Resumen: Altos de la Estancia en Ciudad Bolívar, Bogotá (Colombia), sufrió uno de los deslizamientos urbanos más grandes en América Latina. En total hubo aproximadamente 2.000.000 m3 de material desplazado, 3.305 familias reasentadas equivalente a 15.000 personas, 16 barrios afectados y un polígono de 73 hectáreas declarado en suelo de protección. Se trata de un ejemplo de la desadaptación institucional, territorial y social de un área que empezó a ser considerada por la comunidad como peligrosa, por la reducida atención del Estado y por su condición de zona de Alto Riesgo. En este sentido, se propone un Programa Integral de Gestión de Riesgo dentro del Plan de Desarrollo de Bogotá Humana 2012-2015 que promovió generar territorios menos vulnerables frente a riesgos y el cambio climático, con acciones integrales a través de procesos de planificación urbana participativa y generación de capacidades hacia la resiliencia. Abstract: Altos de la Estancia in Ciudad Bolívar, Bogotá (Colombia), suffered one of the largest urban landslides in Latin America. In total there were approximately 2,000,000 m3 of displaced material, 3,305 resettled families equivalent to 15,000 people, 16 affected neighborhoods and a 73-hectare polygon declared as protected land. This is an example of the institutional, territorial and social maladjustment of an area that began to be considered by the community as dangerous, due to the reduced attention of the State and due to its status as a High Risk area. In this sense, a Comprehensive Risk Management Program is proposed within the Bogotá Humana Development Plan 2012-2015 that promoted the generation of territories that are less vulnerable to risks and climate change, with comprehensive actions through participatory urban planning processes and capacity building towards resilience.

Resumen: Los desarrollos de origen informal en Bogotá, han significado una solución de vivienda legítimamente reconocida, mediante la cual millares de colombianos de escasos recursos han accedido al dominio o propiedad del suelo de una importante proporción del área urbana de la ciudad. Sin embargo, en un contexto geográficamente complejo como el de Colombia, la precariedad en el origen de estos asentamientos, la ausencia prolongada del Estado y los pasivos históricos, han configurado desequilibrios en los territorios los cuales se manifiestan en conflictos socio-ambientales, como es el caso de las problemáticas caracterizadas como riesgo de origen antrópico o natural. La administración pública ante este tipo de fenómenos acude a la imposición de una serie de «categorías» como «alto riesgo», «zona de protección» o «reserva», cuyo carácter político es analizado y problematizado como una operación geográfica del poder, que se ejecuta en correspondencia con los denominados «dispositivos biopolíticos» de «destrucción creativa», proyectando sobre el espacio social una coherencia que en su aplicación oculta, desplaza y reprime una serie de contradicciones que pretenden ser cartografiadas. Ante la destrucción creativa se detecta la activación de una serie de manifestaciones de vitalidad social, cuyo común denominador podría denominarse como «arraigo», entendido como una fuerza que vincula a la población con su construcción territorial, dinamizando la configuración de sujetos políticos y mecanismos de apropiación, des-alienación, con la consigna de habitar el riesgo, procesada a través de los conceptos de «ciudad posible», «máxima diferencia», «autogestión» y «derecho a la ciudad» de Henri Lefevbre. Se analizan las consecuencias y posibilidades del despliegue de un discurso desde el arraigo, como una base teórica de las reivindicaciones y una plataforma programática, frente a las lógicas institucionales en Bogotá. Abstract: The informal developments in Bogotá have meant a legitimately recognized housing solution, through which thousands of low-income Colombians have accessed land ownership or ownership of a significant proportion of the urban area of ​​the city. However, in a geographically complex context such as that of Colombia, the precariousness in the origin of these settlements, the prolonged absence of the State and historical liabilities, have configured imbalances in the territories which are manifested in socio-environmental conflicts, such as the case of problems characterized as risk of anthropic or natural origin. The public administration before this type of phenomena resort to the imposition of a series of «categories» such as «high risk», «protection zone» or «reserve», whose political character is analyzed and problematized as a geographical operation of power, which it is executed in correspondence with the so-called "biopolitical devices" of "creative destruction", projecting on the social space a coherence that, in its hidden application, displaces and represses a series of contradictions that are intended to be mapped. Faced with creative destruction, the activation of a series of manifestations of social vitality is detected, the common denominator of which could be called "roots", understood as a force that links the population with its territorial construction, dynamizing the configuration of political subjects and mechanisms of appropriation, de-alienation, with the slogan of inhabiting risk, processed through the concepts of "possible city", "maximum difference", "self-management" and "right to the city" by Henri Lefevbre. The consequences and possibilities of the deployment of a discourse from the roots are analyzed, as a theoretical base of the demands and a programmatic platform, in front of the institutional logics in Bogotá.

