Abstract: In an effort to improve coverage of the school system at the primary and secondary education levels, schools in various countries have introduced partial school days. This policy is supposed to allow two or more shifts of students to use the same infrastructure and be instructed by the same teachers, but reduces the amount of time children spend in school. Despite some positive effects on coverage, two-shift schooling has negative impacts on various learning outcomes, such as students’ performance on standardized tests. Using longitudinal data from Pruebas Saber in Colombia, this paper explores the impact of a full day of school on performance in the mathematics and language scores. Initial OLS regression results are contrasted with fixed effects models. Some effect heterogeneity is explored as well. Positive and statistically significant effects are found across all models. However, there are considerable variations in the size of the effect. First, effects on the mathematics scores are consistently larger than effects on language. Second, full-day schooling is found to make more of a difference in contexts where resources outside the classroom are less available, such as public schools which tend to be underfunded, rural areas that tend to be underserved by public services, and in children from disadvantaged backgrounds. Differences in school quality have surprising interaction effects with the length of the school day. Additional instruction time is shown to make the most difference at both ends of the quality spectrum.

Abstract: From an ‘Amerindian Perspectivist’ methodology, I propose to unveil the epistemology of shamanism towards a new resolution of Western artificiality. Departing from the counteranthropological approach traversing Eduardo Viveiros de Castro’s work in Cannibal Metaphysics, addressing the necessity for a constant decolonization of thought as todays ontological anarchism, the direction I will pursue entangles the necessity to put into question two foundational aspects of modern Western dialectics: the constitution of selfhood, and the inherent consequence of that process as objectification of otherness, including the mineral ecosystem, and by extension: the artificial. Through a subtle process of weaving theoretical references, I will create a set of conversations between shamanism, decoloniality, neurology, and automation, that questioning the imperative paradigm of the symbolical as extension of the anthropocentric meta-projection of the human project, locates the potentiality of ‘the return to earth by the modern subject’ as a movement (the return to earth) Indigenous communities have always been inhabiting through the opposite operation of Western dialectics: personification, and the potential landscape to come from the consequential ‘Indigenization of the Modern imperative’. To unpack Amerindian Perspectivism as methodological approach, the task consists in resolving as structural direction; the entanglement deployed from Viveiros de Castro to his own discipline: anthropology , to resolve a counter-anthropology; in the case of this investigation, directed towards the intuition of a question not yet answered, that question being: how the artificial could be resolved through and after Indigenous Perspectivism? For that matter, quoting the Brazilian Anthropologist, who’s thesis will be the fundamental matrix to pursue the constellation I will be knitting, I will concentrate in ‘the who of things’ to inhabit what the Yanomami shaman Davi Kopenawa calls ‘the far-away thinking’ in his book The falling sky, a bio-semiotical entanglement signaling as non dissociated rationalization, to direct as departing point the deformation of our European conceptual apparatus, towards a different resolution of the artificial, question involving a different resolution of the computational mega-structure, question for a possible self in automation from a counter-development artificiality, but also, a different resolution of the methodological approach towards the construction of a Western thesis. Basically, in the encounter with Amerindian myth as another form of anthropology, we will open the construction of the Western dialectical frame as myth, and far away from a grotesque simplification, we will merge into Amerindian perspectivism to bring from that space, the primordial matrix to question the construction of our Western epistemic methods, the construction of our disciplines, and in that extension, another resolution of the artificial. For that matter, as weekly dynamic, I will be meeting in Ancestral territory; todays Colombia, the traditional doctors: Luis Yunda from the NASA community, Eduard Gil Jimenez from the Yanakuna community, Misael Tumbo from the NASA community, Joaquin Viluche from the NASA community, Julio Caldón from the Kokonuko community, and Manuel Sisco from the NASA community, looking in those conversations with the shamans, to open the transitional state of an epistemology of relation, looking to envision a resolution towards a shamanic epistemology of Western artificiality, and from this matrix of relations; another artificiality to come.

Resumen: Esta publicación hace un recorrido y se sumerge en el fascinante mundo de los festivales de música en vivo. Para cualquier persona interesada en producir un festival de música como el "Festival Estéreo Picnic", esta tesis es una guía con recomendaciones claras sobre los principales elementos a tener en cuenta para producir un festival de música enfocado en música Latina y sus diferentes variaciones musicales. Las recomendaciones pueden ser aplicadas y adaptadas a cualquier ciudad del mundo. La tesis analiza los festivales de música más importantes del mundo y hace un listado de elementos y características que deben ser tomados en cuenta por el productor para lograr un evento exitoso. La publicación incluye un estudio demográfico de la población latina en la ciudad de Nueva York, ciudad donde proponga hacer el evento.

