production, and pollution. A circular mindset is needed to avoid energy waste, a better resource management and a strategy to relate to the nature metabolic logics. It is necessary to rethink how our cities can change the mistaken idea of garbage, for a material waiting to be reintegrated into the system. Architecture is introduced as one of the drivers of waste generation through the construction and demolition of buildings. Architectural design, production of materials and renovation of old buildings are problems that must be solved to provide a change in field. Therefore, this research finds relationships between different design groups to create a sustainable circular city with a new circular production model. An analysis of productive chains was carried out to find relationships to close open loops. The basic resources dealt to respond to an ecosystem approach were materials, water, food, nature and energy. Subsequently, an investigation in zero waste production and the creation of sustainable materials will be presented, to finally translate all the findings into the architectural product of a recycled materials factory. A master plan for Muide Meulestede neighborhood in Belgium, projected to 2030, was defined as the target population. This exploration revealed that dispersed initiatives can be geared towards more precise and resilient goals, and defined that creating relationships can be a sustainable design strategy to achieve a circular mindset. Once circular and metabolic logics are used as a main design methodology, it is possible to adapt these strategies to be one of the main nuclei to take into account in the architectural development and planning of cities.

Resumen: El propósito de “Sociability and ethnic identity” es discutir el papel preponderante que juega Seven Sisters integrando su marcada identidad latina con la diversidad cultural de su entorno. Así mismo, explora las formas en contra de la posible demolición del mercado ha unido a las comunidades locales para defenderlo. El capítulo comienza con un breve recuento en el que se describen los procesos de crecimiento de las ciudades suburbios. Se subraya la relación estrecha de la calle principal con los mercados y el papel predominante social y comercial de grupos de personas totalmente diferentes entre sí. De este modo, los mercados son inclusión a la sociedad de grupos usualmente marginados. La interacción social que se presenta en los mercados se vuelve aún más importante si dentro del análisis diversidad cultural y étnica de las personas, pues puede llegar a crear puentes y puntos de coincidencia culturales. Este es el caso de Seven Sisters Market. Localizado al norte de Londres este mercado promueve la asociación, negociación de diferencias entre diversas culturas. Ubicado en el cruce de dos calles principales y multiculturales, tiene su propia impronta. El mercado es un importante punto de encuentro para la gente del sector: Van con su cultura, a trabajar. A través de un recuento del proceso de migración de latinoamericanos a Londres y de una descripción de los comerciantes para crear una atmósfera latina, las partes dos y tres del capítulo discuten las formas en migrantes contribuyeron a que Seven Sisters Market se convirtiera en punto de encuentro para latinos de algunos lo identifiquen como un “hogar lejos de casa”, un lugar para mantener su conexión con sus países sus tradiciones o de establecer redes de apoyo que van desde soporte emocional hasta consejo legal y profesional. Las interacciones sociales con las que se logra lo mencionado en el párrafo anterior se describen en la cuarta resultados de trabajo de campo realizado en el 2013, se establecen las dimensiones de la vida social en forma como éste amplifica las redes de solidaridad y los conflictos entre migrantes. Por otro lado, se analiza lenguaje tienen un rol contradictorio: Por un lado, es la razón de su éxito como punto de encuentro para acrecienta la distancia social entre ellos y la comunidad local extendida. Finalmente, el capítulo analiza cómo la dimensión espacial de un lugar contribuye a “negociar la diferencia” sociales. Lo anterior mediante el estudio de las interacciones entre los diferentes grupos étnicos de comerciantes inesperadas consecuencias que trajo consigo la amenaza de demolición del mismo, promovida por planes sector. La causa común de diferentes grupos de personas de la localidad para defender el mercado, manifiesta visión de valor de quienes promueven la demolición y la visión del mercado como un lugar ya de por si valió.

Abstract: This project follows the complete development process of a sustainable building which intend to optimize the natural and built conditions, to merge the architecture with the sustainability; applied to the renovation of the BUILDING H in Palogrande Campus, Universidad Nacional de Colombia in the city of Manizales. Along this work the author put in practice the different methods of analysis and problem solution learned in the Politecnico di Milano, which are oriented to create a user experience focused in the current necessity of saving energy, having at simple sight the building spaces, systems, elements and components which will work to carry out this purpose, being the building use an interactive process between the users and the sustainability. A holistic approach leads the present project, starting from a general analysis of the physical, environmental, historical and social context at country, city, university and campus scale; the urban analysis considers the campus and its surrounding area, yet the design has been limited to the campus area; the architectural design follows the physical and social necessities and is connected with the sustainable strategies which intend to create an comfort environment with a low energy consumption; the details of the systems, elements and components are presented, as well as the structure analysis. Photographs, plans, schemes and renders illustrate the process and result. All the solutions proposed are ecofriendly oriented and expect to be a reference for future studies and design projects in another cities and functions.

