Resumen: Durante años, expertos en Estrategia han resaltado la importancia de definir claramente el marco estratégico de una empresa debido a que éste le permite crear su identidad, propósito y dirección. Asimismo, porque a la vez dicho marco sirve como instrumento para apropiarse de una mayor porción de valor creado a partir de, por ejemplo, la implementación de más y mejores prácticas de innovación empresarial. Sin embargo, ¿es realmente determinante la construcción acuciosa de un marco estratégico para efectos de generar resultados adecuados en términos de innovación y competitividad? El presente trabajo tiene como propósito abordar dicho cuestionamiento. Para ello se pretende desplegar un planteamiento teórico y conceptual sobre el impacto de la calidad del marco estratégico (i.e., misión y visión organizacional) sobre la creación de ventaja competitiva y posterior consecución de una cultura de innovación en las organizaciones. Para ello, en principio se desarrollará una revisión sistemática sobre el impacto de estos dos componentes sobre los resultados organizacionales, y se propondrá el vínculo teórico que puede existir entre las variables involucradas. Los resultados obtenidos serán proposiciones teóricas susceptibles de ser comprobadas empíricamente en un estudio posterior.

Abstract: Using the theoretical-methodological perspective based on experience frameworks, this paper aims at analyzing and understanding the way in which organizations communicate aspects that are related to occupational safety and health. In this sense, we carry out an analysis of the narratives related to this topic and propose a diagnosis mechanism to subjectively measure the burden of the regulatory, strategic, and moral frameworks of these narratives. A panel of Latin American experts applied a three-round Delphi analysis on five case studies in Colombia to illustrate how this mechanism works. In addition to the use of a robust research paradigm, this work contributes by proposing a scheme capable of presenting the motivations and interests of occupational safety and health professionals in perspective, finding imbalances in the way relevant information is transmitted through official messages and channels. Therefore, its use is susceptible to study in this and other areas of knowledge of the organizational discipline, and its adoption could be worthwhile in order to generate more and better knowledge in this regard. Resumen: Haciendo uso de la perspectiva teórico-metodológica basada en los marcos de la experiencia, el presente trabajo tiene como propósito analizar y entender la forma en la que, usualmente, se comunican los aspectos relacionados con la seguridad y la salud en el trabajo en el contexto organizacional. En este sentido, se despliega un análisis sobre las narrativas propias de esta temática y se propone un mecanismo de diagnóstico para medir subjetivamente la carga de los marcos reglamentario, estratégico y moral de dichas narrativas. Un análisis Delphi de tres rondas aplicado por un panel de expertos latinoamericanos sobre cinco casos de estudio en Colombia ilustra la manera en la que el mecanismo en mención puede funcionar. Adicional al uso de un paradigma investigativo robusto, el trabajo contribuye, toda vez que propone un esquema capaz de exponer en perspectiva, las motivaciones y los intereses de los profesionales de la seguridad y salud en el trabajo, encontrando desequilibrios en cuanto a la forma de transmitir información relevante por medio de mensajes y canales oficiales. Por tanto, su uso es susceptible de estudio en esta y otras áreas del conocimiento de la disciplina organizacional, y su adopción podría valer la pena en aras de generar más y mejor conocimiento al respecto.