Abstract: Law 160 of 1994 in Colombia marks a point of transit between the sterile attempts for agrarian reform in the 20th century and a series of market-based land policies. However, this law also marks the end of a cycle of peasant mobilization, especially in border areas, and with it a partial recognition of the peasant settlers is achieved, through what the law named Peasant Reserve Zones (PRZ). These zones allow basically three main things to the inhabitants of frontier zones: the titling of the land that the settlers have transformed and that they informally possess, the closure of the agricultural frontier through a control of the amount of land that can be owned inside the zone, and the peasant governance of the zone. The peasant governance is manifested through processes of territorial ordering, in which the peasant associations that impulse each zone regulates the social and economic activities of it. The majority of the academic literature that has analyzed the PRZ in the last 25 years has focused its attention in particular zones treating them as case studies. Through these cases, this literature has presented the PRZ as a reaction of the peasant communities to the processes of capital accumulation and capital penetration in the Colombian countryside. Nevertheless, this literature has done this analysis without considering in depth the variation in the strategies the PRZ have used in developing a repertoire of contention against the implementation of land policies before the law 160 was issued and after it, and focusing mainly in the critical geography discussion of the dynamics of territorialization. Through a sociological and historical analysis, this paper offers an initial exploration of the dynamic process of formation of a repertoire of contention of the Colombian PRZ. This paper analyzes in a parallel way the formation of the Colombian state and the formation of a peasant social movement. It concludes arguing that the PRZ have developed two repertoires of contention through which they have at the same time resist and create the Colombian state, and 5 strategies that have enabled them a margin of maneuver between the two repertoires.

Resumen: Tradicionalmente el ensayo de penetración estándar (SPT) ha sido el ensayo mas utilizado para la exploración de suelos desde hace mas de 50 años. A pesar de sus importantes limitaciones y a la existencia de ensayos mas sofisticados, el ensayo SPT sigue siendo un ensayo común en la práctica rutinaria de la ingeniería geotecnia. La falta de generalización de las correlaciones sumado a la falta de un marco conceptual teórico sólido para la interpretación del ensayo ha impedido su posicionamiento como un ensayo de alta confiabilidad para la caracterización geotécnica. No obstante, lo anterior durante la década de 1980, se desarrolló una línea de investigación que fundamentaba la interpretación del ensayo en la propagación de ondas mecánicas en el sistema. Los hallazgos de estos ensayos fueron retomados por investigadores en Brasil, quienes extendieron las investigaciones, logrando aplicar exitosamente modelos matemáticos para la solución de la ecuación de onda junto con modelos constitutivos similares a los usados en el análisis de pruebas dinámicas de carga en pilotes (PDA), logrando por primera vez demostrar que la mecánica del ensayo SPT puede ser interpretada como un sistema mecánico en el cual la energía introducida al sistema por el impacto de un martillo se transforma en trabajo mecánico de las fuerzas no conservativas aportadas por el suelo como reacción del sistema. Considerando las pruebas instrumentadas de ensayos SPT que se han realizado en Colombia, los cuales han permitido calibrar las variables de los equipos utilizados en los ensayos, se utilizaron los resultados de los nuevos modelos de interpretación del ensayo SPT para la obtención de parámetros geomecánicos (Vs, Su y f’), en dos proyectos diferentes: Uno en la instalación portuaria ubicada a 5 km del municipio de Tolú y el otro ubicado al lado del club de la policía en la ciudad de Bogotá. Los resultados obtenidos fueron comparados con ensayos de laboratorio, ensayos tipo CPTU y parámetros retrocalculados a partir de pruebas PDA, mostrando una correspondencia y equivalencia de los parámetros obtenidos a partir del nuevo modelo de interpretación del ensayo SPT demostrado su validez.

