The empirical analysis presented in this paper shows that the policy--562 (known as the law of heights) that regulate the urban —renewal areas and affected a part of the city of Bogotá between 2014 and 2016, generated a deviation in the reference prices of the square meter constructed above the behaviour of the rest of the city in more than 6%. With the use of an extraordinary data set, we show that most of this effect was a speculative response and it also was the cause of a slow-down dynamic in the real estate market. Furthermore, was proved that the policy— 562 generated a negative effect on housing affordability particularly for lower— income groups due to an increase of 2.8% of prices and a reduction of new projects for housing solutions. We used an indicator of Difference-in-Difference and a process of matching to treat the data. Resumen: El análisis empírico presentado en este articulo muestra que la política pública 562 (conocida como el decreto de las alturas) que regulo las áreas de renovación urbana y afecto algunas partes de la ciudad de Bogotá entre el 2014 y 2016, genero una desviación en los precios de referencia de metro cuadrado construido por encima del comportamiento del resto de la ciudad en más del 6%. Con el uso de una base datos extraordinaria, mostramos que la mayor parte de este efecto fue una respuesta especulativa y causo una ralentización de la dinámica en el mercado inmobiliario. Además, se probó que la política 562 genero un efecto negativo en la adquisición de vivienda particularmente en los grupos de menores ingresos, a través de un incremento del 2.8% de los precios y una reducción en los nuevos proyectos de vivienda. Usamos un indicador de Difference-in-Difference y un proceso de matching para tratar los datos.

The purpose of the research is to identify how property attributes influence the income generated by properties listed in online marketplaces like Airbnb, aiming to explain what features are the most significant to provide income from a short-term lease strategy. Using a hedonic approach the study measures the effects of physical, locational, and reputation signals on the revenue generated by listing properties. The study uses a dataset of 6,028 properties in Medellin, Colombia as of 30 January 2019. The study provides evidence that intrinsic attributes, such as physical features and location, are the primary factor of influence on the Annual Revenue in a short-term lease strategy, with the type of accommodation the largest contributor to Income. Entire properties have a higher impact on the annual income in comparison with private rooms in shared properties, reflecting that the functionality as accommodation, like a hotel, are a valuable source to generate income in a short-term lease strategy. Apartments generate more income on average that houses, since they are usually located with the most desirable residential areas. Bedrooms, bathrooms and capacity are as expected, positively influencing the Annual Income. Location also influences Annual Income, being the proximity to the Night Life Cluster more relevant than the closeness to the Financial District Centre, reflecting that listing properties are more appreciated for tourist accommodation than as business accommodation. Quality and reputational signals, especially overall review, influences annual income, indicating the importance of reputation especially in first guests. Finally, the effects of competition in annual income are not significant. This analysis is useful for investors to identify the type of properties that generates higher revenues on Airbnb, and for hotels, competing with Airbnb properties, to understand what type private properties are more profitable in a short-term lease strategy. Resumen: El propósito de la investigación es identificar cómo los atributos de las propiedades influyen en el ingreso generado por estas en mercados en línea, como Airbnb, con el objetivo de explicar qué características son más significativas para la generación de ingresos en una estrategia de arrendamiento a corto plazo. Usando un método hedónico, el estudio mide los efectos de características físicas, ubicación, señales de reputación y competencia en los ingresos generados. El estudio utiliza una base de datos de 6,028 propiedades en Medellín, Colombia, al 30 de enero de 2019. El estudio proporciona evidencia de que los atributos intrínsecos, como son las características físicas y la ubicación, son el principal factor de influencia en los ingresos, siendo el tipo de alojamiento el mayor contribuyente. Los alojamientos completos tienen un mayor impacto en el ingreso anual en comparación con las habitaciones privadas, lo que refleja que la funcionalidad de alojamiento, tipo hotel, como fuente significativa en la generación ingresos. Los apartamentos generan más ingresos en promedio que las casas, ya que generalmente se ubican con las áreas residenciales más deseables. Un mayor número habitaciones, baños y capacidad influye positivamente en los ingresos anuales. La proximidad al mayor centro de vida nocturna es más relevante que la cercanía al distrito financiero, lo que refleja que las propiedades son más apreciadas para el alojamiento turístico que para el alojamiento de negocios. Las señales de calidad y reputación, especialmente la revisión general, influyen positivamente en los ingresos anuales, lo que indica la importancia de la reputación, especialmente en los clientes que utilizan por primera vez el servicio. Este análisis es útil para que los inversores identifiquen el tipo de propiedades que generan mayores ingresos en Airbnb, y para los hoteles que compiten con las propiedades en Airbnb, para comprender qué tipo de propiedades son más rentables en una estrategia de arrendamiento a corto plazo.

