Abstract: Floods are disastrous natural severe weather events that cause large damage worldwide each year, inducing loss of human lives, destruction of infrastructure and economical losses. Consequently, forecasting this type of events through hydrological modelling is of great importance from a civil protection point of view since it allows institutions to reduce the generated hydrological risk by means of early warning systems. Nevertheless, ungauged basins where there is lack of direct measurements of meteorological information to force the models is one encountered problematic affecting the forecasts. In the present study is evaluated the possibility of using meteorological predictions coming from MOLOCH model to force the FEST-WB hydrological model to perform discharge forecasting. This, under the hypothesis that the committed error of the prediction is negligible when using forecasts up to 24 h. The study is done in a well-known area such as the Seveso-Olona-Lambro river basins located in northern Italy. Thus, the main hydro-meteorological variables are analysed by carrying out a comparison between spatialized observed meteorological data coming from ARPA and meteonetwork weather stations and meteorological predictions. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis following the one-factor-at-time methodology is accomplished with the aim of defining which forcing mostly affects flowrate forecasts. It is shown that discreet correspondence of information with an underestimation trend – particularly for large values - is verified for discharge at hourly and daily scale, and that underestimation of precipitation - especially in summer - and overestimation of solar radiation are the main reasons of this. Hence, to improve the predictability when coupling the two models, some actions should be evaluated to enhance the correspondence of the meteorological forcings. Resumen: Las inundaciones son desastres naturales que causan una gran cantidad de daño alrededor del mundo cada año, induciendo pérdidas de vidas humanas, destrucción de infraestructura y pérdidas económicas. En consecuencia, la predicción de este tipo de eventos a través de modelos hidrológicos es de suma importancia desde el punto de vista de la protección civil ya que permite a las instituciones reducir el riesgo hidrológico creado, por medio de sistemas de alerta temprana. Sin embargo, cuencas hidrográficas sin instrumentación en las que existe una falta de mediciones directas de información meteorológica para inicializar los modelos, es una problemática encontrada que afecta a las predicciones. En el presente estudio se evalúa la posibilidad de usar predicciones meteorológicas obtenidas con el modelo MOLOCH para inicializar el modelo hidrológico FEST-WB y así realizar predicciones de caudal. Lo anterior se realiza hipotetizando que el error cometido en la predicción de caudal resulta ser insignificante cuando se utilizan predicciones meteorológicas hasta las primeras 24 h. El estudio se realiza en un área ampliamente estudiada como la cuenca de los ríos Seveso-Olona-Lambro localizados en el norte de Italia. De este modo, las principales variables hidro-meteorológicas son analizadas llevando a cabo una comparación entre información meteorológica observada y espacializada, obtenida a partir de las estaciones climáticas de ARPA y meteonetwork, y las predicciones meteorológicas. Adicionalmente, se efectúa un análisis de sensibilidad con la metodología “un factor a la vez” (one-factor-at-time) con el objetivo de definir cuál de las forzantes afecta mayoritariamente las predicciones de caudal. Se evidencia que para los caudales a escalas horaria y diaria existe una correspondencia de información discreta con una tendencia a la subestimación, particularmente para valores elevados, y que, la subestimación de la precipitación (especialmente en verano) y la sobreestimación de la radiación solar son las razones principales de este comportamiento. Por consiguiente, para mejorar la predictibilidad cuando se acoplan los dos modelos mencionados, acciones adicionales deben ser evaluadas para realzar la correspondencia de las forzantes meteorológicas.

Abstract: This paper investigates the combined failure mode of the Extended Hollo-Bolt (EHB) and the effect of the column thickness on the tensile behaviour of the blind fastener. A three-dimensional Finite Element (FE) model was developed, validated against experimental data and used in a parametric study. The non-linear numerical model, which simulates a single row of two EHB in tension, presents reliable results of the column and bolt failure modes in agreement with experimental data. It is concluded that the failure mode is first controlled by the plastic resistance of the component limited by concrete the bolt. An analytical model which predicts the global force-displacement relationships when varying the column thickness is proposed. Therefore, the stiffness and the strength behaviours of this combined mode of failure for the studied blind fastener can be estimated. Resumen: Este artículo investiga el modo de falla combinado del Extended Hollo-Bolt (EHB) y el efecto del espesor de la columna en el comportamiento de tracción del tornillo ciego. Se desarrolló un modelo tridimensional de elementos finitos (FE), que se validó con datos experimentales y se utilizó en un estudio paramétrico. El modelo numérico no lineal, que simula una sola fila de dos EHBs en tensión, presenta resultados confiables de los modos de falla de la columna y el tornillo de acuerdo con los datos experimentales. Se concluye que el modo de falla se controla primero por la resistencia plástica del componente limitada por la falla del concreto junto con la deformación de la sección tubular de acero; luego es controlado por las propiedades del tornillo. Se propone un modelo analítico que predice la relación fuerza-desplazamiento global cuando se varía el espesor de la columna. Por lo tanto, se pueden estimar los comportamientos de rigidez y resistencia de este modo combinado de falla para el tornillo ciego estudiado.