Abstract: The urgent need to assure access to animal protein and to protect the food security worldwide has led the animal production and fishery sector to a huge problem around the decisions they made based on the ethical perception. That is why, since the beginning, the science of animal welfare is concerned about the ideal conditions for animals in production systems. In aquaculture, for example, the operational welfare indicators have been used to establish the level of welfare that fishes have when they are cultured. Nevertheless, currently there is a knowledge gap regarding many fish farming species. For European sea bass and Gilthead sea bream there is not a list of indicators to determine the welfare conditions in intensive culture. This thesis was based on the review of scientific literature about indicators in commercial species, such as salmon. Also, the implementation of semi structured interviews in Culmarex, an aquaculture intensive company, make possible the selection and feedback about the application of operational welfare indicators in farms for European sea bass and Gilthead sea bream take into account biological, ethological and physiological aspects. To improve the work at farms, the traffic light approach was applied, expecting it to make it easier for the detection of indicators and to monitor the application of corrective measures in case of need. As a result, the production process as well as fish welfare will be improved. Resumen: La necesidad de garantizar el suministro de proteína de origen animal y de salvaguardar la seguridad alimentaria mundial, ha llevado a que las producciones agropecuarias y el sector acuícola hayan tenido que recurrir a grandes dilemas éticos al momento de priorizar sus decisiones; es por esto qué, desde el inicio de la ciencia del bienestar animal se han discutido las condiciones de crianza de los animales en producción. En el caso de la acuicultura, se ha recurrido al uso de los indicadores operacionales de bienestar para establecer el grado de “bien-estar” con el que están siendo criados los peces; sin embargo, en el caso de la lubina y la dorada, hasta el momento no se tiene un listado que permita cumplir con esta finalidad. Este trabajo consistió en la revisión bibliográfica de los indicadores usados en algunas especies de interés comercial como el salmón. Además de la selección de los parámetros adecuados para la lubina y la dorada, en función de su biología, etología y fisiología mediante la aplicación de entrevistas semiestructuradas al personal de Culmarex, una empresa de cría intensiva, en donde se pudo obtener información sobre la viabilidad de aplicación en granja. Todo esto, además de permitir la determinación de los indicadores operacionales de bienestar para las especies objeto de este trabajo, llevó a la elaboración de varias matrices siguiendo el método de “traffic lights”, el cual facilitará la monitorización y seguimiento de los indicadores y sus medidas correctivas, redundado en un mejoramiento de las condiciones de crianza de ambas especies.

Abstract: This paper aims to show the partial and general equilibrium (GE) effects of the free trade agreement (FTA) between the European Union, Colombia and Peru, which entered into force in 2013. The structural gravity theoretical framework, combined with the Fast Poisson estimation with high dimensional fixed effects (PPMLHDFE), provides robust evidence favouring international trade. The main findings reveal welfare gains for the agreement members and a disproportionally larger volume of exports for the Andean countries. Based upon the WTO methodology "An Advanced Guide To Trade Policy Analysis: The Structural Gravity Model", the calculation of the general equilibrium impacts of regional trade agreements (RTAs) explains that due to trade liberalization consumers and producers benefit contrary to the solid protectionism. Resumen: Este artículo tiene como objetivo mostrar los efectos de equilibrio parcial y general (EG) del tratado de libre comercio (TLC) entre la Unión Europea, Colombia y Perú, los cuales entraron en vigencia en 2013. El marco teórico del modelo de gravedad estructural, combinado con las estimación rápida de Poisson con efectos fijos de alta dimensión (PPMLHDFE), proporciona pruebas sólidas que favorecen el comercio internacional. Los principales hallazgos revelan ganancias en términos de bienestar para los miembros del acuerdo y un volumen de exportaciones desproporcionadamente mayor para los países andinos. Con base en la metodología de la OMC " Una guía avanzada para el análisis de las políticas comerciales: el modelo de gravedad estructural", el cálculo de los impactos de equilibrio general de los acuerdos comerciales regionales (ACR) explica que debido a la liberalización comercial los consumidores y productores se benefician contrariamente al proteccionismo sólido.

Resumen: The analysis of web-based mapping has usually focused on the relation between a specific type of social actor and his/her engagement with the map that is being created. Through an ethnographic description of two participatory mapping projects in Madrid, Spain, this article explores other practices that are indirectly related to map production. Drawing on the analytical distinction between composition and coordination suggested by Chris Kelty, the article argues that the relationships built between various actors involved in the projects (coordination) are as important to take into account as the relationship between a single type of actor and the map (composition), for the tensions between efficiency versus ethics, or technical versus managerial knowledge emerge in the multiactor negotiations and decisions taking place.

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