Abstract: Most socioeconomic studies on illicit economies have been approached through the lens of war economics, hence, a wide variety of them are rooted in the greed and grievance literature. On contrast, recent studies (Eventon & Gutierrez, 2020, p. 10) (Gutierrez, 2020) (International Journal of Drug Policy, 2021) have found that illicit economies, particularly on illicit crops, arise as a source of livelihoods for impoverished farmers that provides opportunities to enhance agricultural practices and local development such as infrastructure, land access, access to credit, and supplies for cropping coca, also for other licit products and services. In addition, its origin is not only the result of poverty or "lack of development", but of a modernisation process in which coca has emerged as an "autonomous form of development." (Gootenberg, 2021). The aim of this study which dialogues with these new analytical frames, is measuring the influence that subnational inequality measures have in explaining the variation of coca area –among municipalities identified as coca leaf producers— and contrasting them with municipal poverty measures. I will argue that coca crops expansion adapts to different land regimes, but particularly in uneven distribution of land, where coca interacts with other conditions of economic precarity (Rigg, et al., 2016). Based on a longitudinal analysis of 217 Colombian municipalities, I contrast the effect of Gini of land owning and the Dependency on National Transfers on coca area from 2014 and 2018. The results feeds into and contributes to an Agrarian Change perspective to explain the influence of structures and mechanisms that shape rural change (Cramer & Richards, 2011); and a subnational analysis to make visible “within-country heterogeneity” of the association coca and land inequality. Resumen: La mayoría de los estudios socioeconómicos sobre las economías ilícitas se han abordado a través de los lentes de la economía de la guerra, por lo que una gran variedad de ellos están arraigados en la literatura de la codicia y el agravio. Por el contrario, estudios recientes (Eventon & Gutierrez, 2020, p. 10) (Gutierrez, 2020) (International Journal of Drug Policy, 2021) han encontrado que las economías ilícitas, en particular sobre los cultivos ilícitos, surgen como una fuente de sustento para los agricultores empobrecidos que proporciona oportunidades para mejorar sus prácticas agrícolas y el desarrollo local, tales como la infraestructura, el acceso a la tierra, el acceso al crédito y los suministros para el cultivo de coca, también para otros productos y servicios lícitos. Además, su origen no es sólo el resultado de la pobreza o la "falta de desarrollo", sino de un proceso de modernización en el que la coca ha surgido como una "forma autónoma de desarrollo". (Gootenberg, 2021). El objetivo de este estudio, que dialoga con estos nuevos marcos analíticos, es medir la influencia que tienen las medidas de desigualdad subnacional en la explicación de la variación de la superficie de coca -entre los municipios identificados como productores de hoja de coca- y contrastarlas con las medidas de pobreza municipal. Argumentaré que la expansión de los cultivos de coca se adapta a diferentes regímenes de tierra, pero particularmente en la distribución desigual de la tierra, donde la coca interactúa con otras condiciones de precariedad económica (Rigg, et al., 2016 ). A partir de un análisis longitudinal de 217 municipios colombianos, contrasto el efecto del Gini de la propiedad de la tierra y la Dependencia de las Transferencias Nacionales sobre la superficie de coca de 2014 y 2018. Los resultados alimentan y contribuyen a una perspectiva de Cambio Agrario para explicar la influencia de las estructuras y mecanismos que moldean el cambio rural (Cramer & Richards, 2011); y un análisis subnacional para hacer visible la "heterogeneidad dentro del país" de la asociación coca y desigualdad de la tierra.

Abstract: The present dissertation consists of three main chapters of self-contained works about international human migration and migrant's integration in the host society. The empirical studies can be read independently since each chapter addresses a research question and contains a specific literature review, methodology, empirical results, conclusions, and discussion of the results. As a summary: first, it estimates the joint effects of the preexisting stocks of migrant and ancestral distance to predict migration inflows. Second, it studies the children of migrants in the United States of America, their performance in high school when compared to the children of natives, and the role of educational aspirations and expectations as determinant factors behind their educational performance. Third, it examines international students and the role of financial aid on the successful completion of higher education abroad using data from Colfuturo's scholarship loan program. Resumen: La presente tesis consta de tres capítulos principales dedicados a estudiar la migración humana internacional y la integración de los migrantes en la sociedad de acogida. Los estudios empíricos se pueden leer de forma independiente ya que cada capítulo aborda una pregunta de investigación, contiene una revisión de literatura específica, metodología, resultados empíricos, conclusiones y discusión de los resultados. Como resumen: primero, esta tesis estima los efectos conjuntos de los stocks preexistentes de distancia migrante y ancestral para predecir los flujos migratorios. En segundo lugar, estudia a los hijos de migrantes en los Estados Unidos de América, su desempeño en la escuela secundaria en comparación con los hijos de nativos, y el papel de las aspiraciones y expectativas educativas como factores determinantes de su desempeño educativo. En tercer lugar, examina a los estudiantes internacionales y el papel de la ayuda financiera en la finalización exitosa de la educación superior en el extranjero utilizando datos del programa de becas / préstamos de Colfuturo.

