Abstract: Law 160 of 1994 in Colombia marks a point of transit between the sterile attempts for agrarian reform in the 20th century and a series of market-based land policies. However, this law also marks the end of a cycle of peasant mobilization, especially in border areas, and with it a partial recognition of the peasant settlers is achieved, through what the law named Peasant Reserve Zones (PRZ). These zones allow basically three main things to the inhabitants of frontier zones: the titling of the land that the settlers have transformed and that they informally possess, the closure of the agricultural frontier through a control of the amount of land that can be owned inside the zone, and the peasant governance of the zone. The peasant governance is manifested through processes of territorial ordering, in which the peasant associations that impulse each zone regulates the social and economic activities of it. The majority of the academic literature that has analyzed the PRZ in the last 25 years has focused its attention in particular zones treating them as case studies. Through these cases, this literature has presented the PRZ as a reaction of the peasant communities to the processes of capital accumulation and capital penetration in the Colombian countryside. Nevertheless, this literature has done this analysis without considering in depth the variation in the strategies the PRZ have used in developing a repertoire of contention against the implementation of land policies before the law 160 was issued and after it, and focusing mainly in the critical geography discussion of the dynamics of territorialization. Through a sociological and historical analysis, this paper offers an initial exploration of the dynamic process of formation of a repertoire of contention of the Colombian PRZ. This paper analyzes in a parallel way the formation of the Colombian state and the formation of a peasant social movement. It concludes arguing that the PRZ have developed two repertoires of contention through which they have at the same time resist and create the Colombian state, and 5 strategies that have enabled them a margin of maneuver between the two repertoires.

Abstract: Entrepreneurial Companies play a fundamental role in economic growth, the creation of employment, local and regional development, and social cohesion. Start-ups will not necessarily become the largest source for employment, but they are considered economic drivers that commercialize innovation, expand internationally and create economic value. With the recent increase in prominence of new entrepreneurial ventures all over the world, much attention has been devoted to the creation of new firms. Belgium consists of three main regions: Brussels, Flanders, and Wallonia. The breakdown of start-ups according to these regions is the following: Brussels: 31.5%, Flanders: 53.4%, and Wallonia: 15.1%. Note that Brussels, despite hosting only 11% of all active companies in Belgium, is doing exceptionally well regarding its share of start-ups and scaleups; almost 50% of all Belgian start-ups are concentrated in and around the cities of Brussels, Ghent, and Antwerp. It is no surprise that, being the largest cities of Belgium, students make up for a significant portion of the population. More than half of the companies are active in the following categories: eCommerce, Software as a Service (SaaS), consumer mobile/web applications, industrial technology/production, and education. Half of the companies are at the start-up stage (i.e. completion of MVP or initial customers/revenue). 22% is in the seed stage and 24% in growth stage - 85% of the companies are mainly in B2B. While the majority (55%) of entrepreneurs believe that their product or service is a novelty in the world, only 4% realizes that their product or service is not a market innovation. In addition to that, 23% of startups do not have employees (Mohout, 2016). The supplying side of the market for informal capital consists of high net-worth individuals with considerable business experience, commonly known as Business Angels (BAs). Business Angels invest a portion of their wealth in high-risk, high-return start-ups (Coveney & Moore, Business Angels: Securing Start-up Finance, 1998). While it is difficult to precisely quantify the size of the angel market (due to its informal nature), some studies estimate its size to be twice the size of the institutional venture capital market (Freear, Sohl, & Wetzel, 1995). This suggests that Business Angels provide the largest amount of capital among early-stage ventures and fund a greater number of firms than venture capitalists (VCs) do. After receiving a first investment from a Business Angel, start-ups face a new critical question: whether to raise new funding under the form of debt or equity and, in the case of equity, involving new Business Angels or migrating to Venture Capital. Literature suggests that these young enterprises more often than not receive funds from equity in the early stages. However, in the case of demand for more resources and having a BA as back up, the entrepreneur may appeal to traditional financing sources in order to maintain the ownership. Resumen: Las microempresas juegan un rol fundamental en el crecimiento económico de un país, la creación de nuevos empleos y el desarrollo local y regional. Start-ups no se convierten necesariamente en la mayor fuente de empleo pero si son considerados impulsadores económicos que comercializan innovación, se expanden internacionalmente y crean valor económico. Después de recibir una primera inversión de un Ángel Inversionista, Start-Ups tienen que enfrentar una nueva y critica pregunta: ¿es mejor conseguir nuevos fondos adquiriendo una deuda o nuevo capital proveniente de inversionistas y en caso de recurrir a inversionistas, conseguir un nuevo ángel inversionista o migrar a un fondo de inversión? La literatura sugiere que estas nuevas empresas a menudo reciben fondos de capital en las primeras etapas de inversión. Sin embargo, teniendo un Ángel inversionista como respaldo, el empresario puede optar por métodos de financiación más tradicionales con la intensión de mantener propia la empresa.

