La presente ley tiene por objeto dar mayor acceso a los servicios de voz yo datos de internet para todos los habitantes del pais en especial para aquellos que viven en localidades rutas o zonas aisladas y sin ningun costo asociado a traves del estab

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Contribución por Valorización is a form of value capture similar to Special Assessment, used in Colombia to complement Local revenues for major public infrastructure programs. SA’s continued use countrywide and its resulting technical evolution has, despite some shortcomings, made it a value capture practice that is internationally recognized as a noteworthy experience. Participación en Plusvalías is an instrument recently implemented to capture up to 50% of the increments on land values created by public actions, similar to betterment levies and unearned increment taxes. This newer, more complex form of value capture faces important implementation challenges, which need to be addressed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate both Special Assessment (SA) and Participation in Land Value Increments (PLVI), in order to understand what elements of the process of implementation and consolidation of SA, can inform a strategy to make PLVI a politically sustainable policy instrument. This study explores how local political economy has shaped and influenced the development of these two instruments, highlighting that despite their common conceptual origins, SA and PLVI are significantly different. Acknowledging these differences, the research unpacks the experience in Bogotá with SA and sheds light on alternate approaches for PLVI’s current managers to address the new instrument’s challenging implementation arena. The findings of the study suggest that for PLVI to evolve and consolidate as a policy instrument in Bogotá, strategic choices that reframe its management as a long term policy rather than a procedure, must be made. Complementary organizational strategies to enhance efficiency and to influence broader public support are amongst the valuable lessons from the experience with SA that underline the importance of a policy’s responsiveness to its implementation arena for its political sustainability. The evolution of PLVI in Bogotá is important, because it will strongly influence its debate in the rest of the country. For international scholars and decision makers, the comparative approach to understand the challenges this new chapter of the Colombian experience with value capture faces, can be useful to assess other policy environments; while the analysis of each instrument and its relation to the local political and legislative specificities, can be useful to temper these instrument’s understanding.

Este archivo contiene: 1) una discusión general respecto al problema de cuánto pescar maximizando el beneficio y disminuyendo el riesgo de colapso, abordada desde una mirada interdisciplinar y diversos campos científicos; 2) las conclusiones, tanto generales como específicas; 3) la lista bibliográfica, 4) el anexo, constituido por un poster presentado en la Conferencia Internacional de R (2013), y dos artículos de divulgación publicados en el 2014, y 5) los agradecimientos.

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En este capítulo se muestran claros indicios de que la disminución en la fuerza del chorro atlántico (corriente de agua con dirección Este, pasando por el Estrecho de Gibraltar) permite una mayor supervivencia de la anchoa en el mar de Alborán, en sus estadios más tempranos, aumentando así las probabilidades de un reclutamiento exitoso y, en consecuencia, un alto número de capturas. Texto tomado y adaptado de la “Introducción general” de esta tesis.

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Sparassodontans are a diverse but now extinct group of metatherians that were apex predators in South America during most of the Cenozoic. Studying their decline has been controversial mainly due to the scarcity of the fossil record, and different methodological approaches have led to contradictory hypotheses. In an effort to explore questions about their extinction, we developed a novel multi- model statistical approach to analyse all of the currently available data at a continental scale. Using multiple regression analysis and new advances in beta diversity analysis, we used all currently available fossil data at a continental scale to test four competing hypotheses to account for the decline of sparassodontans: competition with placental carnivorans, competition with avian phorusrhacids, non-competitive ecological interactions, and environmental fluctuations. Our results show that the sparassodontan extinction was a gradual process with species disappearing throughout the Cenozoic. Multiple regression analysis supported non-competitive ecological interactions as the best extinction model. Native South American ungulates, African migrants (caviomorph rodents and platyrrhine primates) and didelphimorphians were the groups with the highest statistical significance. Sparassodontan beta diversity increased between South American Land Mammal Ages after the Paleocene-Eocene boundary. Our results demonstrate that ecological modelling techniques illuminate aspects of extinction processes whilst mitigating the limitations of the fossil record. Our study suggests that non-competitive ecological interactions could have been the main driver for sparassodontan extinction rather than, as commonly assumed, a result of competition and/or abiotic fluctuations.

New World bats represent over one third of global bat species and encompass the widest adaptive radiation among bats. Modern bat diversity in the Americas resulted from a mixture of migrations and colonisations of different taxa throughout the Cenozoic. Traditionally, these taxa are conceived as either South or North American, based on the location of their centres of diversification. To better understand the spatial and temporal processes behind modern biogeographic patterns of New World bat fauna, we investigated phylogenetic diversity (PD) and endemism (PE) for 325 American bat species using distribution maps and a species-level phylogenetic supertree of bats. Randomisation tests were used to evaluate the statistical significance of our results, and to derive a categorical analysis of neo- and palaeo-endemism (CANAPE) to decon- struct significant endemism into its different components. PD and PE showed differ- ent patterns than those previously reported for New World bats based on traditional measures of diversity. We found multiple centres of significant endemism across the New World for most bat families, extending the hypothesis of dual centres of diversi- fication, previously proposed for Emballonuridae, Phyllostomidae and Mormoopidae, to Molossidae and Vespertilionidae. Our results indicate that Central America and southern North America played important roles in the diversification of New World bats, as did the Andes in the diversification of Vespertilionidae in South America.