El ambiente escolar es uno de los entornos más relevantes y significativos de nuestra vida, pues allí se tejen comportamientos, relaciones y hábitos que suelen modelar patrones de alimentación que impactan en nuestras preferencias de consumo. En este sentido, si bien es cierto que existe una combinación de factores individuales, como cuestiones psicológicas y culturales, que impactan en nuestros hábitos alimentarios, diversos estudios han demostrado el carácter determinante de los existen factores ambientales, entre ellos la disponibilidad, la accesibilidad y la invasiva publicidad de alimentos en los entornos donde nos relacionamos. Según UNICEF, en Colombia 3 de cada 10 niños y niñas entre 6 y 12 años padecen de sobrepeso. Esto lo confirman los datos recolectados por la ENSIN, reflejando que en 2005. El 4,3% de la población escolar (niños y niñas entre 5 y 12 años) tenía exceso de peso. Ya para el 2010 esta cifra habría aumentado a 18,8% y para el 2015 este porcentaje alcanzó el 24,4%. Este panorama es altamente preocupante, pues según la Organización Mundial de la Salud, la obesidad infantil se asocia con una mayor probabilidad de muerte prematura y discapacidad en la edad adulta. Esta cartilla resume los argumentos legales y de salud pública, por los cuales la regulación de venta y publicidad de ultraprocesados en entornos escolares es una política necesaria para favorecer la salud y la alimentación de los niños y niñas en Colombia. Descripción tomada de: https://www.dejusticia.org/publication/promoviendo-ambientes-escolares-libres-de-comida-chatarra-en-colombia/

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the chemically assisted dissection with sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (MESNA), in the reduction of residual and recurrent cholesteatoma after mastoidectomy in children with chronic cholesteatomatous otitis media (CCOM). Study Design: Retrospective case–control study. Setting: Tertiary referral center. Population: One hundred forty mastoidectomies performed in patients under 18 years of age for the treatment of CCOM. Interventions: Chemically assisted dissection (CAD) with MESNA compared with surgical dissection without MESNA. Main Outcome Measures: Recidivism of cholesteatoma (recurrence and residual disease), variations in the average of bone conduction threshold after treatment, and complications. Results: Recidivism of cholesteatoma was significantly lower when CAD with MESNA was used (p<0.0001). No difference was found in the mean variation of the average of bone conduction thresholds between the groups, confirming its safety profile regarding auditory function. Meatoplasty stenosis after surgery was more prevalent within CAD with MESNA group (p: 0.049). Conclusion: Recurrent and residual cholesteatoma remains a problem, especially in children and despite surgical techniques such as canal wall down mastoidectomy and endoscopic ear surgery. CAD with MESNA can be safe and effective to reduce recurrence rates. Resumen. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de la disección químicamente asistida con 2-mercaptoetanosulfonato de sodio (MESNA), en la reducción de colesteatoma residual y recurrente después de mastoidectomía en niños con otitis media colesteatomatosa crónica (OMCC). Diseño del estudio: Estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles. Lugar: Centro de referencia terciario pediatrico. Población: Ciento cuarenta mastoidectomías realizadas en pacientes menores de 18 años para el tratamiento de OMCC. Intervenciones: Disección químicamente asistida (DQA) con MESNA en comparación con disección quirúrgica sin MESNA. Principales medidas de resultado: Reincidencia de colesteatoma (recurrencia y enfermedad residual), variaciones en el promedio del umbral de conducción ósea después del tratamiento y complicaciones. Resultados: La reincidencia del colesteatoma fue significativamente menor cuando se utilizó DQA con MESNA (p <0,0001). No se encontraron diferencias en la variación media del promedio de los umbrales de conducción ósea entre los grupos, lo que confirma su perfil de seguridad con respecto a la función auditiva. La estenosis de la meatoplastia después de la cirugía fue más frecuente dentro del grupo de DQA con MESNA (p: 0.049). Conclusión: El colesteatoma recurrente y residual sigue siendo un problema, especialmente en niños y a pesar de las técnicas quirúrgicas, como la mastoidectomía radical y la cirugía endoscópica del oído. La DQA con MESNA puede ser segura y efectiva para reducir las tasas de recurrencia.