Abstract: The adequate provision of service delivery is essential for social welfare; however, providers performance varies, tending to underperform in developing countries. Therefore, whether providers responsiveness is sensitive to citizen oversight remains a relevant question for public governance. To this extent, Understanding the dynamics of accountability as a strategy to foster access, quality, and affordability of services delivery is vital to ensure development. This thesis establishes a quantitative assessment of the relationship between accountability and development. First, I systematically reviewed the empirical literature evaluating how accountability interventions affect service delivery in developing countries between 1990-2020, finding twenty-one papers from nine developing countries. Then, I conducted a meta-analysis based on an RVE model with over 90 outcomes to quantitatively synthesise the effectiveness of accountability in triggering citizen oversight of service delivery and providers responsiveness. The findings suggest that although accountability increases citizen knowledge of civic and political means to demand service delivery reforms, factors such as context, accountability structure and interventions length influence its effectiveness. While the results provide evidence to inform policy-making about aspects that effectively ignite citizen participation, they also suggest future research avenues to further conceptualise this relationship in an era of widely accessible information and new approaches to democracy.

Abstract: By analysing the Global Engineering Network Model in a particular case study of a company, in the Colombian shipbuilding industry, the aim in this dissertation is to compare the evolution of the company from the last five years, in regards to its value creation mechanisms, its capabilities and its organizational features. At the same time this will increasingly underline the importance of engineering management in relation to engineering value chain. The study of this shipbuilding company contributes as a comparative study in the field of operations management in an emerging economy. This study also seeks to clarify the effects of using a global network from the perspective of operations management, a study that is considered important not only as a contribution to academic knowledge but also to that of managers in the company, thereby contributing both to the overall research in this field and to current practice seeking for continuous improvement to effectively create and deliver value for customers and thus increase the overall competitiveness of the firm while emphasizing the development of the capabilities suggested within the Global Engineering Network framework. Resumen: Mediante el análisis del Modelo de Red Global de Ingeniería en un caso particular de estudio de una empresa, en la industria naval colombiana, el objetivo en esta disertación es comparar la evolución de la empresa de los últimos cinco años, en cuanto a sus mecanismos de creación de valor, sus capacidades y sus características organizacionales. Al mismo tiempo, se resaltará cada vez más la importancia de la gestión de la ingeniería en relación con la cadena de valor. El estudio de esta empresa de construcción naval contribuye como estudio comparativo en el ámbito de la gestión de operaciones en una economía emergente. Este estudio también pretende aclarar los efectos de la utilización de una red global desde la perspectiva de la gestión de operaciones, un estudio que se considera importante no sólo como contribución al conocimiento académico sino también al de los directivos de empresa, contribuyendo así tanto a la investigación global en este campo como a la práctica actual que busca la mejora continua para crear y ofrecer valor a los clientes de forma eficaz y aumentar así la competitividad global de la empresa, al tiempo que se hace hincapié en el desarrollo de las capacidades sugeridas en el marco de la red global de ingeniería.

Abstract: This study presents cross-country evidence indicating that the relationship between the size of the informal sector and tax rates is ambiguous. Motivated by this finding, a standard two-sector model is augmented with endogenous law enforcement, which depends on the size of the informal sector and government expenditure. Additionally, based on microdata from Colombia, taxes and law enforcement are necessary to match the observed size of the informal sector. Meanwhile, the dependence of law orcement on government expenditure creates a non-linearity in the form of a Laffer curve. Therefore, lowering tax rates would not necessarily reduce the size of the informal sector.