There is a recognized call for universal provision of healthcare in modern societies. Access to needed and quality healthcare services at any time, irrespective of payment capacity, are unquestionable claims. Nevertheless, the way by which societies achieve universal healthcare is a more contended topic. Literature about it agrees that there is not a unique way to attain universal healthcare. While some say that any institutional structure can produce universal outcomes, others consider that the more integrated the system, the more possibilities to obtain universal outcomes. This study supports the last idea and seeks to understand the effects that institutional reforms -meant to transform fragmented healthcare systems into more integrated ones- can have on fostering more universal healthcare outcomes. An institutional analysis approach as well as an exploratory inductive stance to quantitative analysis were used as methods to answer the following questions: Has the Colombian Healthcare System accomplished its primary purposes of full coverage and equal service provision? What effects have brought the institutional reforms to the system in terms of access, entitlements, and funding management? Does the initial structure (although reformed) affect the outcomes of the system? Analysis of the institutional features of the healthcare system and its reforms revealed that, currently, it is more unified (at least theoretically speaking). Equal and generous entitlements are now legally established; there have been implemented reforms regarding access, which have allowed the expansion of the coverage throughout the inclusion of populations previously excluded from the system, and, finally, the administration of the health care sources has been centralized progressively. However, the evidence is shown on how insurers’ mismanagement and misuse of healthcare resources and rent-seeking practices have increased services prices, indebtedness and bankruptcy of some insurers and providers. Therefore, the study concludes that although the institutional reforms implemented during the last 10 years have made the healthcare system more integrated, it is unlikely that patients from all over the country receive equal needed and quality services in a system of commercial provisioning and commoditized pricing because it is encouraging its actors to seek profit instead of providing high-quality services, thus making it more difficult to leave up to the true purpose of the system. Resumen: En las sociedades modernas, es ampliamente reconocida la necesidad de proveer atención médica universal. El acceso a los servicios de atención médica necesarios y de calidad en cualquier momento, independientemente de la capacidad de pago, son reclamos incuestionables. Sin embargo, la forma en que las sociedades logran la asistencia universal en salud es un tema discutido. La literatura al respecto concuerda en que no existe una sola forma de lograr la atención médica universal. Mientras que algunos dicen que cualquier estructura institucional puede producir resultados universales, otros consideran que cuanto más integrado sea el sistema, más posibilidades hay de obtener resultados en términos de universalidad. Este estudio apoya la última idea y busca además comprender los efectos que las reformas institucionales -destinadas a transformar los sistemas de salud fragmentados en sistemas más integrados- pueden tener cuando se trata de obtener servicios de salud universales. Se utilizó un método de análisis institucional, así como un enfoque inductivo exploratorio para el análisis cuantitativo como método para responder a las siguientes preguntas: ¿Ha logrado el Sistema de Salud Colombiano sus propósitos primarios de cobertura total e igual prestación de servicios? ¿Qué efectos han traído las reformas institucionales al sistema en términos de acceso, derechos y gestión de fondos? ¿La estructura inicial (aunque reformada) afecta los resultados del sistema? El análisis de las características institucionales del sistema de salud y sus reformas revelaron que actualmente está más unificado (al menos en teoría). La igualdad y generosidad en las prestaciones ahora están legalmente establecidos; se han implementado reformas en materia de acceso que han permitido ampliar la cobertura a través de la inclusión de poblaciones previamente excluidas del sistema. Finalmente, la administración de las fuentes de atención de salud se ha centralizado progresivamente. Sin embargo, la evidencia presentada muestra que la mala gestión de las aseguradoras, el mal uso de los recursos de atención médica, y las prácticas de búsqueda de rentas, han resultado en un aumento en el precio de los servicios, el endeudamiento y la bancarrota de algunas aseguradoras y proveedores. Por lo tanto, el estudio concluye que aunque las reformas institucionales implementadas durante los últimos 10 años han hecho que el sistema de atención médica esté más integrado, es poco probable que los pacientes de todo el país reciban los mismos servicios necesarios y de calidad en un sistema de competencia regulada ya que éste promueve la búsqueda de ganancias en lugar de proporcionar servicios de alta calidad, por lo que es menos posible que cumpla el verdadero propósito del sistema.