Abstract: Using the theoretical-methodological perspective based on experience frameworks, this paper aims at analyzing and understanding the way in which organizations communicate aspects that are related to occupational safety and health. In this sense, we carry out an analysis of the narratives related to this topic and propose a diagnosis mechanism to subjectively measure the burden of the regulatory, strategic, and moral frameworks of these narratives. A panel of Latin American experts applied a three-round Delphi analysis on five case studies in Colombia to illustrate how this mechanism works. In addition to the use of a robust research paradigm, this work contributes by proposing a scheme capable of presenting the motivations and interests of occupational safety and health professionals in perspective, finding imbalances in the way relevant information is transmitted through official messages and channels. Therefore, its use is susceptible to study in this and other areas of knowledge of the organizational discipline, and its adoption could be worthwhile in order to generate more and better knowledge in this regard. Resumen: Haciendo uso de la perspectiva teórico-metodológica basada en los marcos de la experiencia, el presente trabajo tiene como propósito analizar y entender la forma en la que, usualmente, se comunican los aspectos relacionados con la seguridad y la salud en el trabajo en el contexto organizacional. En este sentido, se despliega un análisis sobre las narrativas propias de esta temática y se propone un mecanismo de diagnóstico para medir subjetivamente la carga de los marcos reglamentario, estratégico y moral de dichas narrativas. Un análisis Delphi de tres rondas aplicado por un panel de expertos latinoamericanos sobre cinco casos de estudio en Colombia ilustra la manera en la que el mecanismo en mención puede funcionar. Adicional al uso de un paradigma investigativo robusto, el trabajo contribuye, toda vez que propone un esquema capaz de exponer en perspectiva, las motivaciones y los intereses de los profesionales de la seguridad y salud en el trabajo, encontrando desequilibrios en cuanto a la forma de transmitir información relevante por medio de mensajes y canales oficiales. Por tanto, su uso es susceptible de estudio en esta y otras áreas del conocimiento de la disciplina organizacional, y su adopción podría valer la pena en aras de generar más y mejor conocimiento al respecto.

Abstract: The present work studies the engagement of prosocial behavior as an antecedent of affective commitment within for-profit organizations. In order to accomplish this, the work focuses on the role of positive feelings. It tests a partial least square-structural equation model using a cross-sectional survey of 144 professional employees from several Colombian industries. Results obtained show that prosocial behavior is associated with affective commitment, but only with the intervention of meaningfulness at work. These associations provide insight into professional employees’ attitudes towards the search for intrinsic motivation and engagement in for-profit organizational environments. Further implications revolve around the justification for working on practices that not only found and foster prosocial behavior in the workplace but also promote skill variety, task identity, and task meaningfulness to obtain adequate levels of engagement and commitment. Finally, since most studies have been conducted in developed countries, this study also contributes to a better understanding of the topic in previously unexplored contexts. In this case, a Latin American emerging economy, like Colombia. Resumen: El presente trabajo estudia el comportamiento prosocial como un antecedente, tanto del trabajo significativo como del compromiso afectivo en el contexto de las organizaciones con fines de lucro. Para ello, el trabajo se enfoca en el papel de los sentimientos positivos y prueba un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales basado en mínimos cuadrados parciales, a partir de la aplicación transversal de un instrumento a 144 empleados profesionales de varias industrias en Colombia. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el comportamiento prosocial está asociado con el compromiso afectivo, pero solo gracias la intervención de la experiencia de tener un trabajo significativo. Estas asociaciones proporcionan conocimiento sobre las actitudes de los empleados profesionales hacia la búsqueda de la motivación intrínseca y la participación en entornos organizacionales con fines de lucro. Las implicaciones giran en torno a la justificación para trabajar en prácticas gerenciales que no solo encuentran y fomentan el comportamiento prosocial en el lugar de trabajo, sino que también promuevan la variedad de habilidades, la identidad de la tarea y la significancia de la tarea para obtener niveles adecuados de responsabilidad y compromiso. Finalmente, dado que la mayoría de los estudios se han realizado en países desarrollados, este estudio también contribuye a una mejor comprensión del tema en contextos previamente inexplorados; en este caso, una economía en vías de desarrollo, como la colombiana.