Resumen: Las iniciativas socialmente responsables son generadoras indiscutibles de un mayor nivel de sentido de pertenencia de los empleados como miembros de una organización. Este fenómeno, a su vez impulsa resultados favorables en los niveles individual, grupal, organizacional e incluso institucional. El presente estudio analiza la asociación existente entre responsabilidad social empresarial e identificación organizacional de los empleados, con el objetivo de ilustrar el sentidopráctico de dicho vínculo causal. Para ello, se parte de un proceso preliminar de análisis bibliométrico y tamizaje cualitativo, que selecciona las conclusiones de trabajos empíricos influyentes en la literatura relevante con respecto al tópico en cuestión. Como consecuencia, el estudio converge en un decálogo de implicaciones útiles para gerentes y profesionales de recursos humanos que, en el terreno, determina los alcances de dicha relación en el ambiente organizacional real. De esta manera, se permite el aprovechamiento de las contribuciones teóricas relevantes en el área de estudio particular, y lo pone a disposición de la práctica gerencial. Abstract: Socially responsible initiatives are undisputed generators of a higher level of sense of belonging of employees as members of an organization. This phenomenon, in turn, promotes favorable results at the individual, group, organizational and even institutional level. The present work analyzes the association between corporate social responsibility and organizational identification of employees. It also illustrates the practical sense of such causal association. To achieve this, the work starts from a preliminary process of bibliometric analysis and screening, which selects the conclusions of influential empirical works in the relevant literature regarding the topic at issue. As a consecuence, the work converge in a decalogue of valuable implications for managers and human resources professionals, wichf in the field determines the scope of the abovementioned phenomenon in a regular organizational environment. In this way, the work allows the use of relevant theoretical contributions in the particular area of study and puts it a disposal of the managerial practice.

Resumen: La imagen de una institución de educación superior (IES) es considerada como un elemento estratégico para proyectar y dar a conocer los valores, las acciones, y en últimas, la razón de ser de la entidad respectiva. Por ello, algunas instituciones educativas se han inclinado por adentrase en un proceso de transformación de imagen en aras de posicionarse de mejor manera y lograr proyectar a sus stakeholders lo que realmente se desea. El presente trabajo tiene como propósito desarrollar, de manera preliminar, una revision sistemática de literatura sobre el tema de imagen y transformación de imagen institucional, haciendo especial énfasis en IES. Igualmente, se incluyen algunos conceptos relevantes relacionados con el tópico estudiado, así como los puntos de vista de algunos autores especializados en el área de estudio. En ese orden de ideas, el trabajo pretende ser un referente teórico inicial para eventuales evaluaciones de cambio o fortalecimiento de imagen de IES o sus unidades institucionales. Adicionalmente, permite soportar otros mecanismos de valoración para posibilitar la toma de decisiones relacionadas con la medición y el cuidado de la imagen institucional. Abstract: The image of a higher education institution (HEI) is considered as a strategic element to project and publicize the values, actions, and ultimately, the reason for being of the respective entity. For this reason, some educational institutions have been inclined to enter into a process of image transformation in order to position themselves in a better way and manage to project what is really desired to their stakeholders. The purpose of this paper is to develop, in a preliminary way, a systematic review of the literature on the subject of image and transformation of institutional image, with special emphasis on HEIs. Likewise, some relevant concepts related to the topic studied are included, as well as the points of view of some authors specialized in the area of study. In that order of ideas, the work intends to be an initial theoretical reference for eventual evaluations of change or strengthening of the image of HEIs or their institutional units. Additionally, it supports other assessment mechanisms to enable decision-making related to the measurement and care of the institutional image.

Resumen: El teletrabajo puede ser considerado una innovación organizacional, que en la actualidad ha adquirido una gran notoriedad debido al crecimiento exponencial en su ritmo de implementación. Aunque estudios previos se han centrado en diferentes resultados del teletrabajo, su impacto sobre el comportamiento innovador es un tópico de reciente investigación. En este sentido, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar una revisión de literatura sobre el tópico del comportamiento innovador y el entorno del teletrabajo. Asimismo, se plantea la exploración y clasificación de los antecedentes del comportamiento innovador. Sus resultados dan cuenta de la pertinencia del tópico en mención, así como de las claras oportunidades que futuras investigaciones podrían aprovechar para ampliar el conocimiento existente. Abstract: Teleworking can be considered an organizational innovation, which has currently acquired great notoriety due to the exponential growth in its rate of implementation. Although previous studies have focused on different outcomes of telework, its impact on innovative behavior is a topic of recent research. In this sense, this paper aims to present a literature review on the topic of innovative behavior and the teleworking environment. Likewise, the exploration and classification of the antecedents of innovative behavior is proposed. Their results show the relevance of the topic in question, as well as the clear opportunities that future research could take advantage of to expand existing knowledge.