This paper explores the transformations and continuities of the development landscape through the story of Comproagro, a local initiative created by a rural family in Colombia. By using an ethnographic approach, I learnt about the different realities of this technology - based initiative, and how each one of them speak of new ways of doing development. I found that, in the digital space at the national level, Comproagro is best known for its online plat- form. However, the app reality challenges the notion of ICT4D as a key vector of local development because in ground bases, access and use of information technology is a luxury that only a few can afford. In the material space of Comproagro, the initiative is better known as a social enterprise which promotes women’s employment and fair working conditions for local women in Toca. The app and the social enterprise represent dramatically different modalities of development and constitute the two tails of Comproagro. Finally, I conclude that small initiatives like the one driven by the family in Comproagro challenges the idea of a broken development, to claim that instead it has changed through new actors, sites and relations that shape what I called, the new modalities of development.

Abstract: The adequate provision of service delivery is essential for social welfare; however, providers performance varies, tending to underperform in developing countries. Therefore, whether providers responsiveness is sensitive to citizen oversight remains a relevant question for public governance. To this extent, Understanding the dynamics of accountability as a strategy to foster access, quality, and affordability of services delivery is vital to ensure development. This thesis establishes a quantitative assessment of the relationship between accountability and development. First, I systematically reviewed the empirical literature evaluating how accountability interventions affect service delivery in developing countries between 1990-2020, finding twenty-one papers from nine developing countries. Then, I conducted a meta-analysis based on an RVE model with over 90 outcomes to quantitatively synthesise the effectiveness of accountability in triggering citizen oversight of service delivery and providers responsiveness. The findings suggest that although accountability increases citizen knowledge of civic and political means to demand service delivery reforms, factors such as context, accountability structure and interventions length influence its effectiveness. While the results provide evidence to inform policy-making about aspects that effectively ignite citizen participation, they also suggest future research avenues to further conceptualise this relationship in an era of widely accessible information and new approaches to democracy.

Abstract: Entrepreneurial Companies play a fundamental role in economic growth, the creation of employment, local and regional development, and social cohesion. Start-ups will not necessarily become the largest source for employment, but they are considered economic drivers that commercialize innovation, expand internationally and create economic value. With the recent increase in prominence of new entrepreneurial ventures all over the world, much attention has been devoted to the creation of new firms. Belgium consists of three main regions: Brussels, Flanders, and Wallonia. The breakdown of start-ups according to these regions is the following: Brussels: 31.5%, Flanders: 53.4%, and Wallonia: 15.1%. Note that Brussels, despite hosting only 11% of all active companies in Belgium, is doing exceptionally well regarding its share of start-ups and scaleups; almost 50% of all Belgian start-ups are concentrated in and around the cities of Brussels, Ghent, and Antwerp. It is no surprise that, being the largest cities of Belgium, students make up for a significant portion of the population. More than half of the companies are active in the following categories: eCommerce, Software as a Service (SaaS), consumer mobile/web applications, industrial technology/production, and education. Half of the companies are at the start-up stage (i.e. completion of MVP or initial customers/revenue). 22% is in the seed stage and 24% in growth stage - 85% of the companies are mainly in B2B. While the majority (55%) of entrepreneurs believe that their product or service is a novelty in the world, only 4% realizes that their product or service is not a market innovation. In addition to that, 23% of startups do not have employees (Mohout, 2016). The supplying side of the market for informal capital consists of high net-worth individuals with considerable business experience, commonly known as Business Angels (BAs). Business Angels invest a portion of their wealth in high-risk, high-return start-ups (Coveney & Moore, Business Angels: Securing Start-up Finance, 1998). While it is difficult to precisely quantify the size of the angel market (due to its informal nature), some studies estimate its size to be twice the size of the institutional venture capital market (Freear, Sohl, & Wetzel, 1995). This suggests that Business Angels provide the largest amount of capital among early-stage ventures and fund a greater number of firms than venture capitalists (VCs) do. After receiving a first investment from a Business Angel, start-ups face a new critical question: whether to raise new funding under the form of debt or equity and, in the case of equity, involving new Business Angels or migrating to Venture Capital. Literature suggests that these young enterprises more often than not receive funds from equity in the early stages. However, in the case of demand for more resources and having a BA as back up, the entrepreneur may appeal to traditional financing sources in order to maintain the ownership. Resumen: Las microempresas juegan un rol fundamental en el crecimiento económico de un país, la creación de nuevos empleos y el desarrollo local y regional. Start-ups no se convierten necesariamente en la mayor fuente de empleo pero si son considerados impulsadores económicos que comercializan innovación, se expanden internacionalmente y crean valor económico. Después de recibir una primera inversión de un Ángel Inversionista, Start-Ups tienen que enfrentar una nueva y critica pregunta: ¿es mejor conseguir nuevos fondos adquiriendo una deuda o nuevo capital proveniente de inversionistas y en caso de recurrir a inversionistas, conseguir un nuevo ángel inversionista o migrar a un fondo de inversión? La literatura sugiere que estas nuevas empresas a menudo reciben fondos de capital en las primeras etapas de inversión. Sin embargo, teniendo un Ángel inversionista como respaldo, el empresario puede optar por métodos de financiación más tradicionales con la intensión de mantener propia la empresa.