Abstract: Botulism is caused by a potent neurotoxin that blocks neuromuscular transmission, resulting in death by asphyxiation. Currently, the therapeutic options are limited and there is no antidote. Here, we harness the structural and trafficking properties of an atoxic derivative of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) to transport a function-blocking single-domain antibody into the neuronal cytosol where it can inhibit BoNT serotype A (BoNT/A1) molecular toxicity. Post-symptomatic treatment relieved toxic signs of botulism and rescued mice, guinea pigs, and nonhuman primates after lethal BoNT/A1 challenge. This platform might enable delivery of antibodies and other protein-based therapeutics to previously inaccessible intraneuronal targets. Resumen: El botulismo es causado por una potente neurotoxina que bloquea la transmisión neuromuscular, provocando la muerte por asfixiamiento. Actualmente, las opciones de tratamiento son limitadas y no existe un antídoto. En este artículo aprovechamos las propiedades estructurales y de tráfico neuronal de un derivado atóxico de la neurotoxina botulínica (BoNT) para transportar un anticuerpo que bloquea la función al citosol neuronal, donde puede inhibir la toxicidad molecular del serotipo A de la BoNT (BoNT /A1). El tratamiento post-sintomático alivió los signos tóxicos del botulismo y rescató de la muerte a ratones, conejillos de indias y primates no humanos después de la exposición letal a BoNT / A1. Esta plataforma podría permitir la administración de anticuerpos y otros terapéuticos basados en proteínas a blancos intraneuronales que previamente eran inaccesibles.

Abstract: The use of phytoextraction plant species to accumulate soil metals into harvestable plant parts is a method used for managing soils with high cadmium (Cd). We evaluated three Cd accumulating species recently recommended for such use in cacao farms where Cd removal is needed to maintain markets: Helianthus annuus (sunflower), Brassica napus (rapeseed), and Chyrsopogon zizanioides (vetiver). Plants were grown in two greenhouse pot experiments with different Cd-spiked growth media: (sand plus perlite) and a natural soil. Plant total Cd and Cd uptake in shoot biomass of all species, across both experiments, increased linearly with increasing amounts of added Cd. Rapeseed had the highest plant total Cd and sunflower had the highest Cd uptake in shoot biomass. The highest application of Cd corresponded to the highest plant total Cd and shoot biomass Cd uptake, regardless of species. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) for each species increased in a curvilinear manner with added Cd, with maximum BCF values for plants grown in the sand and perlite matrix at 2.5 mg kg-1 added Cd and in the natural soil at 5.0 mg kg-1 added Cd. We conclude that the Cd uptake (shoot biomass only) capability of the three species examined is greatest for sunflower given its increased uptake with Cd additions, its BCF value > 1, and lack of observed visual Cd toxicity symptoms, fungus and insect damage. Although these species had BCF >1, the potential annual removal of Cd would have been too small to support a meaningful phytoextraction practice. Resumen: El uso de especies de plantas de fitoextracción para acumular metales del suelo en partes de plantas cosechables es un método utilizado para manejar suelos con alto contenido de cadmio (Cd). Evaluamos tres especies acumuladoras de Cd recomendadas recientemente para tal uso en fincas de cacao donde se necesita remoción de Cd para mantener los mercados: Helianthus annuus (girasol), Brassica napus (colza) y Chyrsopogon zizanioides (vetiver). Las plantas se cultivaron en dos experimentos en macetas de invernadero con diferentes medios de crecimiento enriquecidos con Cd: (arena más perlita) y un suelo natural. La absorción total de Cd y Cd de la planta en la biomasa de brotes de todas las especies, en ambos experimentos, aumentó linealmente con cantidades crecientes de Cd agregado. La colza tuvo el mayor Cd total de la planta y el girasol tuvo la mayor absorción de Cd en la biomasa de los brotes. La mayor aplicación de Cd correspondió a la mayor absorción de Cd total de la planta y de la biomasa de brotes, independientemente de la especie. El factor de bioconcentración (FBC) para cada especie aumentó de manera curvilínea con Cd agregado, con valores máximos de FBC para plantas cultivadas en la matriz de arena y perlita a 2.5 mg kg-1 de Cd agregado y en el suelo natural a 5.0 mg kg-1 añadido Cd. Concluimos que la capacidad de absorción de Cd (solo biomasa de brotes) de las tres especies examinadas es mayor para el girasol debido a su mayor absorción con adiciones de Cd, su valor de FBC> 1 y la falta de síntomas de toxicidad visual de Cd, hongos e insectos observados. Aunque estas especies tenían FBC> 1, la posible eliminación anual de Cd habría sido demasiado pequeña para sustentar una práctica de fitoextracción significativa.

