Resumen: La Piscina Romano es una piscina al aire libre tradicional de la ciudad de Milán, construida en el año 1920, que funciona solo en los meses de verano y luego se vacía y se cierra durante el resto del año. Mi objetivo ha sido crear una instalación de parque temporal dentro del área de la piscina, para volverla útil en meses en que está vacía. El complejo balnear está ubicado en un área central de la ciudad de Milán, en una zona residencial y predominantemente universitaria, con una importante presencia del de Milán. La Piscina Romano tiene un área de 17.400m2 aprox. y sólo un 29% de su área es funcional durante todo el año. El estado actual de este complejo balnear es un espacio totalmente fragmentado y desarticulado, de áreas abandonadas y sub-utilizadas, que quise integrar y refuncionalizar dentro del proyecto de parque temporal. La idea de crear un parque surgió con la intención de ampliar el parque de juegos de la piscina Romano hacia la piscina grande. Partiendo del concepto “La piscina que se convierte en parque”, luego también hice lo contrario, es decir, “el parque que se convierte en piscina”, esto quiere decir que el área de juego actual se ha convertido en una especie de piscina metafórica. De esta manera, los integré, pero también creé una ambigüedad entre uno y otro, disolviendo los límites entre ellos y produciendo un único espacio recreativo, dentro de una paradoja: no un parque y una piscina, sino un parque acuático y recreativo. Diseñé una obra de street painting en el suelo de todo el complejo para crear una metáfora. Los gráficos del suelo inundaron todo el balneario e integraron todas las piezas. En el edificio de vestieres decidí en cambio, crear un parque cubierto para permitir que la dinámica social alrededor del área de juegos al aire libre continúe desarrollándose a pesar del frío, y para que los niños, padres y ancianos tengan un lugar de encuentro cómodo en los meses más fríos del año. Por otro lado, quería retomar el complejo escultórico “Los Baños Misteriosos” de Giorgio De Chirico, actualmente ubicado en la Trienal de Milán, trasladándolo a la Piscina Romano como parte del proyecto de parque temporal, agregando valor al parque. Finalmente, lo que había imaginado como un parque de estación se convirtió en un dispositivo permanente. Las esculturas adquirieron un papel protagónico y el proyecto se convirtió en un escenario para exhibirlas. El resultado es una especie de parque acuático y recreativo, pero con esculturas valiosas.

Abstract: On hearing about the massacre that took place in 1928 in Ciénaga, Colombia; Úrsula – a character from One Hundred Years of Solitude – wonders if history keeps repeating itself. Her concern, voiced in in the 1978 novel by Nobel Prize laureate Gabriel García Márquez, is entirely valid today, 500 years after the arrival of the first Europeans in America and nearly a hundred years after the massacre at the banana plantations. Nowadays, it’s not the Spanish crown or the United Fruit Company that are changing the sociopolitical panorama of Latin America, but technological giants form Silicon Valley colonizing the countries of the global south by creating dependency on their digital platforms. Three cases of colonialism in Latin America are examined to understand the evolution of the colonial system that has always been surrounded by a halo of inevitability. The first chapter, In the Name of God, studies colonialism as a system established after the arrival of the Spanish in America. The second chapter, In the Name of Progress, examines the colonial logic behind the United Fruit Company’s actions in South America and the Caribbean. The third chapter, In the Name of Information, reflects on current forms of colonialism through connectivity initiatives led by surveillance capitalist companies like Facebook. As a conclusion, an alternative to the colonial narrative is proposed, which consists of an emancipatory discourse, based on the texts of the Brazilian Oswald Andrade and Oswaldo Costa and Italian philosopher Franco ‘Bifo’ Berardi. Resumen: Al enterarse de la masacre ocurrida en 1928 en Ciénaga, Colombia; Úrsula, un personaje de "Cien Años de Soledad", se pregunta si la historia sigue repitiéndose. Su preocupación, expresada en la novela de 1978 del premio Nobel Gabriel García Márquez, es plenamente válida hoy, 500 años después de la llegada de los primeros europeos a América y casi cien años después de la masacre de las bananeras. Hoy en día, no es la corona española, ni la United Fruit Company, las que están cambiando el panorama sociopolítico de América Latina, sino los gigantes tecnológicos de Silicon Valley que colonizan los países del sur global creando dependencias a sus plataformas digitales. Para comprender la evolución del sistema colonial que siempre ha estado rodeado de un halo de inevitabilidad, se examinan tres casos de colonialismo en América Latina. El primer capítulo, "En nombre de Dios", estudia el colonialismo como un sistema establecido tras la llegada de los españoles a América. El segundo capítulo, "En nombre del progreso", examina la lógica colonial detrás de las acciones de la United Fruit Company en América del Sur y el Caribe. El tercer capítulo, "En nombre de la información", reflexiona sobre las formas actuales de colonialismo a través de iniciativas de conectividad lideradas por empresas que abogan por el capitalismo de vigilancia como Facebook. Como conclusión, se propone una alternativa a la narrativa colonial, que consiste en un discurso emancipatorio, basado en los textos del brasileño Oswald Andrade y Oswaldo Costa y del filósofo italiano Franco ‘Bifo’ Berardi.