Abstract: Law 160 of 1994 in Colombia marks a point of transit between the sterile attempts for agrarian reform in the 20th century and a series of market-based land policies. However, this law also marks the end of a cycle of peasant mobilization, especially in border areas, and with it a partial recognition of the peasant settlers is achieved, through what the law named Peasant Reserve Zones (PRZ). These zones allow basically three main things to the inhabitants of frontier zones: the titling of the land that the settlers have transformed and that they informally possess, the closure of the agricultural frontier through a control of the amount of land that can be owned inside the zone, and the peasant governance of the zone. The peasant governance is manifested through processes of territorial ordering, in which the peasant associations that impulse each zone regulates the social and economic activities of it. The majority of the academic literature that has analyzed the PRZ in the last 25 years has focused its attention in particular zones treating them as case studies. Through these cases, this literature has presented the PRZ as a reaction of the peasant communities to the processes of capital accumulation and capital penetration in the Colombian countryside. Nevertheless, this literature has done this analysis without considering in depth the variation in the strategies the PRZ have used in developing a repertoire of contention against the implementation of land policies before the law 160 was issued and after it, and focusing mainly in the critical geography discussion of the dynamics of territorialization. Through a sociological and historical analysis, this paper offers an initial exploration of the dynamic process of formation of a repertoire of contention of the Colombian PRZ. This paper analyzes in a parallel way the formation of the Colombian state and the formation of a peasant social movement. It concludes arguing that the PRZ have developed two repertoires of contention through which they have at the same time resist and create the Colombian state, and 5 strategies that have enabled them a margin of maneuver between the two repertoires.