Background: Current scores do not adequately predict cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic kidney disease who are at a very high CV risk in short and medium term. Aim: The aim of our analysis was to create a Bayesian network to predict the 2-year occurrence of a cardiovascular event in patients with chronic kidney disease. Methods and results: The data originated from the observational and prospective Photo-Graphe V3 cohort. Sixty-two nephrologists in 20 French regions included 1144 non-dialysed patients with chronic kidney disease. Seven hundred and thirty patients with known medical status at 2 years were analysed. An initial Bayesian model was first built using 26 variables related to the characteristics of the patients, their medical background, and treatments. A cardiovascular event (heart failure, acute coronary syndrome, transient ischemic attack, stroke or cardiovascular death) occurred in 20.0% of the patients after two years of follow-up. The model was first optimized using synthetic data (created from the original database) to increase its reliability. The number of variables was then reduced using the 13 most informative variables to increase its clinical applicability. The10-fold cross validation showed that the optimized clinical model with 13 variables had an area under the ROC curve of 0.90+0.02, a sensitivity of 82.5+5.9%, a specificity of 80.6+5.1%, a predictive positive value of 81.2+3.4% and a negative predictive value of 82.5+4.4%. The percentage of misclassified subjects was 18.4+2.6%. Conclusion: Using artificial intelligence methods, a new clinical tool to predict cardiovascular events in patients with chronic kidney disease is proposed.

This thesis examines the concept of medical futility and its importance for the practice of medicine nowadays. It presents an overview of the development of the concept throughout history and it discusses the main arguments in favor and against a determination of futile treatment in the clinical setting. The notion of futility, in broad terms, describes the situation in which certain medical interventions no longer benefit the patient and therefore, it follows that there must be a derived moral obligation to stop said intervention. Such an idea brings forward numerous problematic pitfalls that are discussed in this thesis, among which are the debate about the limits of medicine, the tension between the notions of patient autonomy and physician authority and the practice of medical rationing in hospitals. This thesis aims to provide a new perspective on the subject in hopes that it will help to keep the ongoing debate running so in the near future, more experts will decide to contribute themselves with their expertise. Situations where a medical intervention ceases to benefit the patient will continue to occur at the bedside; what is more, these ethical conundrums will become more and more problematic as the technological imperative intensifies and the possibilities of biotechnology increase. The leading question that directed the development of the thesis was “when enough it’s enough?” in other words, what are the ethical considerations on the limits of medicine? The paper concludes that the concept of medical futility has a heuristic value, and thus it has helped yield more clarity about relevant matters such as the differentiation between futility and rationing, the fact that more research is needed to test what works and what does not and it has brought to the spotlight the importance of more robust standards of practice that, for example, prevent physicians from practicing defensive medicine. Resumen: Esta tesis examina el concepto de futilidad médica y su importancia para la práctica de la medicina en la actualidad. Presenta una visión general del desarrollo del concepto a lo largo de la historia y discute los principales argumentos a favor y en contra de la determinación de un tratamiento fútil en el ámbito clínico. La noción de futilidad, en términos generales, describe la situación en la que ciertas intervenciones médicas ya no benefician al paciente y, por lo tanto, se deduce que debe existir una obligación moral derivada de detener dicha intervención. Esta idea plantea numerosos asuntos problemáticos que se discuten en esta tesis, entre los que se encuentran el debate sobre los límites de la medicina, la tensión entre las nociones de autonomía del paciente y autoridad del médico, y la práctica del racionamiento médico en los hospitales. Esta tesis pretende aportar una nueva perspectiva sobre el tema con la esperanza de que esta ayude a mantener el debate vigente, de manera que, en un futuro próximo, más expertos decidan aportar su experiencia. Las situaciones en las que una intervención médica deja de beneficiar al paciente seguirán; más aún, estos debates éticos se volverán cada vez más problemáticos a medida que se intensifique el imperativo tecnológico y aumenten las posibilidades de la biotecnología. La pregunta principal que dirigió el desarrollo de la tesis fue ""¿cuándo es momento de parar?"", es decir, ¿cuáles son las consideraciones éticas sobre los límites de la medicina? El documento concluye que el concepto de futilidad médica tiene un valor heurístico y, por lo tanto, ha contribuido a aclarar cuestiones pertinentes como la diferenciación entre futilidad y racionamiento, el hecho de que se necesita más investigación para probar lo que funciona y lo que no, y ha puesto de relieve la importancia de contar con normas de práctica más sólidas que, por ejemplo, impidan a los médicos practicar la medicina defensiva.