Abstract: The conservation of migratory species poses significant challenges that may be countered by detailed knowledge about the sites used by migrants throughout the annual cycle. We present the rst GPS-tracking data on the migration of declining Caspian terns Hydroprogne caspia breeding in the Baltic Sea. For 39 Caspian terns from colonies along a latitudinal gradient from 57 to 65°N, we identified key migratory routes, stopovers and wintering areas. In autumn these seabirds migrated using coastal and freshwater stopovers along six routes to reach their wintering areas across the Sahel, the Nile River Basin and the southern Iberian Peninsula. In spring, adults returned to the breeding grounds in the Baltic using a time optimizing strategy by reducing time at stopover by 78%, whereas most subadults remained sedentary and some performed only partial return migrations. Of the stopover sites used in both seasons, 58% are protected and have a reported management plan. Conservation strategies in wintering areas, stopover sites that are not protected or had not been previously recognized, and the inclusion of the species in important migratory yways across Europe and Africa will be important to prevent further population declines of a species that depends on aquatic habitats.

Abstract: As the demand for English language skills among non-native speakers globally has grown steadily so too has the number of ‘global textbooks’ for ELT aimed at a world market. Concurrently, critical perspectives of the expansion of English have begun to challenge the view that native speaker contexts ‘own’ English. Based on the aforementioned, and on reflective approaches to culture, our objective is to analyze critically the representations of speakers of English as a second or foreign language offered by two global ELT textbooks, to discuss the issues of essentialization and reproduction of stereotypes about the “nonnative” speakers of English and their sociocultural characteristics in the constructed image. To achieve this purpose, we apply a methodology based on a sociocognitive approach to Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) (Van Dijk, 2013), the concept of sociocultural knowledge as stated by the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), and critical perspectives of culture according to Holliday, Kullman, and Hyde (2004). Our findings indicate that, though the books include ‘non-native’ speakers in an attempt to address multiculturalism, their representation is generic, portraying a reified image of their sociocultural traits and presenting diversity mostly through national labels.

Abstract: The article analyses the Resurrection of Christ, a fresco commissioned from Pinturicchio by Pope Alexander VI in 1492 as part of his project to renovate the Borgia Apartments in the Vatican. The analysis focuses on a detail of the painting: the figures of what seems to be a group of indigenous warriors located at the centre of the fresco. The main purpose of the paper is to identify the iconographic meaning and sources of this particular image. The central claim is that Pinturicchio used specific scenes from Christopher Columbus’s Diario to create, biased by a misconception of the New World, the first painted image of America in Europe.

