Abstract: In recent years, a number of prominent Husserl scholars have taken a renewed interest in the contributions that Edmund Husserl made to the theories of self-identity and personhood throughout his oeuvre. Several of these theories have engaged with the problem from subjectivist points of view, framing the problem in a manner that only considers subjective conditions for the constitution of the personal identity. These methodological choices have meant insufficient research of the roles that sociality and ethics play in the constitution of the notions of person, as well as of the co-constitutional character of personalities of different orders, i.e., individual persons and communal persons. In this paper, I start from drawing on the scholarly developments of the phenomenological structures of personality. By focusing on the notion of active position-taking I then situate the subject in its concrete environment, as a subject for its surrounding world and develop this account to understand what the contributions that ethical position-takings make to the constitution of the personal identity are. Finally, I introduce the notions of the alter-Ego and empathy to flesh out the characteristics of the engagement to the surrounding world and the Egoic ethical striving within a surrounding world that is share with others. I conclude that by virtue of its positional relation to the common surrounding world, the personal identity of the Ego is always undergoing alter-Egoic influences that call for its modification. And that, at the same time, in this world-relation the Ego sets certain ethical goals for itself that lead them to accept or reject these influences and to exercise influence of its own in its social and communal surroundings. Resumen: En los últimos años, varios destacados estudiosos de Husserl han mostrado un renovado interés en las contribuciones que Edmund Husserl hizo a las teorías de la identidad y la personalidad a lo largo de su obra. Varias de estas teorías han abordado el problema desde puntos de vista subjetivos, enmarcando la cuestión de una manera que solo considera las condiciones subjetivas para la constitución de la identidad personal. Estas elecciones metodológicas han significado una investigación insuficiente de los roles que desempeñan la sociabilidad y la ética en la constitución de las nociones de persona, así como del carácter co-constitutivo de las personalidades de diferentes órdenes, es decir, personas individuales y personas comunitarias. En este artículo, parto de aprovechar los desarrollos académicos de las estructuras fenomenológicas de la personalidad. Al centrarme en la noción de toma activa de posición, sitúo luego al sujeto en su entorno concreto, como un sujeto para su mundo circundante, y desarrollo este enfoque para comprender cuáles son las contribuciones que las tomas éticas de posición hacen a la constitución de la identidad personal. Finalmente, introduzco las nociones del alter-ego y la empatía para detallar las características del compromiso con el mundo circundante y el esfuerzo ético del ego dentro de un mundo circundante compartido con otros. Concluyo que, en virtud de su relación posicional con el mundo circundante común, la identidad personal del ego siempre está siendo influenciada por alteregos que llaman a su modificación. Y que, al mismo tiempo, en esta relación con el mundo, el ego establece ciertos objetivos éticos para sí mismo que lo llevan a aceptar o rechazar estas influencias y a ejercer su propia influencia en sus entornos sociales y comunitarios.

Abstract: The thesis analyzes the legal framework of foreign investment, the electricity market, the required environmental and community permits for energy generation projects and the legal incentives and challenges of wind energy projects in Colombia. The aim of the paper is to provide a clear legal framework for anyone wishing to invest in renewable wind energy projects in Colombia. It also analyzes some decisions taken by recent administrations and challenges their effectiveness in facilitating an energy transition to renewable energies.

Abstract: By analysing the Global Engineering Network Model in a particular case study of a company, in the Colombian shipbuilding industry, the aim in this dissertation is to compare the evolution of the company from the last five years, in regards to its value creation mechanisms, its capabilities and its organizational features. At the same time this will increasingly underline the importance of engineering management in relation to engineering value chain. The study of this shipbuilding company contributes as a comparative study in the field of operations management in an emerging economy. This study also seeks to clarify the effects of using a global network from the perspective of operations management, a study that is considered important not only as a contribution to academic knowledge but also to that of managers in the company, thereby contributing both to the overall research in this field and to current practice seeking for continuous improvement to effectively create and deliver value for customers and thus increase the overall competitiveness of the firm while emphasizing the development of the capabilities suggested within the Global Engineering Network framework. Resumen: Mediante el análisis del Modelo de Red Global de Ingeniería en un caso particular de estudio de una empresa, en la industria naval colombiana, el objetivo en esta disertación es comparar la evolución de la empresa de los últimos cinco años, en cuanto a sus mecanismos de creación de valor, sus capacidades y sus características organizacionales. Al mismo tiempo, se resaltará cada vez más la importancia de la gestión de la ingeniería en relación con la cadena de valor. El estudio de esta empresa de construcción naval contribuye como estudio comparativo en el ámbito de la gestión de operaciones en una economía emergente. Este estudio también pretende aclarar los efectos de la utilización de una red global desde la perspectiva de la gestión de operaciones, un estudio que se considera importante no sólo como contribución al conocimiento académico sino también al de los directivos de empresa, contribuyendo así tanto a la investigación global en este campo como a la práctica actual que busca la mejora continua para crear y ofrecer valor a los clientes de forma eficaz y aumentar así la competitividad global de la empresa, al tiempo que se hace hincapié en el desarrollo de las capacidades sugeridas en el marco de la red global de ingeniería.