Mutations in PCDH19 gene are associated with Early Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy type 9 (EIEE-9), a very rare disorder characterized by early onset of seizures, intellectual disability and psychiatric comorbidities with an unusual form of X-linked inheritance in which only females and mosaic male patients are affected. Materials and Methods: We report three patients, one male and two females carrying PCDH19 variants (D233G, V589Cfs*8 and N1103K) found by Whole exome sequencing (WES). One is a novel missense mutation (N1103K) while the others had been previously reported in female affected patients. Although, there is the first time that variant V589Cfs*8 is reported in a male patient. We performed a complete phenotype evaluation of our cases and establish the pathogenicity of each variant by in silico and functional analysis accessing many aspects of Protocadherin-19 including subcellular localization and protein expression. Results: Two of the three variants are predicted to be deleterious to protein function. The variant D233G is predicted to affect the calcium binding site and avoids cadherin strands swapping compromising the cell adhesion activity and the structural stability of the protein. While, the variant V589Cfs*8 introduced a premature stop codon which led to the loss of the transmembrane domain of the protein as well as to the cytoplasmic domain, including all predicted nuclear localization signals, suggesting the variant might affect the subcellular localization of Pcdh-19. The last findings were corroborated by western blotting and immunolabelling comparing the protein localization in patient and control fibroblasts. Conclusions: Our findings enhance understanding of molecular functions of Protocadherin-19, as well as highlighting the importance of functional testing of variants that emerge from NGS studies. Resumen: Las mutaciones en el gen PCDH19 están asociadas con la encefalopatía epiléptica infantil temprana tipo 9 (EIEE-9), un trastorno muy raro caracterizado por la aparición temprana de convulsiones, discapacidad intelectual y comorbilidades psiquiátricas con una forma inusual de herencia ligada al cromosoma X en la que solo las mujeres y mosaico pacientes masculinos se ven afectados. Materiales y métodos: Reportamos tres pacientes, un hombre y dos mujeres con variantes en el gen PCDH19 (D233G, V589Cfs*8 y N1103K) encontrados por secuenciación de exoma completo (WES). Una es una nueva mutación sin sentido (N1103K) mientras que las otras habían sido reportadas previamente en pacientes femeninas afectadas. Aunque, es la primera vez que se informa la variante V589Cfs*8 en un paciente masculino. Realizamos una evaluación completa del fenotipo de nuestros casos y establecimos la patogenicidad de cada variante mediante análisis in silico y funcional accediendo a muchos aspectos de la Protocadherin-19, incluida la localización subcelular y la expresión de proteínas. Resultados: se predice que dos de las tres variantes son perjudiciales para la función de la proteína. La variante D233G afecta el sitio de unión al calcio y evita el intercambio de hebras de caderina que comprometen la actividad de adhesión celular y la estabilidad estructural de la proteína. Mientras que la variante V589Cfs*8 introdujo un codón de parada prematuro que condujo a la pérdida del dominio transmembrana de la proteína, así como al dominio citoplasmático, incluidas todas las señales de localización nuclear esperadas, lo que sugiere que la variante podría afectar la localización subcelular de la proteína. Los últimos hallazgos fueron corroborados por Western blot e inmunomarcaje comparando la localización de la proteína en fibroblastos de pacientes y controles. Conclusiones: Nuestros hallazgos mejoran la comprensión de las funciones moleculares de Protocadherin-19, así como resaltan la importancia de las pruebas funcionales de las variantes que surgen de los estudios de secuenciación de siguiente generación (NGS).