Abstract: This paper studies the potential drivers of governments’ approval rates in 18 Latin American countries using Internet search query data from Google Trends and traditional data sources. It employs monthly panel data between January 2006 and December 2015. The analysis tests several specifications including traditional explanatory variables of governments’ approval rates – i.e. inflation, unemployment rate, GDP growth, output gap – and subjective explanatory variables – e.g. perception of corruption and insecurity. For the latter, it uses Internet search query data to proxy citizens’ main social concerns, which are expected to drive governments’ approval rates. The results show that the perception of corruption and insecurity, and complaints about public services have a statistically significant association with governments’ approval rates. This paper also discusses the potential of Internet search query data as a tool for policy makers to understand better citizens’ perceptions, since it provides highly anonymous and high-frequency series in real-time.

Abstract: This study presents the effect of dividend announcements on the share price of French companies from the luxury goods industry. The relevant theories used to explain this research were the “dividend irrelevance theorem” proposed by Miller and Modigliani (1961), where dividends do not have an impact in the share price; and the “dividend signaling hypothesis”, where the dividend policy affects the share price. The “dividend signaling hypothesis” was studied by Lintner (1956), Miller and Rock (1985), Grullon et al. (2002), Grullon et al. (2005), Flint et al. (2010), and Vazakidis and Athianos (2010). The application of this theories to the luxury industry was evaluated with statistical elements including the method of “event study”. Data was collected from Bloomberg, financial reports and reports of the general meeting of shareholders. The methodology proposed includes the quantitative analysis of the daily last price of the selected companies, their logarithmic returns as well as their abnormal returns, to demonstrate if they were statistically significant to accept or to reject the findings of Modigliani and Miller. All calculations and estimations were done by using Microsoft Excel®. The main conclusion of this study is that the theory of Miller and Modigliani is not applicable on the listed French luxury goods companies. And in terms of recommendations about the performance of the selected shares: the announcement of dividends has a negative impact between 3 or 4 days before the announcement, and a positive impact no later than 2 days after the announcement.

Abstract: Since the covid-19 pandemic, the ECB has conducted different measures in order to counter its harmful economic effects. The most notorious one is the Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme (PEPP). This paper aims at studying the impact of the PEPP announcement and its subsequent extension on the Eurozone corporate bond market. Using market data from Eikon and employing a difference-in-difference design, we find that the PEPP was successful in increasing prices and liquidity of eligible bonds. Nonetheless, in the medium term (after the second envelope extension) the impact of the programme on these bonds relative to the ineligible ones diminishes. Therefore, the results seem to indicate the existence of indirect effects, the idea of portfolio rebalancing mechanisms triggered by the PEPP release gives a possible explanation to these effects.

Abstract: This work examines the existence of equity market timing attempts along with their short and long-term impacts on capital structure. Further dimensions of equity market timing are assessed in this study by comparing results across emerging and developed markets as well as between regions. In addition, this work examines market timing attempts via Initial Public Offerings as well as through subsequent equity issues. This study also aims at reconciling the findings from three main econometric approaches under the framework of equity market timing; cross-sectional estimations and panel data models are compared to assess the consistency of the findings, additionally, a 2-stage model is implemented to evaluate the existence of leverage targets and to further decant deviations from said objectives. At last, this work finds evidence in favour of long-term impacts on leverage derived from equity market timing for firms in emerging markets. On the contrary, firms from developed markets do not display persistent impacts -as well as weak effects in the short-run- from equity timing on their capital structure. The results from this study are consistent with the narrative in favour of considering equity market timing as a reason for managers to deviate from their leverage targets. Capital structure does not appear to be the sole outcome of previous market timing attempts.