Abstract: Reconciliation is a phenomenon explored in the recent literature on conflict and postconflict and in public policies in several ways. However, there is no agreement about the factors that create better conditions for reconciliation. Therefore, this research seeks to explore how different state and non-state actors affect the subnational dynamics that allow the creation of conditions for reconciliation, providing evidence from Colombia. In this post-conflict country, the analysis of those conditions is very relevant. The dissertation contains three chapters analysing the factors and conditions that shape reconciliation, providing quantitative and qualitative evidence. The second chapter analyses the relations between foreign aid and the creation of conditions for reconciliation by exploring the European Union interventions and their effect on the local conditions for reconciliation at the subnational level in Colombia, observing differences in the victimisation levels behaviour between the municipalities intervened and not intervened by the European Union. This chapter concludes by finding that municipalities intervened by the European Union show lower levels of victimisation than municipalities that did not intervene, creating better conditions for reconciliation when fostering community capacity building. The third chapter analyses the relations between armed actors’ repertoires and the likelihood of victim mobilisation for reconciliation, finding that victims are more likely to mobilise for reconciliation when armed actors attack civilians rather than official targets. This is because the first repertoire has a positive effect on social cohesion. The final chapter assesses beneficiaries’ satisfaction with foreign aid interventions for peacebuilding and reconciliation, finding that top-down approaches perform better long-term results and the highest level of satisfaction because it promotes recognition and community integration. The research concludes by stating the main findings, the discussion of the research and its methodological implications, the respective policy implications, as well as the limitations and suggestions for future research derived from the research findings and limitations.

Abstract: The drinking water catchment of the city of Görlitz has been broadly studied to evaluate and predict its behavior in response to evolving challenges. For that reason, after reviewing existing groundwater flow models and identifying certain relevant deficiencies, it became essential to develop a reliable teady-state groundwater flow model for the periods spanning 2013 to 2017 and 2018 to 2020, enhancing the model’s hydrogeological characterization using bore-hole data analysis. These updates included the comprehensive review of the hydrogeological conceptual model, the modification of boundary conditions considering new available data from real observations of water levels, the calculation of natural recharge per land uses with a water balance approach and water table fluctuation method, the valuation of the artificial re-charge values using three different estimation rates based on previous studies, the assignation of corresponding pumping rates per period and the calculation of the river conductance parameters using Frisch (2023) methodology. Additionally, the involvement of the development of a script-based pre- and post-processing approach facilitated both model automation and model calibration using PEST. Subsequently, an assessment of parameter sensitivity was conducted to verify the changes in the general performance of the model regarding the variation of parameters. The newly developed groundwater flow model was calibrated for the time period from 2013 to 2017 and it provides a sum of squared error of 70.7 with 40 observations and a water budget of 12837.435 m3/d as total input and 12837.369 m3/d as total output, while the calibrated model performed for the time period from 2018 to 2020 a sum of squared error of 136.13 with 43 observations and a water budget of 16859.28 m3/d as input and 16861.87 m3/d as output. In both cases, the most important influx source was the west boundary followed by the river leakage and recharge. As a result of the parameter sensitivity assessment, the hydraulic conductivities emerged as the most sensitive to the model performance, followed by the natural recharge rates, artificial recharge, and river leakage. Descripción: La cuenca de captación de agua potable de la ciudad de Görlitz ha sido ampliamente estudiada para evaluar y predecir su comportamiento en respuesta a los desafíos cambiantes. Por esa razón, después de revisar los modelos de flujo de agua subterránea existentes e identificar ciertas deficiencias relevantes, se volvió esencial desarrollar un modelo confiable de flujo de agua subterránea en estado estacionario para los períodos que abarcan 2013 a 2017 y 2018 a 2020, mejorando la caracterización hidrogeológica del modelo mediante el análisis de datos de pozos. Estas actualizaciones incluyeron la revisión integral del modelo conceptual hidrogeológico, la modificación de las condiciones de contorno considerando nuevos datos disponibles a partir de observaciones reales de niveles de agua, el cálculo de la recarga natural por usos del suelo con un enfoque de balance hídrico y método de fluctuación del nivel freático, la valoración de los valores de recarga artificial utilizando tres tasas de estimación diferentes basadas en estudios previos, la asignación de tasas de bombeo correspondientes por período y el cálculo de los parámetros de conductancia del río utilizando la metodología de Frisch (2023). Además, la participación del desarrollo de un enfoque de preprocesamiento y posprocesamiento basado en scripts facilitó tanto la automatización como la calibración del modelo utilizando PEST. Posteriormente, se realizó una evaluación de la sensibilidad de los parámetros para verificar los cambios del desempeño general del modelo con respecto a la variación de los parámetros. El modelo de flujo de agua subterránea recientemente desarrollado se calibró para el período de 2013 a 2017 y proporciona una suma de error al cuadrado de 70,7 con 40 observaciones y un balance de agua de 12837,435 m3/d como entrada total y 12837,369 m3/d como salida total. mientras que el modelo calibrado realizó para el periodo de tiempo 2018 a 2020 una suma de error cuadrático de 136,13 con 43 observaciones y un balance hídrico de 16859,28 m3/d como entrada y 16861,87 m3/d como salida. En ambos casos, la fuente de afluencia más importante fue el límite oeste seguido por la fuga y recarga del río. Como resultado de la evaluación de sensibilidad de los parámetros, las conductividades hidráulicas emergieron como las más sensibles al desempeño del modelo, seguidas por las tasas de recarga natural, la recarga artificial y las fugas de ríos.