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar el cáncer de cuello de útero como problema social.Metodos: Estudio transversal con datos poblacionales, fundamentado en la epidemiología descriptiva. Los datos fueron recolectados en la base de datos Globocan-2008. En el análisis es aplicada la clasificación de desarrollo de los países, de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, y los niveles de incidencia y mortalidad por cáncer de cuello uterino, de la Agencia Internacional para la Investigación en Cáncer. Resultados: Para el año 2008 fue estimada la ocurrencia de 529.828 casos nuevos y 275.128 muertes en el mundo, de los cuales 85 % y 88 % respectivamente ocurrieron en países en desarrollo, en estos países la tasa de incidencia por CCU fue de 17,8 por 100.000 mujeres, la tasa de mortalidad fue de 9,8 por 100.000 mujeres y el riesgo de una mujer ser afectada por esa neoplasia antes de los 75 años es de 1,87 % y el de morir es de 1,10 %. En los países desarrollados, la tasa de incidencia por CCU es de 9,0 por 100.000 mujeres, la tasa de mortalidad es de 3,2 por 100.000 mujeres y el riesgo de una mujer ser afectada por esa neoplasia antes de los 75 años es de 0,85 %, y el de morir es de 0,33 %. Conclusiones: El CCU es un problema social mundial, que afecta a las mujeres de los países en desarrollo como de los países desarrollados. Las proyecciones de la enfermedad en el período 2010 a 2030 revelan tendencia en el aumento de casos nuevos, siendo mayor el riesgo de enfermar por CCU en mujeres de países en desarrollo. Abstract:Objective: To analyze cervical cancer as a social problem. Method: Cross sectional study with population data, based in descriptive epidemiology. Data were collected using the Globocan 2008 database. The United Nations classification of countries based on their level of development, the mortality rates due to cervical cancer from the International agency for research on cancer were applied to the analysis. Results: In 2008 the cervical cancer incidence was calculated in 529.828 new cases and 275.128 deaths in the World, from which 85 % and 88 % were from developed and developing countries respectively. In the developing countries the incidence rate of CUC was 17.8 % per 100.000 women, the mortality rate was 9.8 % per 100.000 women, the risk for a women of being affected by the neoplasia before the age of 75 years old is 1.87 % and the risk of dying is 1.10 %. In developed countries the incidence rate of CUC was 9.0 per 100.000 women, the mortality rate was 3.2 % per 100.000 women and the risk for a women of being affected by the neoplasia before the age of 75 years old is 0.85 % and the risk of dying is 0.33%. Conclusion: CUC is a social problem Worldwide; it affects women from developing countries as well as women from developed countries. Disease projections for the period between 2010 and 2030 reveal a tendency of increasing the number of new cases, being the highest risk of falling ill with CUC for women from developing countries.

El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar la situación actual de la oferta de servicios de salud en el país, identificando diferencias entre regiones, regímenes y naturaleza jurídica de los prestadores. A partir del análisis de distintas fuentes de información se encontró que de 1.124 municipios en Colombia, el 45% solo cuentan con IPS públicas de baja y mediana complejidad y ofrecen en promedio 18 de los 234 servicios de salud disponibles. De hecho, el 76% de las entidades territoriales ofrece entre 11 y 40 servicios. Elementos adicionales como los costos de viaje, la frecuencia con la que se requieren los servicios y la capacidad de los prestadores de atender las urgencias, necesitan considerarse cuando se evalúa la relación entre la distribución de los servicios a lo largo del territorio nacional y la calidad de la atención.