Social entrepreneurship is a relatively recent field in research. However, it has become appealing for researchers in the last years. Nevertheless, the research related to entrepreneurial ecosystems for social entrepreneurship is limited and restricted to developed economies such as the United States and the United Kingdom. This paper focuses on study the social entrepreneurial ecosystem in Bogotá, Colombia, an emerging economy. Through a case study, the research explores the complexities in the history and economic context of the city. And later, it aims to understand the environmental factors and the actors that interact in the ecosystem. The case study is built after a deep analysis of 17 semi-structured interviews and 21 documents; with an additional review of more than 100 websites. The analysed data presents a social entrepreneurial ecosystem with diverse actors and some efforts to create a public policy around it, with the potential of being sustainable. The researcher concludes with an evaluation of the ecosystem, where, even when the ecosystem has all the elements and actors to sustainable and strong, it is not yet. The lack of efficient networks and support from the Government are weakening the social entrepreneurial ecosystem in Bogotá.

This dissertation contends that social movements who advocate for Food Sovereignty (FS) can influence rural policy changes and counter the Corporate Food Regime by using strategic three-dimensional alliances with civil society, State and international actors to defend autonomous methods of production and bottom-up ways of knowing in front of agricultural neoliberal policies. The Agrarian Strike of 2013 in Colombia shows that these movements can have influence even in contexts of violence and historic neglect of peasants as political subjects. The FS advocacy around the world is composed of autonomous networks that undertake their own strategies of influence according to the political and historical context in which they live. The Agrarian Summit which resulted from the strike challenged Resolution 970 of 2010 because it was part of the failed development promise of the New Green Revolution, which ended up threatening farmers’ livelihoods and their autonomy over their own food production system. The implementation of the resolution was an opportunity as threat because it was the tipping point for the peasantry to revolt against the country’s development model and join other ethnic forces to pressure the government to recognise the peasant as an autonomous cultural category with differentiated rights. This case study shows that cultural recognition has the potential to advance FS ideas on domestic and international spaces of rural policy deliberation. Resumen: En esta tesis se argumenta que los movimientos sociales que luchan por la soberanía alimentaria pueden influenciar cambios en las políticas rurales y confrontar el régimen alimentario corporativo, por medio de alianzas tridimensionales con la sociedad civil, el Estado y actores internacionales, para defender métodos autónomos de producción y saberes desde la base, ante políticas neoliberales de agricultura. El Paro Nacional Agrario del 2013 en Colombia, muestra que estos movimientos pueden tener influencia, incluso en contextos de violencia y rechazo histórico hacia los campesinos como sujetos politicos. La lucha por la soberanía alimentaria alrededor del mundo se compone por redes autónomas que llevan a cabo sus propias estrategias de influencia, de acuerdo al contexto histórico y politico en el que viven. La Cumbre Agraria, que resultó del paro, retó la Resolución 970 del 2010, porque esta fue parte de la fallida promesa de desarrollo de la llamada Nueva Revolución Verde que terminó amenazando el sustento de vida y la autonomía de los campesinos sobre su propio sistema de producción de alimentos. La impelementación de la resolución terminó siendo una “oportunidad como amenaza” porque provocó que el campesinado colombiano se revelara en contra del modelo de desarrollo del país y convocaron diversas fuerzas étnicas para presionar a que el Gobierno reconociera al campesino como una categoría cultural con derechos diferenciados. Este estudio de caso muestra que el reconocimiento cultural tiene el potencial de avanzar las ideas de soberanía alimentaria en espacios locales e internacionales de deliberación de políticas rurales.