Abstract: This paper examines how the development of digital infrastructure shapes organizations. Drawing on four case studies across the global payment infrastructure, we explain the development of digital infrastructure and organization as taking place through three causal development mechanisms—namely, architectural, institutional, and functional. Each mechanism reveals a distinct development path of digital infrastructure based on the shaping of structure, the shaping of behavior, and the shaping of services. Furthermore, we outline how each development path is mediated by the other two mechanisms and propose six consequent propositions. The contribution of the study lies in presenting a conceivable explanation for the nested evolutionary paths in the development of digital infrastructure and organization.

Abstract: Floods are disastrous natural severe weather events that cause large damage worldwide each year, inducing loss of human lives, destruction of infrastructure and economical losses. Consequently, forecasting this type of events through hydrological modelling is of great importance from a civil protection point of view since it allows institutions to reduce the generated hydrological risk by means of early warning systems. Nevertheless, ungauged basins where there is lack of direct measurements of meteorological information to force the models is one encountered problematic affecting the forecasts. In the present study is evaluated the possibility of using meteorological predictions coming from MOLOCH model to force the FEST-WB hydrological model to perform discharge forecasting. This, under the hypothesis that the committed error of the prediction is negligible when using forecasts up to 24 h. The study is done in a well-known area such as the Seveso-Olona-Lambro river basins located in northern Italy. Thus, the main hydro-meteorological variables are analysed by carrying out a comparison between spatialized observed meteorological data coming from ARPA and meteonetwork weather stations and meteorological predictions. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis following the one-factor-at-time methodology is accomplished with the aim of defining which forcing mostly affects flowrate forecasts. It is shown that discreet correspondence of information with an underestimation trend – particularly for large values - is verified for discharge at hourly and daily scale, and that underestimation of precipitation - especially in summer - and overestimation of solar radiation are the main reasons of this. Hence, to improve the predictability when coupling the two models, some actions should be evaluated to enhance the correspondence of the meteorological forcings. Resumen: Las inundaciones son desastres naturales que causan una gran cantidad de daño alrededor del mundo cada año, induciendo pérdidas de vidas humanas, destrucción de infraestructura y pérdidas económicas. En consecuencia, la predicción de este tipo de eventos a través de modelos hidrológicos es de suma importancia desde el punto de vista de la protección civil ya que permite a las instituciones reducir el riesgo hidrológico creado, por medio de sistemas de alerta temprana. Sin embargo, cuencas hidrográficas sin instrumentación en las que existe una falta de mediciones directas de información meteorológica para inicializar los modelos, es una problemática encontrada que afecta a las predicciones. En el presente estudio se evalúa la posibilidad de usar predicciones meteorológicas obtenidas con el modelo MOLOCH para inicializar el modelo hidrológico FEST-WB y así realizar predicciones de caudal. Lo anterior se realiza hipotetizando que el error cometido en la predicción de caudal resulta ser insignificante cuando se utilizan predicciones meteorológicas hasta las primeras 24 h. El estudio se realiza en un área ampliamente estudiada como la cuenca de los ríos Seveso-Olona-Lambro localizados en el norte de Italia. De este modo, las principales variables hidro-meteorológicas son analizadas llevando a cabo una comparación entre información meteorológica observada y espacializada, obtenida a partir de las estaciones climáticas de ARPA y meteonetwork, y las predicciones meteorológicas. Adicionalmente, se efectúa un análisis de sensibilidad con la metodología “un factor a la vez” (one-factor-at-time) con el objetivo de definir cuál de las forzantes afecta mayoritariamente las predicciones de caudal. Se evidencia que para los caudales a escalas horaria y diaria existe una correspondencia de información discreta con una tendencia a la subestimación, particularmente para valores elevados, y que, la subestimación de la precipitación (especialmente en verano) y la sobreestimación de la radiación solar son las razones principales de este comportamiento. Por consiguiente, para mejorar la predictibilidad cuando se acoplan los dos modelos mencionados, acciones adicionales deben ser evaluadas para realzar la correspondencia de las forzantes meteorológicas.

