La realidad revela que los stakeholders de una empresa, por lo general ostentan intereses diversos. Sin embargo, ante una crisis se espera que se les conceda una importancia ecuánime en cuanto a la solución de sus dificultades inmediatas. El presente trabajo propone evaluar el grado de imparcialidad en la percepción de la importancia de los stakeholders sobre lo que ellos reclaman y afirman. Para ello, se valoran los conceptos de influencia, interés, legitimidad y urgencia en un escenario de crisis de empresa. El estudio evalúa un caso real ocurrido en Colombia, mediante un análisis de correspondencia múltiple aplicado sobre las percepciones de profesionales de diferentes nacionalidades, en su etapa de formación gerencial. A partir de los resultados obtenidos, se observa un comportamiento contradictorio en la percepción de dichos profesionales. Se concluye que estos hallazgos pueden representar retos pedagógicos y gerenciales, considerando que aún se encuentran sesgos respecto a la importancia de cada stakeholder en el contexto estudiado.

Stakeholders are defined as any group of individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organization’s objectives. By its part, stakeholder management is the act of balancing the competing preferences or claims of company stakeholders for the sake of competing, collaborating, and succeeding. The present manuscript structures a primer, in the shape of a pedagogical proposal about the topic of stakeholder management. For this purpose, it introduces the reader to terms and concepts that are necessary to understand stakeholder management as an alternative way to manage organizations in both utilitarian and ethical manner. The present work also offers sufficient grounding in the field that enables the reader to interpret the insights of stakeholder management as a dynamic and cross-functional concept. The work addresses practitioners, students, scholars and instructors in any topic of the business administration domain, which desires to validate alternatives to the traditional view of a shareholder-oriented way to manage.

La sostenibilidad busca la prosperidad de las generaciones presentes sin afectar la capacidad de forjar prosperidad en las generaciones futuras. Por su parte, las inversiones de impacto se caracterizan por ser instrumentos de financiación que apalancan financieramente emprendedores, proyectos y empresas con propósito orientado a la sostenibilidad. El presente artículo pone de manifiesto la forma en que las inversiones de impacto brindan apoyo al desarrollo del sector de las microfinanzas en América Latina. Se hace especial énfasis en Colombia, país que posee una economía relativamente estable y es estratégico desde el punto de vista geográfico para la cobertura de la región, lo que hace que los inversionistas de este tipo se sientan, en parte, atraídos por situar allí sus operaciones. La metodología utilizada parte de un análisis de tipo inductivo e interpretativo, mediante entrevistas semi-estructuradas a líderes de tres fondos de inversión (IC Fundación, Incofin y Bamboo Finance) complementado con los respectivos informes de sostenibilidad de las empresas apoyadas.

Abstract: In the current era, dat7a is considered the new oil, and the role of data analysts is indispensable. This article explores the benefits and growing demand for data analytics in Colombia. It examines how analytics is transforming sectors such as health, business, and education, and discusses the challenges of data quality and availability. Furthermore, the importance of collaboration between the public, private, and academic sectors is highlighted to maximize the potential of data analysis. Finally, recommendations are provided to address the talent shortage and improve technological infrastructure to fully capitalize on global opportunities. Resumen: En la era actual, los datos se consideran el nuevo petróleo y el rol de los analistas de datos es indispensable. Este artículo explora los beneficios y la creciente demanda de la analítica de datos en Colombia. Se examina cómo la analítica está transformando sectores como la salud, los negocios y la educación, y se discuten los desafíos de la calidad y disponibilidad de datos. Además, se destaca la importancia de la colaboración entre los sectores público, privado y académico para maximizar el potencial del análisis de datos. Finalmente, se presentan recomendaciones para enfrentar la escasez de talento y mejorar la infraestructura tecnológica para capitalizar plenamente las oportunidades globales.

