Abstract: The adequate provision of service delivery is essential for social welfare; however, providers performance varies, tending to underperform in developing countries. Therefore, whether providers responsiveness is sensitive to citizen oversight remains a relevant question for public governance. To this extent, Understanding the dynamics of accountability as a strategy to foster access, quality, and affordability of services delivery is vital to ensure development. This thesis establishes a quantitative assessment of the relationship between accountability and development. First, I systematically reviewed the empirical literature evaluating how accountability interventions affect service delivery in developing countries between 1990-2020, finding twenty-one papers from nine developing countries. Then, I conducted a meta-analysis based on an RVE model with over 90 outcomes to quantitatively synthesise the effectiveness of accountability in triggering citizen oversight of service delivery and providers responsiveness. The findings suggest that although accountability increases citizen knowledge of civic and political means to demand service delivery reforms, factors such as context, accountability structure and interventions length influence its effectiveness. While the results provide evidence to inform policy-making about aspects that effectively ignite citizen participation, they also suggest future research avenues to further conceptualise this relationship in an era of widely accessible information and new approaches to democracy.

Abstract: Using the theoretical-methodological perspective based on experience frameworks, this paper aims at analyzing and understanding the way in which organizations communicate aspects that are related to occupational safety and health. In this sense, we carry out an analysis of the narratives related to this topic and propose a diagnosis mechanism to subjectively measure the burden of the regulatory, strategic, and moral frameworks of these narratives. A panel of Latin American experts applied a three-round Delphi analysis on five case studies in Colombia to illustrate how this mechanism works. In addition to the use of a robust research paradigm, this work contributes by proposing a scheme capable of presenting the motivations and interests of occupational safety and health professionals in perspective, finding imbalances in the way relevant information is transmitted through official messages and channels. Therefore, its use is susceptible to study in this and other areas of knowledge of the organizational discipline, and its adoption could be worthwhile in order to generate more and better knowledge in this regard. Resumen: Haciendo uso de la perspectiva teórico-metodológica basada en los marcos de la experiencia, el presente trabajo tiene como propósito analizar y entender la forma en la que, usualmente, se comunican los aspectos relacionados con la seguridad y la salud en el trabajo en el contexto organizacional. En este sentido, se despliega un análisis sobre las narrativas propias de esta temática y se propone un mecanismo de diagnóstico para medir subjetivamente la carga de los marcos reglamentario, estratégico y moral de dichas narrativas. Un análisis Delphi de tres rondas aplicado por un panel de expertos latinoamericanos sobre cinco casos de estudio en Colombia ilustra la manera en la que el mecanismo en mención puede funcionar. Adicional al uso de un paradigma investigativo robusto, el trabajo contribuye, toda vez que propone un esquema capaz de exponer en perspectiva, las motivaciones y los intereses de los profesionales de la seguridad y salud en el trabajo, encontrando desequilibrios en cuanto a la forma de transmitir información relevante por medio de mensajes y canales oficiales. Por tanto, su uso es susceptible de estudio en esta y otras áreas del conocimiento de la disciplina organizacional, y su adopción podría valer la pena en aras de generar más y mejor conocimiento al respecto.

Abstract: The present work studies the engagement of prosocial behavior as an antecedent of affective commitment within for-profit organizations. In order to accomplish this, the work focuses on the role of positive feelings. It tests a partial least square-structural equation model using a cross-sectional survey of 144 professional employees from several Colombian industries. Results obtained show that prosocial behavior is associated with affective commitment, but only with the intervention of meaningfulness at work. These associations provide insight into professional employees’ attitudes towards the search for intrinsic motivation and engagement in for-profit organizational environments. Further implications revolve around the justification for working on practices that not only found and foster prosocial behavior in the workplace but also promote skill variety, task identity, and task meaningfulness to obtain adequate levels of engagement and commitment. Finally, since most studies have been conducted in developed countries, this study also contributes to a better understanding of the topic in previously unexplored contexts. In this case, a Latin American emerging economy, like Colombia. Resumen: El presente trabajo estudia el comportamiento prosocial como un antecedente, tanto del trabajo significativo como del compromiso afectivo en el contexto de las organizaciones con fines de lucro. Para ello, el trabajo se enfoca en el papel de los sentimientos positivos y prueba un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales basado en mínimos cuadrados parciales, a partir de la aplicación transversal de un instrumento a 144 empleados profesionales de varias industrias en Colombia. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el comportamiento prosocial está asociado con el compromiso afectivo, pero solo gracias la intervención de la experiencia de tener un trabajo significativo. Estas asociaciones proporcionan conocimiento sobre las actitudes de los empleados profesionales hacia la búsqueda de la motivación intrínseca y la participación en entornos organizacionales con fines de lucro. Las implicaciones giran en torno a la justificación para trabajar en prácticas gerenciales que no solo encuentran y fomentan el comportamiento prosocial en el lugar de trabajo, sino que también promuevan la variedad de habilidades, la identidad de la tarea y la significancia de la tarea para obtener niveles adecuados de responsabilidad y compromiso. Finalmente, dado que la mayoría de los estudios se han realizado en países desarrollados, este estudio también contribuye a una mejor comprensión del tema en contextos previamente inexplorados; en este caso, una economía en vías de desarrollo, como la colombiana.