A literature review disclosed that even under very strict caries preventive control, in young Swedish people many initial approximal lesions slowly progress. A study was performed to investigate if the same trend could be seen in young Danish adults. In 1996 a group of Danish military conscripts were investigated clinically and radiographically. Based on the radiographs, one lesion with radiolucency up to one third in the dentine was randomly selected from each conscript. Contact was established with these former conscripts in 2002 and radiographs taken around 2002 were used to investigate the state of the selected lesions in terms of regression, stabilization or progression. It was observed that about 60% of the selected lesions had progressed during the 5 to 6 year period. Therefore there was a need to look for other preventive measures than those traditionally used in a Danish context, such as instructions in flossing and local application of fluoride. Looking through the literature, it was realized that sealing of occlusal lesions was highly effective but this procedure was not used on approximal surfaces. The next step was to investigate if it was technically possible to seal approximal lesions and if so what material should be used. A laboratory study was conducted in which 6 dental materials were compared in relation to: their handling, presence at the surface of the lesion, and ability to penetrate into a lesion. Based on that study Gluma One Bond® (Heraeus Kulzer) was selected to be used in further studies. The final step was an 18-month clinical investigation to evaluate the effect of sealing approximal lesions. About 80 young adults from Denmark and Colombia participated in this investigation; each had at least 2 initial approximal lesions. One lesion was selected for sealing; the other one acted as control. Baseline radiographs were taken by means of special equipment so new radiographs could be taken in the same position after 18 months. The sealing procedure was performed in accordance with the guideline designed in the laboratory study. The patient was instructed to floss all sealed and non-sealed approximal lesions. Radiographs were used to assess caries progression in the test and control lesions in three ways: by comparing baseline with final scoring of the lesions on the individual conventional radiographs, by reading the conventional radiographs as pairs and finally using subtraction radiography of digitized images. The examiner was blind to lesion type (test or control) for all comparisons and also blind to whether radiographs were baseline or follow up in the case of examinations of the single radiographs and paired comparison. Repeat assessment of the radiographs was conducted on 20% of the radiographs and the subtraction images. For the paired comparison of radiographs and subtraction radiography assessment significantly more control lesions progressed (47.2%; 85%) than test lesions (22.2%; 43%) (P-values<0.05). For the independent examination of the radiographs a similar pattern was seen but the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (P=0.06). In conclusion, many approximal lesions seemed to progress on young adults irrespective of the preventive regime they were advised to take. This study has developed and investigated a technique for sealing early approximal lesions which seems to be more effective at preventing lesion progression than conventional interventions such as brushing and flossing. There is a need however, for defining more precisely criteria at selecting lesions to be sealed; for developing better materials in terms of better penetration skill and that they stay there, and for clinical investigations which evaluate the long term effect of sealing the approximal lesions.

Pregnancy during adolescence is a worldwide public health concern. In developing countries, 14 million adolescents give birth each year, which accounts for 90% of all worldwide pregnancies. The proportion of adolescent women aged 10-19 whom have been pregnant in Mitú, Colombia is of approximately 25%, in comparison to 19.5% at the national level. This report aims to review the effectiveness and identifying best practice of adolescent pregnancy interventions in low and middle income countries and use formative research to make specific recommendations for policy and practice to prevent adolescent pregnancy in Mitú, Colombia. EMBASE, Medline, CINHAL, Cochrane library, GLOBAL HEALTH, ADOLEC, Popline, LILACS and REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH LIBRARY were searched to identify studies examining adolescent pregnancy prevention interventions in developing countries. GOOGLE was searched to identify grey literature. Five semi-structured interviews were also conducted with key service providers in the field of Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health in Mitú to explore the needs of the region in regards to adolescent pregnancy prevention and the barriers and facilitators for programme implementation. The literature review found that adolescent pregnancy prevention interventions in developing countries had a positive impact on the knowledge of pregnancy prevention and may contribute to the delay of sexual initiation. However, impact on the use of contraceptive methods and reduction of adolescent pregnancy inconclusive. Interviews revealed key societal, familial and individual factors that were viewed to be linked to adolescent pregnancy in Mitú. Relationships between military personnel and young women appeared to be an important factor in high teenage pregnancy rates. Barriers for the adequate implementation and continuation of programmes included lack of political commitment, lack of financial, human and material resources and lack of inter-institutional collaboration, the high rate of staff turnover and the lack of monitoring programmes. Only few facilitators were mentioned that consisted mainly in the willing of both adolescent and military to collaborate in the implementation of adolescent pregnancy prevention interventions. In conclusion, evidence suggests that adolescent pregnancy prevention strategies are effective in increasing knowledge of pregnancy and might delay sexual initiation in low and middle-income countries. Features of effective programmes were identified and discussed and are important in designing and developing new strategies. However, cultural, environmental and social barriers need to be addressed through political commitment and inter-institutional collaboration in order to develop effective interventions for pregnancy prevention in Mitú.

Se promociona un remedio contra ciertas enfermedades venereas