Resumen: Lo que se conoce de la obra de Pierre Jeanneret se debe, en gran parte, a los trabajos realizados en asociación con Le Corbusier. A pesar de la cantidad de investigaciones sobre la figura del maestro moderno, se ha prestado poca atención a la importancia de P. Jeanneret dentro del Atelier 35 rue de Sèvres. Mucho más enigmáticos son los proyectos de P. Jeanneret después de la separación de Le Corbusier. Su obra dejó una profunda investigación sobre la vivienda y el espacio doméstico, puesto que la vivienda fue para P. Jeanneret su principal fascinación como arquitecto. Por lo tanto, el presente artículo quiere reflexionar sobre las temáticas y proyectos desarrollados por Pierre Jeanneret, desde su labor en el Atelier 35 rue de Sèvres, pasando por los proyectos de vivienda prefabricada desarrollados durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, para llegar a su último periodo en Europa con su reflexión sobre el carácter local de la residencia, para finalmente terminar con su trabajo en Chandigarh, la nueva capital punjabi en India. Abstract: What is known of Pierre Jeanneret’s opera is mostly related to the work done in association with Le Corbusier. However, despite the amount of research on the figure of the modern Master, there is little attention on the importance of P. Jeanneret within the Atelier 35 rue de Sèvres. Even more enigmatic is the work of P. Jeanneret after the separation. Since housing was P. Jeanneret’s main fascination as an architect, such work consisted in profound research – and left insightful observations – on housing and domestic space. This article wants to reflect on the themes and projects developed by Pierre Jeanneret, starting from his work in the Atelier 35 rue de Sèvres and from the prefabricated housing projects developed during the Second World War, moving through the period in Europe, with his reflection on the local character of the residence, and ending with his work in Chandigarh, the new Punjabi capital in India.

Abstract: This research aims to identify a transformative model to regenerate the first-cycle school buildings in the post-pandemic city. Starting from the school infrastructure in Turin and compared with international cases, the research focuses on outdoor spaces, intended as a resource to face the pandemic’s critical situation and facilitate the integration of innovative learning processes. The two-step analysis findings concentrate firstly on the whole stock of first-cycle school buildings in Turin and secondly on a selection of representative cases. Those are the basis to propose a spatial toolkit that identifies design principles and architectural devices that could be generalized to other design contexts. Based on this theoretical and statistical work, the intervention is conducted in three schools in Turin, an experiment that follows a morphological and typological study as the base for identifying the transformative potential of the outdoor spaces. As a result, it has been possible to create the first spatial toolkit that summarises and conceptualizes design tools that could be put in action on school open spaces. Those strategies must improve the quality of the available space for a possible regeneration and new relations between the city and the school buildings, giving children the opportunity to have innovative outdoor learning activities and practical classes. Resumen: Esta investigación tiene como objetivo identificar un modelo transformador para regenerar los edificios escolares de primer ciclo en la ciudad postpandemia. Partiendo de la infraestructura escolar de Turín y en comparación con casos internacionales, la investigación se centra en los espacios al aire libre, pensados como un recurso para enfrentar la situación crítica de la pandemia y facilitar la integración de procesos de aprendizaje innovadores. Los resultados del análisis en dos pasos se concentran, en primer lugar, en todo el stock de edificios escolares de primer ciclo en Turín y, en segundo lugar, en una selección de casos representativos. Esas son la base para proponer un conjunto de herramientas espaciales que identifica principios de diseño y dispositivos arquitectónicos que podrían generalizarse a otros contextos de diseño. Sobre la base de este trabajo teórico y estadístico, la intervención se lleva a cabo en tres escuelas de Turín, un experimento que sigue un estudio morfológico y tipológico como base para identificar el potencial transformador de los espacios al aire libre. Como resultado, ha sido posible crear el primer kit de herramientas espaciales que resume y conceptualiza las herramientas de diseño que podrían ponerse en práctica en los espacios abiertos de la escuela. Esas estrategias deben mejorar la calidad del espacio disponible para una posible regeneración y nuevas relaciones entre la ciudad y los edificios escolares, brindando a los niños la oportunidad de tener actividades innovadoras de aprendizaje al aire libre y clases prácticas.

Abstract: Bogotá Social Backbone proposes the development of a backbone of social infrastructure for the most needed people in Bogota, those who usually do not have access to the professional services of an architect. I selected three ""free"", abandoned, and problematic spaces along the Caracas Avenue in Bogotá, and three clients who inhabit them; a drug addict who was displaced from El Bronx, a prostitute from Santafé neighborhood and a recycler from Caracas 59. Social architecture is proposed with the objective of being a platform for these people to reintegrate into society with dignity, providing minimal housing, as well as places for training and for the development of a life project. Resumen: Bogotá Social Backbone propone el desarrollo de una columna vertebral de infraestructura social para las personas más necesitadas de Bogotá, aquellas que normalmente no tienen acceso a los servicios profesionales de un arquitecto. Seleccioné tres espacios ""libres"", abandonados y problemáticos a lo largo de la Avenida Caracas en Bogotá y tres clientes que los habitan; un drogadicto desplazado de El Bronx, una prostituta del barrio Santafé y un reciclador de la Caracas con 59. La arquitectura social se propone con el objetivo de ser una plataforma para que estas personas se reintegren dignamente a la sociedad, proporcionándoles una vivienda mínima, así como lugares para la formación y para el desarrollo de un proyecto de vida.