Abstract: Law 160 of 1994 in Colombia marks a point of transit between the sterile attempts for agrarian reform in the 20th century and a series of market-based land policies. However, this law also marks the end of a cycle of peasant mobilization, especially in border areas, and with it a partial recognition of the peasant settlers is achieved, through what the law named Peasant Reserve Zones (PRZ). These zones allow basically three main things to the inhabitants of frontier zones: the titling of the land that the settlers have transformed and that they informally possess, the closure of the agricultural frontier through a control of the amount of land that can be owned inside the zone, and the peasant governance of the zone. The peasant governance is manifested through processes of territorial ordering, in which the peasant associations that impulse each zone regulates the social and economic activities of it. The majority of the academic literature that has analyzed the PRZ in the last 25 years has focused its attention in particular zones treating them as case studies. Through these cases, this literature has presented the PRZ as a reaction of the peasant communities to the processes of capital accumulation and capital penetration in the Colombian countryside. Nevertheless, this literature has done this analysis without considering in depth the variation in the strategies the PRZ have used in developing a repertoire of contention against the implementation of land policies before the law 160 was issued and after it, and focusing mainly in the critical geography discussion of the dynamics of territorialization. Through a sociological and historical analysis, this paper offers an initial exploration of the dynamic process of formation of a repertoire of contention of the Colombian PRZ. This paper analyzes in a parallel way the formation of the Colombian state and the formation of a peasant social movement. It concludes arguing that the PRZ have developed two repertoires of contention through which they have at the same time resist and create the Colombian state, and 5 strategies that have enabled them a margin of maneuver between the two repertoires.

Abstract: Entrepreneurial Companies play a fundamental role in economic growth, the creation of employment, local and regional development, and social cohesion. Start-ups will not necessarily become the largest source for employment, but they are considered economic drivers that commercialize innovation, expand internationally and create economic value. With the recent increase in prominence of new entrepreneurial ventures all over the world, much attention has been devoted to the creation of new firms. Belgium consists of three main regions: Brussels, Flanders, and Wallonia. The breakdown of start-ups according to these regions is the following: Brussels: 31.5%, Flanders: 53.4%, and Wallonia: 15.1%. Note that Brussels, despite hosting only 11% of all active companies in Belgium, is doing exceptionally well regarding its share of start-ups and scaleups; almost 50% of all Belgian start-ups are concentrated in and around the cities of Brussels, Ghent, and Antwerp. It is no surprise that, being the largest cities of Belgium, students make up for a significant portion of the population. More than half of the companies are active in the following categories: eCommerce, Software as a Service (SaaS), consumer mobile/web applications, industrial technology/production, and education. Half of the companies are at the start-up stage (i.e. completion of MVP or initial customers/revenue). 22% is in the seed stage and 24% in growth stage - 85% of the companies are mainly in B2B. While the majority (55%) of entrepreneurs believe that their product or service is a novelty in the world, only 4% realizes that their product or service is not a market innovation. In addition to that, 23% of startups do not have employees (Mohout, 2016). The supplying side of the market for informal capital consists of high net-worth individuals with considerable business experience, commonly known as Business Angels (BAs). Business Angels invest a portion of their wealth in high-risk, high-return start-ups (Coveney & Moore, Business Angels: Securing Start-up Finance, 1998). While it is difficult to precisely quantify the size of the angel market (due to its informal nature), some studies estimate its size to be twice the size of the institutional venture capital market (Freear, Sohl, & Wetzel, 1995). This suggests that Business Angels provide the largest amount of capital among early-stage ventures and fund a greater number of firms than venture capitalists (VCs) do. After receiving a first investment from a Business Angel, start-ups face a new critical question: whether to raise new funding under the form of debt or equity and, in the case of equity, involving new Business Angels or migrating to Venture Capital. Literature suggests that these young enterprises more often than not receive funds from equity in the early stages. However, in the case of demand for more resources and having a BA as back up, the entrepreneur may appeal to traditional financing sources in order to maintain the ownership. Resumen: Las microempresas juegan un rol fundamental en el crecimiento económico de un país, la creación de nuevos empleos y el desarrollo local y regional. Start-ups no se convierten necesariamente en la mayor fuente de empleo pero si son considerados impulsadores económicos que comercializan innovación, se expanden internacionalmente y crean valor económico. Después de recibir una primera inversión de un Ángel Inversionista, Start-Ups tienen que enfrentar una nueva y critica pregunta: ¿es mejor conseguir nuevos fondos adquiriendo una deuda o nuevo capital proveniente de inversionistas y en caso de recurrir a inversionistas, conseguir un nuevo ángel inversionista o migrar a un fondo de inversión? La literatura sugiere que estas nuevas empresas a menudo reciben fondos de capital en las primeras etapas de inversión. Sin embargo, teniendo un Ángel inversionista como respaldo, el empresario puede optar por métodos de financiación más tradicionales con la intensión de mantener propia la empresa.