Abstract: Night work is one of the most recognized responsibilities of security personnel. Feeling vital is a necessary condition for assuring proper development of this function. Thus, the analysis of its effects on physical and mental conditions is a relevant resource for achieving adequate results at individual and organizational levels. Based on a ques- tionnaire applied to 184 private security guards in Colombia, this study examines the subjective vitality of the personnel working during night shifts and its association with self-perceptions regarding their physical and mental health. Additionally, it analyzes the interference that various demographic variables exert on these relationships. By using partial least squares structural equation modeling, the study found that subjec- tive vitality significantly affects night workers’ mental health more than their physical health. That is, subjective vitality among respondents explains 51% of the variability of mental health and 36% of the variability of physical health. A further significant effect of physical health on mental health was also evidenced, in which the former explains the 25% of the latter variability. When comparing results between genders, the study shows that the variability of mental health explained by subjective vitality among women is larger than among men (75% vs. 28%). These results are discussed in light of the theoretical aspects of organizational behavior and are grounded around their potential to address the phenomenon of human resource management in prac- tice. Practical implications include the need for organizational schemes that balance physical and mental health among night workers. Resumen: El trabajo nocturno es una de las responsabilidades más reconocidas del personal de seguridad. Sentirse vital es una condición necesaria para asegurar el correcto desarrollo de esta función. Así, el análisis de sus efectos sobre las condiciones físicas y psíquicas es un recurso relevante para lograr resultados adecuados a nivel individual y organizacional. A partir de un cuestionario aplicado a 184 guardias de seguridad privada en Colombia, este estudio examina la vitalidad subjetiva del personal que labora en turnos nocturnos y su asociación con las autopercepciones sobre su salud física y mental. Además, analiza la interferencia que sobre estas relaciones ejercen diversas variables demográficas. Mediante el uso de modelos de ecuaciones estructurales de mínimos cuadrados parciales, el estudio encontró que la vitalidad subjetiva afecta significativamente la salud mental de los trabajadores nocturnos más que su salud física. Es decir, la vitalidad subjetiva de los encuestados explica el 51% de la variabilidad de la salud mental y el 36% de la variabilidad de la salud física. También se evidenció otro efecto significativo de la salud física sobre la salud mental, en el que la primera explica el 25% de la variabilidad de la segunda. Al comparar los resultados entre géneros, el estudio muestra que la variabilidad de la salud mental explicada por la vitalidad subjetiva entre las mujeres es mayor que entre los hombres (75% vs. 28%). Estos resultados se discuten a la luz de los aspectos teóricos del comportamiento organizacional y se basan en su potencial para abordar el fenómeno de la gestión de recursos humanos en la práctica. Las implicaciones prácticas incluyen la necesidad de esquemas organizacionales que equilibren la salud física y mental entre los trabajadores nocturnos.

Abstract: Crises are socially constructed. Affected stakeholders of an organizational crisis conceive complex associa-tions between their perceptions of the implicated company’s response and about the company itself. The study moves away from a simple cause–effect view by deriving alternative configurations of these associa- tions. This approach allows for a better understanding of how stakeholders attribute responsibility for a critical event and the resulting crisis faced by the company that caused it. Using partial least squares struc- tural equation modeling and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, we analyze insights of 325 families affected by an environmental incident in 2018 involving Colombia’s largest company. We establish a cor- relation between stakeholders’ perceptions of crisis response timeliness and credibility. Accordingly, we expand on how perceptions affect organizational judgments. Finally, we propose that trustworthiness and reputation are antecedents to how organizational crisis response is perceived and how these antece- dents affect the degree of the severity of the company crisis. Resumen: Las crisis se construyen socialmente. Los stakeholders afectados por una crisis organizacional conciben asociaciones complejas entre sus percepciones sobre la respuesta de la empresa implicada y sobre la empresa misma. El estudio se aleja de una simple visión de causa y efecto al derivar configuraciones alternativas de estas asociaciones. Este enfoque permite una mejor comprensión de cómo las partes interesadas atribuyen la responsabilidad de un evento crítico y la crisis resultante que enfrenta la empresa que lo causó. Mediante el uso de un modelamiento de ecuaciones estructurales de mínimos cuadrados parciales y un análisis cualitativo comparado de conjuntos borrosos, el trabajo analiza las respuestas de 325 familias afectadas por un incidente ambiental en 2018 que involucró a la empresa más grande de Colombia. En tal sentido, el trabajo establece una correlación entre las percepciones de estos stakeholders con la oportunidad y la credibilidad de la respuesta a la crisis. En consecuencia, se amplía la forma en que las percepciones afectan los juicios organizacionales. Finalmente, el trabajo propone que la confiabilidad y la reputación son antecedentes de cómo se percibe la respuesta organizacional a una crisis y cómo estos antecedentes afectan el grado de severidad de una crisis de empresa.