Abstract: In Bogota as in many Latin American cities, an important amount of human settlements were originally occupied by non-formal and non-planned ways, because of the high demographic growth, the internal conflict and the low capacity of the government to provide housing, among others. Non-formal settlements in Bogotá represent nowadays a permanent housing and living solution for milliards of citizens and the government has been forced to recognize them as legal, so these have become valuable in terms of urban land tenure. However in Colombia, with a geographically complex environment, the precarious origins of these settlements and the historical absence of governance have resulted in setting up several risks. Faced with this type of conflicts, public administration promotes the execution of engineering solutions or the imposition of restrictive measures on land use, which includes the resettlement of the people. Different social organizations from these zones impacted by resettlement, have been joining forces into what is being shaped as a Platform of People Affected by Risk and Resettlement, called ARRAIGO (term in Spanish for Rooting). The purposes of the Platform are to promote discussions that impact public policies related with resettlement, to join efforts required to restore the rights of population, to share knowledge of all the actors involved and to find innovative solutions to be implemented in this zones. The present paper examines the social conflict underlying the emergence of ARRAIGO as social phenomena, the significance of the initiative and the theoretical fundamentals that may explain the mismatching with the public policies for risk resettlement of population. It fosters to open new approaches to understand and manage risk, putting the people in the centre, understanding ARRAIGO as a social movement that must be considered to enrich discussions on risk management, governance, resilience, adaptation and their implications in a context of urban policy.

Resumen: Ensayo que pretende analizar, desde la disertación filosófica, los acontecimientos que se desarrollan en torno a la aplicación de la política de asignación de riesgos y reasentamiento de población en Bogotá y verificar la calidad de los mismos como manifestación de confrontaciones entre el poder hegemónico ejercido a través del Estado y el arraigo como expresión de fuerzas vivas de la heterogeneidad social, resaltando de estas últimas su contenido, como información fundamental para la cualificación de las estructuras de gobernanza del espacio. Abstract: A essay intending to analyze, from the philosophical dissertation, the events that take place around the application of the risk allocation policy and population resettlement in Bogotá, to verify their quality as a manifestation of confrontations between the hegemonic power exercised through the State and the roots as an expression of the living forces of social heterogeneity, highlighting such heteogeneity as fundamental information for the qualification of the governance structures of the space.

Abstract: This essay aims to review some of the postulates of the scientist, theologian and Jesuit priest Teilhard de Chardin, in the light of integral ecology, environmentalism and the contemporary critique of modernity. The general objective is to highlight the preponderance of the Teilhardian project of the human and to inquire about its resolving potential in the face of environmental conflicts. A controversy about the natural or human origin of disasters is analyzed as a starting point. After recognizing that disasters cannot be treated as natural phenomena, it is observed that they could not be considered human either, without revealing an inconclusive notion of the meaning of the human. Disaster resolution and our unrealized humanity are presented as parallel itineraries. The arguments throughout the text aim, on the one hand, to blur the limits drawn by modernity and secularism to claim exclusive access to the rational and managerial knowledge of human communities; on the other hand, the convenience of broadening the epistemological horizon and the benefits of enriching the intellectual and practical possibilities to contribute to the qualification of the human are postulated. In this case, Teilhard de Chardin’s perspective is presented as a reference. Resumen: Este ensayo pretende revisar algunos de los postulados del científico, teólogo y sacerdote jesuita Teilhard de Chardin, a la luz de la ecología integral, el ambientalismo y la crítica contemporánea a la modernidad. El objetivo general es resaltar la preponderancia del proyecto teilhardiano de lo humano e indagar sobre su potencial resolutivo frente a los conflictos ambientales. Se analiza como punto de partida una controversia sobre el origen natural o humano de los desastres. Después de reconocer que los desastres no pueden tratarse como fenómenos naturales se observa que no podrían, tampoco, considerarse humanos, sin desvelar una noción inconclusa de lo que significa el sentido de lo humano. La resolución de desastres y nuestra humanidad no realizada se presentan como itinerarios paralelos. Los argumentos a lo largo del texto pretenden, por un lado, desdibujar los límites trazados por la modernidad y el secularismo para atribuirse el acceso exclusivo al conocimiento racional y gerencial de las comunidades humanas; por otro, se postula la conveniencia de ampliar el horizonte epistemológico y los beneficios de enriquecer las posibilidades intelectuales y prácticas para contribuir en la cualificación de lo humano. En esta causa se presenta como referencia la perspectiva de Teilhard de Chardin.