Abstract: The present work studies the engagement of prosocial behavior as an antecedent of affective commitment within for-profit organizations. In order to accomplish this, the work focuses on the role of positive feelings. It tests a partial least square-structural equation model using a cross-sectional survey of 144 professional employees from several Colombian industries. Results obtained show that prosocial behavior is associated with affective commitment, but only with the intervention of meaningfulness at work. These associations provide insight into professional employees’ attitudes towards the search for intrinsic motivation and engagement in for-profit organizational environments. Further implications revolve around the justification for working on practices that not only found and foster prosocial behavior in the workplace but also promote skill variety, task identity, and task meaningfulness to obtain adequate levels of engagement and commitment. Finally, since most studies have been conducted in developed countries, this study also contributes to a better understanding of the topic in previously unexplored contexts. In this case, a Latin American emerging economy, like Colombia. Resumen: El presente trabajo estudia el comportamiento prosocial como un antecedente, tanto del trabajo significativo como del compromiso afectivo en el contexto de las organizaciones con fines de lucro. Para ello, el trabajo se enfoca en el papel de los sentimientos positivos y prueba un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales basado en mínimos cuadrados parciales, a partir de la aplicación transversal de un instrumento a 144 empleados profesionales de varias industrias en Colombia. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el comportamiento prosocial está asociado con el compromiso afectivo, pero solo gracias la intervención de la experiencia de tener un trabajo significativo. Estas asociaciones proporcionan conocimiento sobre las actitudes de los empleados profesionales hacia la búsqueda de la motivación intrínseca y la participación en entornos organizacionales con fines de lucro. Las implicaciones giran en torno a la justificación para trabajar en prácticas gerenciales que no solo encuentran y fomentan el comportamiento prosocial en el lugar de trabajo, sino que también promuevan la variedad de habilidades, la identidad de la tarea y la significancia de la tarea para obtener niveles adecuados de responsabilidad y compromiso. Finalmente, dado que la mayoría de los estudios se han realizado en países desarrollados, este estudio también contribuye a una mejor comprensión del tema en contextos previamente inexplorados; en este caso, una economía en vías de desarrollo, como la colombiana.

Abstract: Using the theoretical-methodological perspective based on experience frameworks, this paper aims at analyzing and understanding the way in which organizations communicate aspects that are related to occupational safety and health. In this sense, we carry out an analysis of the narratives related to this topic and propose a diagnosis mechanism to subjectively measure the burden of the regulatory, strategic, and moral frameworks of these narratives. A panel of Latin American experts applied a three-round Delphi analysis on five case studies in Colombia to illustrate how this mechanism works. In addition to the use of a robust research paradigm, this work contributes by proposing a scheme capable of presenting the motivations and interests of occupational safety and health professionals in perspective, finding imbalances in the way relevant information is transmitted through official messages and channels. Therefore, its use is susceptible to study in this and other areas of knowledge of the organizational discipline, and its adoption could be worthwhile in order to generate more and better knowledge in this regard. Resumen: Haciendo uso de la perspectiva teórico-metodológica basada en los marcos de la experiencia, el presente trabajo tiene como propósito analizar y entender la forma en la que, usualmente, se comunican los aspectos relacionados con la seguridad y la salud en el trabajo en el contexto organizacional. En este sentido, se despliega un análisis sobre las narrativas propias de esta temática y se propone un mecanismo de diagnóstico para medir subjetivamente la carga de los marcos reglamentario, estratégico y moral de dichas narrativas. Un análisis Delphi de tres rondas aplicado por un panel de expertos latinoamericanos sobre cinco casos de estudio en Colombia ilustra la manera en la que el mecanismo en mención puede funcionar. Adicional al uso de un paradigma investigativo robusto, el trabajo contribuye, toda vez que propone un esquema capaz de exponer en perspectiva, las motivaciones y los intereses de los profesionales de la seguridad y salud en el trabajo, encontrando desequilibrios en cuanto a la forma de transmitir información relevante por medio de mensajes y canales oficiales. Por tanto, su uso es susceptible de estudio en esta y otras áreas del conocimiento de la disciplina organizacional, y su adopción podría valer la pena en aras de generar más y mejor conocimiento al respecto.

Abstract: The adequate provision of service delivery is essential for social welfare; however, providers performance varies, tending to underperform in developing countries. Therefore, whether providers responsiveness is sensitive to citizen oversight remains a relevant question for public governance. To this extent, Understanding the dynamics of accountability as a strategy to foster access, quality, and affordability of services delivery is vital to ensure development. This thesis establishes a quantitative assessment of the relationship between accountability and development. First, I systematically reviewed the empirical literature evaluating how accountability interventions affect service delivery in developing countries between 1990-2020, finding twenty-one papers from nine developing countries. Then, I conducted a meta-analysis based on an RVE model with over 90 outcomes to quantitatively synthesise the effectiveness of accountability in triggering citizen oversight of service delivery and providers responsiveness. The findings suggest that although accountability increases citizen knowledge of civic and political means to demand service delivery reforms, factors such as context, accountability structure and interventions length influence its effectiveness. While the results provide evidence to inform policy-making about aspects that effectively ignite citizen participation, they also suggest future research avenues to further conceptualise this relationship in an era of widely accessible information and new approaches to democracy.