Abstract: Culicoides sonorensis biting midges are well-known agricultural pests and transmission vectors of arboviruses such as vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). The epidemiology of VSV is complex and encompasses a broad range of vertebrate hosts, multiple routes of transmission, and diverse vector species. In temperate regions, viruses can overwinter in the absence of infected animals through unknown mechanisms, to reoccur the next year. Non-conventional routes for VSV vector transmission may help explain viral maintenance in midge populations during inter-epidemic periods and times of adverse conditions for bite transmission. In this study, we examined whether VSV could be transmitted venereally between male and female midges. Our results showed that VSV-infected females could venereally transmit virus to uninfected naïve males at a rate as high as 76.3% (RT-qPCR), 31.6% (virus isolation) during the third gonotrophic cycle. Additionally, VSV-infected males could venereally transmit virus to uninfected naïve females at a rate as high as 76.6% (RTqPCR), 49.2% (virus isolation). Immunofluorescent staining of micro-dissected reproductive organs, immunochemical staining of midge histological sections, examination of internal reproductive organ morphology, and observations of mating behaviors were used to determine relevant anatomical sites for virus location and to hypothesize the potential mechanism for VSV transmission in C. sonorensis midges through copulation. Resumen: Los Culicoides son plagas agrícolas bien conocidas y vectores de transmisión de arbovirus como el virus de la estomatitis vesicular (VSV). La epidemiología de VSV es compleja y abarca una amplia gama de hospedadores vertebrados, múltiples rutas de transmisión y diversas especies de vectores. En las regiones templadas, los virus pueden invernar en ausencia de animales infectados a través de mecanismos desconocidos, para volver a ocurrir el próximo año. Las rutas no convencionales para la transmisión del VSV pueden ayudar a explicar el mantenimiento viral en las poblaciones de vectores durante los períodos interepidémicos y los momentos de condiciones adversas para la transmisión por picadura. En este estudio, examinamos si VSV podría transmitirse de forma venérea entre Culicoides machos y hembras. Nuestros resultados mostraron que las hembras infectadas con VSV podían transmitir el virus de forma venérea a machos no infectados a una tasas tan altas como 76,3% (RT-qPCR) o 31,6% (aislamiento del virus) durante el tercer ciclo gonotrófico. Además, los machos infectados con VSV podrían transmitir el virus a hembras no infectadas a tasas entre 76,6% (RT-qPCR) y 49,2% (aislamiento del virus). Adicionalmente se utilizaron tinción inmunofluorescente de órganos reproductores micro-disecados, tinción inmunoquímica de secciones histológicas de Culicoides para examinar la morfología de órganos reproductores y se hicieron observaciones de los comportamientos de apareamiento para determinar los sitios anatómicos relevantes para la ubicación del virus y para formular hipótesis sobre el mecanismo potencial de transmisión del VSV en C. sonorensis a través de la cópula.

Abstract: This thesis brings a perspective of emotions and education and explores how affect can be incorporated as a form of pedagogy. Specifically this research focuses on the emotional epistemologies of the students as they inform social dynamics and relations of power/knowledge, are sites of resistance and represent another form of knowledge coming from affects and emotions that are being and becoming critical. I build upon pedagogical situations I experienced working in public and private schools in Bogotá, Colombia to interrogate biopolitical and disciplinary practices in pedagogy and to propose and reimagine a Decolonial/Feminist and Commoning pedagogy that involves collective and collaborative learnings that de-center the production of knowledge from the teacher and center curiosity and emotions as crucial points of departure for transformative learnings. I draw on two interviews I conducted with two scholar- artists and educators that are engaged in alternative pedagogies aiming to bring a perspective of the Commons and affective pedagogies that serve as counter points to a neoliberal and knowledge economy logic in education. While examining the different approaches I addressed in this research project, I have aimed to contribute to the interdisciplinary field of education bringing a perspective about affect and emotion and opening new possibilities for theory and research. Also to raise discussions and to invite further engagement on thinking about alternative pedagogies in school contexts.