Abstract: This research aims at critically appraising the connections that can be traced between the regulation of strategic approaches towards public procurement and the interest of integrating sustainability and innovation driven goals within procurement proceedings. As such, the investigation is framed under areas of research that have not acquired significant attention until recently; on the one hand, the interaction of sustainability and environmental concerns has increased at the same rate that the environmental crisis has worryingly amplified, and the study of law and technology has simultaneously gained attention as regulation attempts to keep the pace in which technology rapidly change human experience. Along these two intertwined objects of academic interest, this research will attempt to demonstrate that the synergy between public procurement and sustainability concerns may be further enhanced and strengthened by reaching out to the support that technological innovations may provide along the multiple stages of the procurement process. The investigation is thus concerned not only in identifying the advantages derived from such cooperative interaction, but also in examining the margins and shortcomings which this involvement entails.

Abstract: Most socioeconomic studies on illicit economies have been approached through the lens of war economics, hence, a wide variety of them are rooted in the greed and grievance literature. On contrast, recent studies (Eventon & Gutierrez, 2020, p. 10) (Gutierrez, 2020) (International Journal of Drug Policy, 2021) have found that illicit economies, particularly on illicit crops, arise as a source of livelihoods for impoverished farmers that provides opportunities to enhance agricultural practices and local development such as infrastructure, land access, access to credit, and supplies for cropping coca, also for other licit products and services. In addition, its origin is not only the result of poverty or "lack of development", but of a modernisation process in which coca has emerged as an "autonomous form of development." (Gootenberg, 2021). The aim of this study which dialogues with these new analytical frames, is measuring the influence that subnational inequality measures have in explaining the variation of coca area –among municipalities identified as coca leaf producers— and contrasting them with municipal poverty measures. I will argue that coca crops expansion adapts to different land regimes, but particularly in uneven distribution of land, where coca interacts with other conditions of economic precarity (Rigg, et al., 2016). Based on a longitudinal analysis of 217 Colombian municipalities, I contrast the effect of Gini of land owning and the Dependency on National Transfers on coca area from 2014 and 2018. The results feeds into and contributes to an Agrarian Change perspective to explain the influence of structures and mechanisms that shape rural change (Cramer & Richards, 2011); and a subnational analysis to make visible “within-country heterogeneity” of the association coca and land inequality. Resumen: La mayoría de los estudios socioeconómicos sobre las economías ilícitas se han abordado a través de los lentes de la economía de la guerra, por lo que una gran variedad de ellos están arraigados en la literatura de la codicia y el agravio. Por el contrario, estudios recientes (Eventon & Gutierrez, 2020, p. 10) (Gutierrez, 2020) (International Journal of Drug Policy, 2021) han encontrado que las economías ilícitas, en particular sobre los cultivos ilícitos, surgen como una fuente de sustento para los agricultores empobrecidos que proporciona oportunidades para mejorar sus prácticas agrícolas y el desarrollo local, tales como la infraestructura, el acceso a la tierra, el acceso al crédito y los suministros para el cultivo de coca, también para otros productos y servicios lícitos. Además, su origen no es sólo el resultado de la pobreza o la "falta de desarrollo", sino de un proceso de modernización en el que la coca ha surgido como una "forma autónoma de desarrollo". (Gootenberg, 2021). El objetivo de este estudio, que dialoga con estos nuevos marcos analíticos, es medir la influencia que tienen las medidas de desigualdad subnacional en la explicación de la variación de la superficie de coca -entre los municipios identificados como productores de hoja de coca- y contrastarlas con las medidas de pobreza municipal. Argumentaré que la expansión de los cultivos de coca se adapta a diferentes regímenes de tierra, pero particularmente en la distribución desigual de la tierra, donde la coca interactúa con otras condiciones de precariedad económica (Rigg, et al., 2016 ). A partir de un análisis longitudinal de 217 municipios colombianos, contrasto el efecto del Gini de la propiedad de la tierra y la Dependencia de las Transferencias Nacionales sobre la superficie de coca de 2014 y 2018. Los resultados alimentan y contribuyen a una perspectiva de Cambio Agrario para explicar la influencia de las estructuras y mecanismos que moldean el cambio rural (Cramer & Richards, 2011); y un análisis subnacional para hacer visible la "heterogeneidad dentro del país" de la asociación coca y desigualdad de la tierra.

Resumen: Robert Nozick es conocido por sus posiciones libertarias, expuestas en su libro Anarquía, Estado y Utopía. Sin embargo, textos posteriores del autor (en particular La vida examinada) parecen mostrar una renuncia al libertarianismo y una crítica a éste como posición política y ética. A través del análisis de su último libro (Invariances) este trabajo busca identificar si existe o no esa renuncia y, además, analiza el alcance, condiciones y contenido de la renuncia o, al menos, de los cambios en perspectiva. En ese sentido, el trabajo analiza si Invariances presenta un marco libertario y si este marco es compatible con el presentado en Anarquía, Estado y Utopía, tanto desde la perspectiva de la teoría del Estado, como desde la perspectiva de la ética. Abstract: Robert Nozick is known for his libertarian positions, presented in his book Anarchy, State and Utopia. Nevertheless, later books by the author (particularly The examined life) seem to show a renunciation of libertarianism and a criticism of it as a political and as an ethical position. By analyzing his last book (Invariances) this work attempts to identify whether this renunciation exists or not and, also, analyzes the extent, conditions and content of this renunciation or, at least, if its changes in perspective. In this sense, this work analyzes if Invariances presents a libertarian framework and if this framework is compatible with the one exposed in Anarchy, State and Utopia, both from the perspective of the theory of the State as from the perspective of ethics.

