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Imagen de apoyo de The ‘right to regulate’ in international investment law: Colombia’s international investment agreements’ practice and perspective

Por: Camilo Castrillón Velasco | Fecha: 2015

Abstract: Since the late 90s Colombia decided to actively ratify Bilateral Investment Treaties (BIT´s) in order to strengthen its treaty network and promote the attraction of Foreign Direct Investment. At the international level arbitral tribunals deciding Investor-State disputes under such Agreements have produced decisions severely affecting the financial stability of host States. As a result, some have decided to denounce such instruments or to implement changes in their wording and scope to safeguard their “right to regulate”. Some cases have been brought under the argument of host States producing and enforcing regulatory expropriation measures in some cases related to tax, environmental and public health matters. Resumen: Desde finales de los años noventas Colombia inició de forma activa la ratificación de los denominados Acuerdos para la Promoción y Protección de Inversiones (APPRI´s) a fin de fortalecer su red de tratados y brindar seguridad jurídica a inversionistas extranjeros interesados en desarrollar proyectos en el país. A nivel internacional los casos decididos por tribunales de arbitramento Inversionista-Estado a la luz de dichos Acuerdos han acarreado consecuencias cada vez más onerosas para los Estados condenados por su violación, a tal punto que muchos están denunciándolos o realizando modificaciones de fondo a sus textos a fin de salvaguardar su capacidad regulatoria. Gran parte estos casos han tenido como fundamento la violación del estándar de “expropiación” a través de la implementación, por parte del Estado receptor de la inversión, de medidas relacionadas con la imposición y cobro de tributos, medidas sobre el medio ambiente y asuntos de salud pública.

Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Formatos de contenido: Tesis

Temas:
Otros
Ciencias sociales

Imagen de apoyo de Migration, Political Art and Digitalization

Por: Sara Wiederkehr González | Fecha: 2016

Throughout this paper, the main interest is in describing the use and practice of socialnetworking by Colombian migrants and its influence on the relation with, and the construction of a discourse about, Colombian conflict and social reality. In addressing the problematization of cyberspace and its virtuality as a space, an account is given of the singularities, political concerns, and personal expectations of two Colombian migrants living in Berlin. This leads to an analysis of the influence of virtuality in the construction of political and social discourses and of practices abroad. The discussion of the authenticity and “realness” of the virtual world and virtual relationships invokes the supposed opposition between virtual space as abstract, and the real world as the tangible and real one. However the notions of virtuality and reality are not necessarily opposed. According to Augé (1995), a place is defined as relational, historical and concerned with identity. Borrmann (2013) concludes in her study that cyberspace cannot be understood as an abstract place, meant to exist only “while we are sitting in front of the computer” (64). From this reasoning, several questions guide this paper: If the cyberspace is a tangible one, how do migrants—those people who supposedly live in between territories—relate to virtuality? How are these virtual spaces and places constructed from the singularities of Colombian migrants in Berlin? How do they relate to the actuality overseas, in their home countries?

Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Formatos de contenido: Artículos

Temas:
Otros
Ciencias sociales

Imagen de apoyo de Environmental Rights of Indigenous Peoples

Por: Luisa María Villa Yepes | Fecha: 2016

The discussion whether indigenous peoples have or have not determined collective and individual rights related to the environment, within international and regional instruments, will be addressed within the chapters of the thesis. Thus, here we will devote special attention to the right to a healthy environment, considering also if the paternalistic point of view that has been given to this minority is currently necessary. Consequently, for reaching a final conclusion we will develop in a logical order the topic, starting from the root, which is the origin of the term indigenous and its scope, going through determinant historical events and how this will mark the current legal instruments and state practice around the world. Afterwards, we will dedicate the second part to the explanation of the ancestral bound of peoples and their native lands, as well as how modern events, such as climate change, and not so modern events, such as the exploitation of natural resources and the building of mega projects are still affecting their territories. Hence, we will explain how this vulnerability has to deal with the procedural and substantive rights, exposing for these purposes the different international instruments, which develop both collective and individual rights of peoples. Finally, we will bring selected cases regarding the developed topics.

Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Formatos de contenido: Tesis

Temas:
Otros
Ciencias sociales

Imagen de apoyo de Los Locos

Por: Nicolás Pontón

“Los Locos” fue el tercer periódico publicado por Nicolás Pontón, después de “El Loco” (1856-57) y “La Bruja” (1866); al igual que estos, era de carácter humorístico y satírico. El primer número salió el 18 de enero de 1868, y este declaraba que saldría los días 2 y 16 de cada mes. Sin embargo, en el encabezado del segundo número, publicado el 2 de abril, explica que, en vista de su gran acogida, se publicará semanalmente los jueves. La mayoría de las publicaciones estaban dirigidas a ser críticas al régimen liberal que estaba en curso. El periódico alcanzó el número 96 en el año 1870.

Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Formatos de contenido: Prensa

Temas:
Otros
Ciencias sociales

Imagen de apoyo de The transport sector and the CDM: long-term sustainable development? – Transmilenio’s experience

Por: Guillermo Umaña Restrepo | Fecha: 2015

The Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is currently the only United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) market mechanism that includes transport projects in developing countries. This mechanism has the dual objective of promoting sustainable development and contributing to green-house-gas emission reductions. However, transportation is currently a niche sector within the CDM due to the small number of transport projects registered under it. This is despite transportation being one of the sectors with the fastest growth-rate of greenhouse-gas emissions in the developing world. This paper examines the limitations of CDM-registered transport projects to achieve long-term sustainable development outcomes through the CDM. The experience of project ‘TransMilenio Phase II – IV’ in Bogotá (Colombia) serves to argue that CDM registration requirements of Additionality and Fixed-Term Crediting may be detrimental to achieving these outcomes through the CDM. Thus an opportunity exists to increase the significance of the transport sector within the international climate change regime through a dedicated ‘Sustainable Development Package for Transport’ in future agreements.

Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Formatos de contenido: Artículos

Temas:
Otros
Ciencias sociales

Imagen de apoyo de The soviet and russian military-industrial complex: different approaches, common conclusions

Por: Andrés Eduardo Fernández Osorio | Fecha: 2013

This article aims to perform a comparative analysis of several publications on a particular topic: The Soviet and Russian Military-Industrial Complex. It examines the results of different surveys and, specifically, addresses how several authors have studied the social phenomena. Moreover, it analyses the methods that they used to develop useful discernments with limited documental resources. Finally, it offers conclusions about the common findings and the possible application of such methods on future research.

Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Formatos de contenido: Artículos

Temas:
Otros
Ciencias sociales

Imagen de apoyo de The development of the consenting regime for offshore renewable energy projects in Scottish waters

Por: Laura Catalina Silva Barrera | Fecha: 2011

Recently, renewable energies have been considered as an alternative to address the depletion of hydrocarbon resources. Additionally, renewable energies are promising for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. According to the Kyoto Protocol, members should implement policies and measures in this area. In this regard, a comprehensive technical background in renewable energies is needed to take into account the different types of renewable energy. ECOTEC Research and Consulting Limited in 2001 mentioned that: ‘Renewable energy is the term used to describe a wide range of naturally occurring, replenishable energy sources - in particular, sun, wind, water and a range of biomass resources.’ In order to address this international concern, and to apply the pacta sunt servenda principle, the European Union and the United Kingdom Parliament and Government have been developing a legal framework. The EU has issued assorted Directives which have been operating only as a reference since those legal instruments ‘require the enactment of an Act of Parliament or delegated legislations’ to be binding in UK. Additionally, the UK Parliament has enacted Acts which give the framework, and various Statutory Instruments to regulate renewable energy.6 Nevertheless, since 2003 Scotland has been developing its own regime through Acts and particular Statutory Instruments. Therefore, offshore wind, one of most promising renewable energies developing in Scotland, illustrates the recent legal issues with some legal shortcomings and strengths regarding environment, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, sustainable development, and consent licencing as a main features of the regime.

Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Formatos de contenido: Artículos

Temas:
Otros
Ciencias sociales

Imagen de apoyo de The judicial construction of economic, social and cultural rights in the case of the constitutional court of colombia

Por: Johanna del Pilar Cortés Nieto | Fecha: 2009

The paper argues that the Constitutional Court of Colombia has understood economic, social and cultural rights (ESCR) from the perspective of a traditional theory of rights according to which they are achievements that cannot be overridden by conflicting public interests. As a result, the Court has favored a categorical formula of adjudication according to which judicial activity focuses on the definition of the scope of the right. Competing public interests may be taken into account in order to establish the scope of the right, but once that scope is defined, it cannot be overridden by conflicting public interests. Therefore, the conception of ESCR that the Court of Colombia has adopted differs from the South African conception. The South African Constitutional Court regards ESCR as protective shields against conflicting governmental interests. This theory allows for positions of rights to be balanced against countervailing governmental interests. Given the tensions that these theories of rights and formulas of adjudication create in terms of judicial discretion and democratic debate, some intermediate formulas have been proposed. In the final part of the paper, these proposals are analyzed and some suggestions are made that contribute to the debate.

Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Formatos de contenido: Artículos

Temas:
Otros
Ciencias sociales

Imagen de apoyo de The Climatic Disruption, Systems thinking to interpret migration and conflict under climatic constraints: the case study of Syria and its applicability to the Colombian context = La Perturbación Climática, Pensamiento sistémico para la interpretación de conflicto y migración en escenarios con restricciones climáticas: el caso de Siria y su aplicabilidad en el contexto Colombiano

Por: Laura Florez Urazan | Fecha: 2017

Current policy-making understands human and ecological systems as independent, leading to the misconception that, though they interact, they can be managed separately. This often leads to policy overlooking the effects that the environment has on human structures, and vice versa. Under environmental stress, this disconnection may cause the community to fail, which can manifest in migration and conflict. In a climate-change scenario, it becomes increasingly important to consider social and environmental structures as one single system, that must be managed as a unit. Also, increasing the resilience of socio-ecological systems becomes a priority to prevent climatic disruptions to cause the system to collapse. This dissertation aims to learn from using systems thinking to interpret the Syrian crisis, following the 2006-2011 drought, and extract insights from using the same methodology in different contexts. This is done through the construction of two diagrams that help visualize socio-ecological system in a more accessible way, offering policy-makers an instrument to understand and manage socio-ecological systems more effectively. Finally, it discusses how these lessons can be helpful for the post-conflict process in Colombia, which shares many structural flaws with pre-conflict Syria, and explores how the methodology can be useful to identify and address these flaws for sustainable peace-building.

Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Formatos de contenido: Tesis

Temas:
Otros
Ciencias sociales

Imagen de apoyo de Street Capitalism: Informal Property Rights and their Enforcement in Bogota's On-Street Parking System

Por: Diego Laserna Arias | Fecha: 2016

This thesis explores how informal property rights are defined and enforced in the business of onstreet parking in Bogota. It establishes that informal businesses could not operate without such property rights and that the value of force has been underestimated in the scant literature devoted to the subject. To contribute to the construction of a currently non-existent informal property rights theory this thesis contrasts the research findings with traditional property rights theory and attempts to redefine classic property rights concepts to fit the context of the urban informal economy. Finally, the thesis explains how mafias can enforce informal property rights, the logic of their actions, and the dangers of their proliferation.

Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Formatos de contenido: Tesis

Temas:
Otros
Ciencias sociales