Abstract: According to Mason and Harrison, business angels are high net worth individuals, who invest their own money, with or without someone else support maintaining a completely unbiased position and no familial ties, these investments normally take the form of equity with the intent of an important return. The common approach is to support new or early-stage projects, which are normally the kind of projects a normal venture capitalist would not support due to high risks to liaison with this type of amateur entrepreneurs entails. The object of this thesis is compacted from their early beginnings to the year 2014, tries to portray the growth of business angels' business, what they did to become the number one option for entrepreneurs, what pushed them to become publicly known and how they managed to be different from venture capitalists. It shows how different entities, mostly the government, has supported them by creating networks and incentives, throughout the years, to helped them broaden their target. After this, is shown who is the regular business angel, what entails to be one. From, their background, their gender, the number of investments, experiences and others that have shaped them into what they are today. Resumen: Según Mason y Harrison, los business angels son individuos con un alto patrimonio neto, que invierten su propio dinero, con o sin el apoyo de alguien más, manteniendo una posición completamente imparcial y sin lazos familiares. Estas inversiones normalmente toman la forma de capital con la intención de obtener un retorno importante. El enfoque común es apoyar proyectos nuevos o en etapas tempranas, que normalmente son el tipo de proyectos que un capitalista de riesgo común no apoyaría debido a los altos riesgos que conlleva asociarse con este tipo de emprendedores aficionados. El objetivo de esta tesis, que abarca desde sus inicios hasta el año 2014, es retratar el crecimiento del negocio de los business angels, lo que hicieron para convertirse en la opción número uno para los emprendedores, qué los impulsó a hacerse conocidos públicamente y cómo lograron diferenciarse de los capitalistas de riesgo. Se muestra cómo diferentes entidades, principalmente el gobierno, los han apoyado creando redes e incentivos a lo largo de los años, ayudándoles a ampliar su objetivo. Después de esto, se presenta quién es el business angel regular, qué implica ser uno. Desde su formación, su género, el número de inversiones, experiencias y otros factores que los han moldeado en lo que son hoy.

Abstract: This study examines the financing choices made by Colombia's private sector, with a special emphasis on bonds and loans. It points out the critical role that a strong financial sector plays in promoting economic progress, a point that academics around the world have stressed. International data highlights the significance of creating financial institutions to draw investment and promote the expansion of the private sector. Despite its potential, Colombia's capital market has encountered difficulties such as strict rules, corruption, and security concerns. The financial industry has been strengthened by recent regulatory changes, which have made it possible to examine how Colombia's private debt market has changed over the previous five years. Analysis is done on the variables that affect funding decisions, such as the size of the organization, the risk profile, and the regulatory landscape. Market activity is investigated, with an emphasis on global and Colombian debt market habits. Private bond issuance has increased globally, headed by Europe and the US. In Colombia, despite previous obstacles, the bond market has showed tremendous development, driven by regulatory improvements and increased demand from institutional investors. The Colombian bond market has experienced significant changes in the last five years. Evidence suggests that private sector enterprises are now using bond emissions rather than the loan market to finance their operations. To understand the elements impacting this decision-making process, a study was done utilizing data from the most active corporations in the bond market between 2005 and 2010. Employing a Tobit Model estimation, variables such as corporate assets, profits, debt amount, Analysis results suggest that in the Colombian context, the development of the bond market reflects a growing dependence on and trust in the banking system. Larger companies with higher credit ratings tend to favor accessing the loan market over the bond market, potentially due to market characteristics. However, ongoing growth and evolution in the market are indicated, necessitating further investigation into the complex dynamics at play. The investigation highlights the growth of Colombia's corporate bond market, particularly in the real sector, driven by factors such as improved regulation and investor confidence. The increasing preference for corporate bonds over bank loans, attributed to lower costs and longer-term financing options, is noted. Sectors such as infrastructure and finance are identified as major contributors to bond issuance. The document encompasses a literature review focusing on the importance of capital markets, the ongoing dilemma between bond and loan funding, and the specific experience of the Colombian bond market. This contextual background provides a comprehensive understanding of the broader economic and financial landscape within which the study operates. Overall, the research suggests parallels between the growth of Colombia's corporate bond market and Chile's experience in the 1980s, indicating positive prospects for the private sector and the economy's future development.

Abstract: The case studies of Sudan and Venezuela, in light of the existing literature on diasporas, provide an insight into the role diaspora organisations play in assisting their countries of origin during humanitarian crises. Through a comparative exercise it is shown how they collaborate, coordinate and distribute different types of resources in protracted situations where humanitarian aid is clearly needed but often limited. It is how the performed analysis makes it possible to establish both strengths and weaknesses of these diasporas’ involvement, something that should be carefully considered in terms of the impact on the overall well-being of affected and vulnerable communities in their homelands. Which, in turn, paves the way for more research to be done on diasporas as legitimate humanitarian actors in the international system, as well as highlights the necessity for establishing mutually beneficial relationships with traditional international actors.