Abstract: Thanks to theoretical and technological advances in evolutionary biology we can look into genomic patters to infer evolutionary processes such as divergence and gene flow, and how they shape the genomic landscape. However, such studies tend to focus on model species with small genomes and overlook non-model species with large repetitive genomes, thus missing generality across a big part of the tree of life. Here, we develop new genomic methods for the grasshopper Chorthippus parallelus, which is characterized by a giant genome of 13.5 Gb, which is not only expensive to sequence but impossible to assemble using state of the art methodologies. Alternative genomic methods involving Exome Capture have been developed in the last years to study other species with large repetitive genomes but these approaches have not been developed in grasshoppers yet. In this study we test two different library protocols — Nextera and Collibri — coupled with multiplexing, exome capture and Illumina sequencing. To test which library protocol was the best to be coupled with the exome capture we compared the number of retained reads and PCR duplicates in both protocols after sequencing. We found that Nextera was the library protocol with the highest number of retained reads and lowest number of PCR duplicates making it the best library protocol to be used in future studies. To test If the capture worked, these reads were mapped to a file containing target sequences and the coverage was then compared to the coverage resulting from a no-enrichment protocol. The capture protocol had a up to ~26 fold enrichment confirming that the baits hybridized with the target sequences. We also found that beads attached to the baits inhibit the polymerase, suggesting that beads should be removed before the amplification step. Two technical replicates showed consistent patterns but higher input of DNA seems to increase the efficiency of the capture. Together, our results suggest that this protocol could be used in organisms with large genomes, like grasshoppers, for which no reference genome is available, helping to fill the gaps in the knowledge of the genomic landscape of differentiation in these underrepresented species.

Abstract: Islands have been considered natural laboratories to study evolutionary processes. Ibiza is a small island in Spain whose population stands out from other Spanish populations due to its particular demographic and historical processes. War, famine, and several epidemics have affected Ibizans, and these phenomena could have left signatures of positive selection in their genomes. Here, we used three different methodologies to detect positive selection: The Population Branch Statistic (PBS), the Integrated Haplotype Score (iHS), and the Cross-Population Extended Haplotype Homozygosity (XP-EHH). We used a sliding windows approach to control for spurious results. The candidate windows for selection were chosen using three different criteria for each test: maximum and mean score within each window, and proportion of high scores in each window. Only the windows being simultaneously on the top of each of the three criteria were selected for annotation and enrichment analyses. The most common traits associated with the SNPs present in the candidate windows were blood function, cardiovascular diseases, body mass measures, lipid metabolism, renal function, and skin diseases. We suggest some hypotheses to explain the selection signatures related to some of these traits and some recommendations for further studies to overcome the present research's limitations. Resumen: Las islas se han considerado laboratorios naturales para estudiar procesos evolutivos. Ibiza es una pequeña isla de España cuya población se distingue del resto de poblaciones españolas por sus particulares procesos demográficos e históricos. La guerra, el hambre y varias epidemias han afectado a los ibicencos, y estos fenómenos podrían haber dejado huellas de selección positiva en sus genomas. Aquí, utilizamos tres metodologías diferentes para detectar selección positiva: el Population Branch Statistic (PBS), el Integrated Haplotype Score (iHS) y la Cross-Population Extended Haplotype Homozygosity (XP-EHH). Usamos un enfoque de ventanas deslizantes para controlar resultados espurios. Las ventanas candidatas para la selección se eligieron utilizando tres criterios diferentes para cada prueba: puntuación máxima y media dentro de cada ventana, y proporción de puntuaciones altas en cada ventana. Solo las ventanas que se encontraban simultáneamente en la parte superior de cada uno de los tres criterios se seleccionaron para los análisis de anotación y enriquecimiento. Los rasgos más comunes asociados con los SNP presentes en las ventanas candidatas fueron la función sanguínea, las enfermedades cardiovasculares, las medidas de masa corporal, el metabolismo de los lípidos, la función renal y las enfermedades de la piel. Sugerimos algunas hipótesis para explicar las señales de selección relacionadas con algunos de estos rasgos y algunas recomendaciones para futuros estudios para superar las limitaciones de la presente investigación.