Abstract: The standard IEC 61400-1, v.4.0 proposes at appendix J a method to determine the probability of extreme winds, based on the simulation of artificial cyclones and the theory of gradient wind. This method considers marginal statistical distributions for 5 main descriptors of cyclones (pressure depth, radius of maximum wind speed, translation speed, angle to the point of reference and mini-mum distance), a “modified orthogonal decomposition” to generate artificial cyclones and its own formulas to determine surface wind, cumulative probabilities and annual maximum surface wind. This research pursued to implement and to validate the standard at North West Pacific. Due to the difficulty and highly empirical elements of IEC 61400-1, v.4.0, it was required to modify it and include in the model other inputs such as well known statistical distributions after testing them, Nataf trans-formation (ERANataf) to generate artificial cyclones and empirical cumulative distribution functions to determine the probability of annual maximum surface wind. For the verification and validation, the results of 9 locations distributed in South Korea, Japan, HongKong and Taiwan were compared with the database of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center and theRSMC-Tokyo. The implementation of this research underestimated surface wind in all the locations.Simultaneously, the greatest contribution of input variables to sensitivity was more frequent from super index B of Holland. It would be desirable to continue validating this standard (that is presumed to have a global application), to understand the challenges of its theory during the computation of surface wind from gradient wind and to overcome the issues of its implementation.

Abstract: The present research project is about the case study of the informal tannery industry settled in the Bogotá River’s upper basin. These tanneries use great volumes of water, and have poured chromium, chloride, sulphide, and tannin into the River for more than thirty years. There are several conditions that have hindered the implementation of policies to tackle the pollution problem of the tanneries on the Bogotá River. The claim of this research project is that the technical strategies applied to solve the River’s environmental problems, such as treatment plants or pipe systems, are not sufficient. It is fundamental to include, just as critically, the social, economic, and political dimensions, and to understand and involve all stakeholders. Additionally, the River should be treated under a regional perspective, because to date the political and institutional division has caused a fragmented and disarticulated approach. Previous efforts from various government levels to solve the tanneries pollution problems include planning projects designed by the Cundinamarca Department, land-use policies issued by the towns of Villapinzón and Chocontá, and various environmental laws emitted by the regional environmental authority Corporación Autónoma Regional de Cundinamarca CAR. Due to the inefficacy of the mentioned attempts to address the environmental problem of the tanneries, last March 2014, the Colombian Council of State emitted a sentence that aimed to finalize this long struggle. The sentence ordered to undertake all necessary actions to recuperate the River in the term of the next thirty years, with an assigned $3-billion-USD budget. It also ordered the relocation of the tannery industries of Villapinzón and Chocontá to an eco-park. The goal of the present study is not only to illustrate the conflict, the events, and the stakeholders involved in the tannery problem, but also to analyze the eco-park policy to relocate the tanneries. The present study was developed from June to December 2014, through field research that included visits and interviews with tanners, representatives of regional and local government agencies, the academia, and an international agency. A series of photographs, which were also part of the fieldwork, complements the study. The photo essay intends to build a storytelling to help the reader visualize the larger landscape, tannery, and stakeholder contexts in which the case study has unfolded. The present study is developed in sections where it is explained the physical context of the River and its environmental problems, the stakeholders involved in the tannery problem, the power structures and interests that have shaped the decisions made, the historical background of the conflict, the analysis of the eco-park, as well as its advantages and disadvantages, and finally, the conclusion presents perspectives and recommendations to implement along with the future eco-park.