Abstract: The ‘Green economy’, a central plank of the sustainable development political and economic international agenda, relies on industrial extraction of water, minerals and other earths to produce ‘green energy’ to feed capitalist growth. The term Green extractivism describes a global problem that we examine through the case of lithium extraction in the territory of Atacameño-Likanantay (Indigenous) peoples in the Salar de Atacama, Chile. Green extractivism is a multiscalar logic and practice justified in international sustainable development policies, responding to the demands of capital, modifying international and national legal and political instruments, and permeating social, ecological and political realities in the territories of extraction. Green extractivism has many consistencies with the asymmetries of power and economic dependency that characterises the history of extractivism in Chile and Latin America. As such, Green extractivism provides a new logic to sustain consistencies in transnational capitalism. This paper traces national political and legal histories of lithium from the mid-twentieth century, demonstrating the long extractivist relationship between the state and the lithium companies that operate in the Salar de Atacama. We consider, in particular, the dynamics of Atacameño-Likanantay peoples’ participation in and refusals of industry and state processes, which trouble extractivist logics.

Abstract: “Green extractivism” refers to the way in which decarbonisation and the transition to green energy as part of the sustainable development policies of the Global North have increased the commodification of nature and expanded the extraction of minerals. Many of these minerals are located in the Global South, and within the territory of peasant and Indigenous communities. One example is the case of Chile, which has some of the largest reserves of lithium in the world; a mineral used for the production of batteries key to renewable energy technologies. In this dissertation, using a political ecology approach, I examine lithium mining in the Salar de Atacama (“the Salar”) in Chile, and the dynamics between the State, extractive companies, and Atacameña Indigenous communities. With the results obtained through a literature review and document analysis, I demonstrate how green extractivism perpetuates asymmetric local relations, and how this is related to the socio-environmental effects faced by Indigenous Atacameña communities due to the exploitation of lithium mining in their territories. Relying on an original analysis of legal and policy documents, I argue that green extractivism highlights the structural deficiencies of lithium mining regulation and Chile's neoextractivist system. These in turn contribute to the unequal and unfair distribution of the socioenvironmental costs of lithium exploitation in the Salar de Atacama. The dissertation shows that mining companies operating in the Salar benefit from the commodification of nature and transfer externalities to local communities to bear the costs of the green economy policies of the Global North. Nevertheless, I explain that the Atacameña Indigenous communities, despite being in an asymmetric relationship, have assumed an active role, through legal and political mechanisms, in defending their rights and demanding that companies and the State recognise their obligations to protect the Salar’s ecology. The dissertation concludes by contemplating possible political changes through a new constitution in Chile in the next few years and what this may mean for the dominance of green extractivism, especially for the Salar.

Abstract: I document differences in inflation rates across gender in the UK between 2001 and 2021. Using data from the interview and diary components of the Living Costs and Food Survey, for the period spanning 2001-2021, I compute gender specific inflation rates for male and female households. I find that average annual inflation was higher for male than for female households (17 and 15 basis points higher for single and cohabitating male households than single and cohabitating female households, respectively). This difference persists after controlling for other sociodemographic characteristics. Differences are mainly explained by male households spending a significantly larger part of their consumption budget in relatively higher-inflation product categories, such as transport, restaurants and hotels, and alcohol and tobacco. Deflation in clothing and footwear, a category on which female households spent around twice as much as male households, further increased the gap. I also document a significant amount of heterogeneity in inflation within gender. Resumen: Documento las diferencias en las tasas de inflación por género en el Reino Unido entre 2001 y 2021. Utilizando datos de los componentes de entrevista y diario de la Living Costs and Food Survey del Reino Unido, para el periodo comprendido entre 2001 y 2021, calculo las tasas de inflación específicas por género para los hogares masculinos y femeninos. La inflación media anual fue mayor en los hogares masculinos que en los femeninos (17 y 15 puntos básicos, respectivamente). Esta diferencia persiste después de controlar otras características sociodemográficas. Las diferencias se explican principalmente por el hecho de que los hogares masculinos gastan una parte significativamente mayor de su presupuesto de consumo en categorías de productos que experimentaron una mayor inflación, como transporte, restaurantes y hoteles y alcohol y tabaco. La deflación en ropa y calzado, una categoría en la que las mujeres en la que los hogares femeninos gastan aproximadamente el doble que los masculinos.