Abstract: Water is considered a cross-cutting resource for all the ecosystem services (ES) types, namely: for the provision of drinking water and food; regulation through flood control; guarantee of a suitable habitat for fauna and flora; and inspiration for many cultures and their intangible heritage around the planet. The evaluation of water ecosystem services has drawn much attention both in the political arena and the scientific community. Still, there is not a consensus in the approach of evaluating them. Recent notions suggest that the study of ES cannot be assessed from a single discourse but through comprehensive frameworks. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis was to evaluate the water provision as an ecosystem service of the Conservation Area of Guanacaste (ACG, for its acronym in Spanish) by adapting an Ecosystem Services (ES)-based approach with four core elements: (1) effects on human well-being, (2) bio-physical underpinning of service delivery, (3) transdisciplinarity, and (4) assessment of services for decision-making. I have deepened in core element two by assessing all the physically-based processes involved in the hydrologic cycle, which generates the quantity of water available for the study region. As a result, here I present the first calibrated and validated Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for the entire ACG, including the land use and cover change (LUCC) impact on water availability. I tested seven different climatic and geospatial information resources to establish the best input data to build the SWAT model. The model showed excellent performance for both the calibration period (r2 = 0.81, NSE = 0.75, and br2 = 0.80) and validation period (r2 = 0.85, NSE = 0.82, and br2 = 0.85). I have found that the ACG has a high potential for the provision of water as an ecosystem service. I also identified the spatial and temporal patterns and changes in the water availability in this region between 1980 - 2019. I deepened in the vegetation-water dynamic understanding by evaluating the land use cover change (LUCC), finding that the recovery of forests, and decrease in grasslands and agricultural territories have a positive effect on the water availability also associated with exceptional events in Costa Rica’s history that put in place the conditions for the recovery of natural resources. I also demonstrated the advantages of using spatially explicit and physically-based models, such as SWAT, to quantify water provision as an ecosystem service. Finally, this work complements the baseline for future applications of ES-based approaches in this region.

Abstract: Mixed microbial cultures have become a preferred choice of biocatalyst for chain elongation systems due to their ability to convert complex substrates into medium chain carboxylates. However, the complexity of the effects of process parameters on the microbial metabolic networks is a drawback that makes the task of optimizing product selectivity challenging. Here, we studied the effects of small air contaminations on the microbial community dynamics and the product formation in anaerobic bioreactors fed with lactate, acetate and H2/CO2. Two stirred tank reactors and two bubble column reactors were operated with H2/CO2 gas recirculation for 139 and 116 days, respectively, at pH 6.0 and 32°C with a hydraulic retention time of 14 days. One reactor of each type had periods with air contamination (between 97 ± 28 and 474 ± 33 mL O2 L−1 d−1, lasting from 4 to 32 days), while the control reactors were kept anoxic. During air contamination, production of n-caproate and CH4 was strongly inhibited, whereas no clear effect on nbutyrate production was observed. In a period with detectable O2 concentrations that went up to 18%, facultative anaerobes of the genus Rummeliibacillus became predominant and only n-butyrate was produced. However, at low air contamination rates and with O2 below the detection level, Coriobacteriia and Actinobacteria gained a competitive advantage over Clostridia and Methanobacteria, and propionate production rates increased to 0.8–1.8 mmol L−1 d−1 depending on the reactor (control reactors 0.1–0.8 mmol L−1 d−1). Moreover, i-butyrate production was observed, but only when Methanobacteria abundances were low and, consequently, H2 availability was high. After air contamination stopped completely, production of n-caproate and CH4 recovered, with n-caproate production rates of 1.4–1.8 mmol L−1 d−1 (control 0.7–2.1 mmol L−1 d−1). The results underline the importance of keeping strictly anaerobic conditions in fermenters when consistent n-caproate production is the goal. Beyond that, micro-aeration should be further tested as a controllable process parameter to shape the reactor microbiome. When odd-chain carboxylates are desired, further studies can develop strategies for their targeted production by applying micro-aerobic conditions.