Abstract: The adequate provision of service delivery is essential for social welfare; however, providers performance varies, tending to underperform in developing countries. Therefore, whether providers responsiveness is sensitive to citizen oversight remains a relevant question for public governance. To this extent, Understanding the dynamics of accountability as a strategy to foster access, quality, and affordability of services delivery is vital to ensure development. This thesis establishes a quantitative assessment of the relationship between accountability and development. First, I systematically reviewed the empirical literature evaluating how accountability interventions affect service delivery in developing countries between 1990-2020, finding twenty-one papers from nine developing countries. Then, I conducted a meta-analysis based on an RVE model with over 90 outcomes to quantitatively synthesise the effectiveness of accountability in triggering citizen oversight of service delivery and providers responsiveness. The findings suggest that although accountability increases citizen knowledge of civic and political means to demand service delivery reforms, factors such as context, accountability structure and interventions length influence its effectiveness. While the results provide evidence to inform policy-making about aspects that effectively ignite citizen participation, they also suggest future research avenues to further conceptualise this relationship in an era of widely accessible information and new approaches to democracy.

Este libro se centra en los episodios más relevantes ocurridos desde la reforma de 1991, año en el que al banco se le otorgó independencia política y autonomía patrimonial técnica, y la Junta se convirtió en autoridad monetaria, cambiaria y crediticia. Para su elaboración se consultaron estudios de otros investigadores, documentos, actas, etc. del Banco de la República y también se realizaron entrevistas a todos los codirectores, gerentes, ministros de Hacienda y otros testimonios. El trabajo está estructurado en seis capítulos. Están precedidos por un breve antecedente histórico de la gran reforma institucional, con énfasis en la forma como la propuesta logró incluirse en la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente en 1991. Posteriormente, cada capítulo hace referencia a los acontecimientos o eventualidades económicas ocurridas durante los gobiernos de César Gaviria (1990- 1994); Ernesto Samper Pizano (1994-1998); Andrés Pastrana (1998-2002); Álvaro Uribe (2002-2010); Juan Manuel Santos (2010-2018) e Iván Duque (hasta abril del 2021, momento en el que el libro entra a edición).

Elementos de Hacienda Pública es obra del abogado y político boyacense Clímaco Calderón, y, es quizá, el primer tratado de Hacienda Pública sistemático que se divulgó en Colombia. Esta importante obra está dividida en dos partes: la primera constituye el tratado propiamente dicho de Hacienda Pública (apartados 1 y 2); y la segunda contiene la que sigue siendo probablemente la mejor presentación de carácter global que se ha hecho sobre las finanzas públicas coloniales (tercera parte). Elementos de Hacienda Pública, teniendo en cuenta las limitaciones del instrumental estadístico que prevalecía en la época en que Clímaco Calderón escribió, y entendiendo que buena parte de los postulados allí defendidos —que son los de la conocida como época de la Hacienda Pública clásica— fueron superados a partir de la Primera Guerra Mundial, son, sin embargo, unos de los aportes pioneros más importantes de que disponemos para entender la evolución del pensamiento fiscal en Colombia.

La reintegración a la vida civil de las personas que se han desmovilizado de los GAOML está mediada por la necesidad que tiene esta población de generar ingresos económicos por la vía del emprendimiento o por la vía de la empleabilidad. En este contexto, la reintegración económica toma una gran relevancia pues asegura el desarrollo de una vida digna y se constituye en un factor que evita la reincidencia. En la presente obra, se analiza cómo es el proceso de reintegración en Colombia y cuáles son las estadísticas en esta materia. También se estudia un caso empresarial que permite comprender de qué...

La crisis monetaria de 1937 ocasionó serios problemas en las poblaciones españolas. A nivel comercial las dos consecuencias más graves del hecho fueron la pérdida del poder adquisitivo del numerario republicano y la desaparición de la moneda fraccionaria. Este estudio plantea por primera vez una reflexión general en torno a las causas, evolución y consecuencias de la crisis para luego analizarla pormenorizadamente en la provincia de Alicante.