Abstract: Innovation is an essential asset in an ever-changing world. Commercial brands that used to focus solely on profit are increasingly facing criticism from different parts of society to the point of risking their sustainability and space in the future. Pro-social and impact-driven brands are rising, and such is the literature about business models navigating new kinds of 'enlightened' free-market strategies. Since museums have experienced -and still are- a similar change, they can be considered experts in navigating social and cultural impact matters. Through the methodology of cross-industry innovation, one sector can learn from another to disrupt the status quo and achieve valuable paradigm shifts. This article reviews the literature on the change of brands and museums towards the social, laying the foundations for an interesting dialogue between two apparent opposite creative sectors, comercial and cultural, profit-driven and non-profit social institutions.

Abstract: Objective: To describe the prevalence pattern of anemia among Indigenous children in Latin America. Methods: PRISMA guidelines were followed. Records were identified from the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, and Lilacs by two independent researchers between May and June 2021. Studies were included if the following criteria were met: a) studied Indigenous people b) was about children (from 0 to 12 years old); c) reported a prevalence estimate of anemia; d) had been conducted in any of the countries of Latin America; e) was published either in English, Portuguese, or Spanish; f) is a peer-reviewed article; and g) was published at any date. Results: Out of 2,401 unique records retrieved, 42 articles met the inclusion criteria. A total of 39 different Indigenous communities were analyzed in the articles, and in 21 of them (54.0%) child anemia was a severe public health problem (prevalence ? 40%). Those communities were the Aymara (Bolivia); Aruak, Guaraní, Kamaiurá, Karapotó, Karibe, Kaxinanuá, Ma-cro-Jê, Suruí, Terena, Xavante (Brazil); Cabécar (Costa Rica), Achuar, Aguaruna, Awajún, Urarina, Yomybato (Peru); Piaroa and Yucpa (Venezuela); and Quechua (Peru and Bolivia). Children below two years had the highest prevalence of anemia (between 16.2% and 86.1%). Among Indigenous people, risk factors for anemia include nutrition, poor living conditions, access to health services, racism, and discrimination. Bolivia and Guatemala are scarcely studied, despite having the highest proportion of Indigenous communities in Latin America. Conclusions: Anemia constitutes a poorly documented public health problem among Indigenous children in 21 Indigenous communities in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. In all Indigenous communities included in this study child anemia was an issue, especially in younger children. Resumen: Objetivo: Describir el patrón de prevalencia de anemia en niños indígenas de América Latina. Métodos: Se siguieron las directrices PRISMA. Los registros fueron identificados en las bases de datos PubMed, Google Scholar y Lilacs por dos investigadores independientes entre mayo y junio de 2021. Los estudios se incluyeron si cumplían los siguientes criterios: a) estudiaban a indígenas; b) eran sobre niños (de 0 a 12 años); c) reportaban una estimación de prevalencia de anemia; d) se habían realizado en cualquiera de los países de América Latina; e) se publicaron en inglés, portugués o español; f) eran artículos revisados por pares; y g) se publicaron en cualquier fecha. Resultados: De los 2.401 registros únicos recuperados, 42 artículos cumplían los criterios de inclusión. Un total de 39 comunidades indígenas diferentes fueron analizadas en los artículos, y en 21 de ellas (54,0%) la anemia infantil era un problema grave de salud pública (prevalencia ? 40%). Esas comunidades eran aymara (Bolivia); aruak, guaraní, kamaiurá, karapotó, karibe, kaxinanuá, macro- jê, suruí, terena, xavante (Brasil); cabécar (Costa Rica), achuar, aguaruna, awajún, urarina, yomybato (Perú); piaroa y yucpa (Venezuela); y quechua (Perú y Bolivia). Los niños menores de dos años presentaban la mayor prevalencia de anemia (entre el 16,2% y el 86,1%). Entre los indígenas, los factores de riesgo de la anemia son la nutrición, las malas condiciones de vida, el acceso a los servicios sanitarios, el racismo y la discriminación. Bolivia y Guatemala están escasamente estudiados, a pesar de tener la mayor proporción de comunidades indígenas de América Latina. Conclusiones: La anemia constituye un problema de salud pública poco documentado entre los niños indígenas de 21 comunidades indígenas de Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, México y Perú. En todas las comunidades indígenas incluidas en este estudio, la anemia infantil era un problema, especialmente en los niños más pequeños.

Abstract: Conceptually explore and propose the creation of a Media Lab focused mainly on research and production in Digital Narratives and Storytelling. The Proposal for a sustainable business model based on collaborative networks. A process of reviewing the concepts around social and cultural entrepreneurship. Resumen: Explorar conceptualmente y proponer la creación de un Media Lab centrado principalmente en la investigación y producción en Narrativas Digitales y Storytelling. La propuesta de un modelo de negocio sostenible basado en redes de colaboración. Un proceso de revisión de los conceptos en torno al emprendimiento social y cultural.