Abstract: Physicians are no strangers to situations where they have to decide with resource restrictions and uncertainty on the relative needs of future beneficiaries of the scarce resources. We propose a lab experiment to understand if such an environment affects physicians' resource allocation decisions and how. When there are incentives to overtreat, we find that a patient tended by a constrained physician under uncertainty obtains higher benefits and receives allocations closer to her optimum than patients from physicians with no constraints or deciding under uncertainty alone. In addition, we observe a redistribution of resources when physicians decide with resource restrictions and uncertainty. In particular, when resources are scarce, physicians tend to allocate the limited services to patients with higher benefits in the absence of medical services, a higher capacity to benefit from the resources, the scantiest need for service units, and the lowest benefits at the optimum. Finally, we find that constraints, with or without complete information on patient characteristics, lead selfish physicians to approximate what is best for the patient. Resumen: Los médicos no son ajenos a situaciones en las que tienen que decidir bajo escasez de recursos e incertidumbre sobre las necesidades relativas de los futuros beneficiarios de servicios de salud. Proponemos un experimento de laboratorio para entender sí, y cómo, este entorno afecta a las decisiones de asignación de recursos de los médicos. Cuando hay incentivos para la sobre provisión de servicios médicos, encontramos que los pacientes atendidos por médicos que enfrenta restricciones e incertidumbre obtienen mayores beneficios en salud y reciben servicios de salud más cercanos a su óptimo, en comparación con los pacientes vistos por médicos sin restricciones o que deciden sólo bajo incertidumbre. Además, observamos una redistribución de recursos cuando los médicos deciden bajo restricciones e incertidumbre. En particular, cuando los recursos son escasos, los médicos tienden a asignar servicios de salud a los pacientes con mayores beneficios en ausencia de servicios médicos, con mayor capacidad para beneficiarse de servicios adicionales, con menores necesidades de tratamiento médico y con menores beneficios en el óptimo. Por último, encontramos que las restricciones, con o sin información completa sobre las características del paciente, llevan a los médicos egoístas a aproximarse a lo que es mejor para el paciente.

Abstract: Complaining is a complex and ubiquitous social action in daily conversations in which speakers use language to navigate through everyday trouble and build interpersonal relationships. Previous research has identified and explored how two main categories of complaints, i.e. direct and indirect, are co-constructed to achieve different interpersonal effects (Heinemann & Traverso, 2009). Although the growing interest in complaints has engendered studies in multiple languages other than English (e.g. German, French, Danish), research in Spanish, for example, remains limited to institutional settings mostly. This study fills this gap and aims to (1) systematically explore how different types of complaints are co-constructed in casual interactions in Spanish, and (2) examine how degrees of intimacy between participants emerge from their affiliative practices in complaining. The data comes from two corpora (CallFriend and CallHome) and comprises nearly 9.5 hours of audio-recorded phone conversations in Spanish between friends and family members. The analysis draws on interactional pragmatics to examine in detail the emergent sequential practices associated with interpersonal relationships (Haugh, 2012; Haugh, forthcoming). The findings indicate that recipient-oriented and self-oriented complaints occur considerably less frequently than situation-oriented and third-partyoriented complaints in the corpus. A detailed turn-by-turn analysis shows that complaints in Spanish, as in other languages (Selting, 2010; Rääbis et al., 2019), are prosodically emphasized, lexically detailed through extreme case formulations, and syntactically presented as complaint implicatives through questions. It also demonstrates that some language-specific markers such as oye, mira, and ay often appear at the beginning of bounded complaint sequences, epistemic negotiations, and emotional stances. Sequentially, complaints are co-constructed through denials, non-serious frames, assessment escalations, advice sequences, affiliative complaints, and epistemic negotiations. The resulting interactional patterns unveil different degrees of intimacy and affiliation expectations between the participants. Remarkably, while (non) (dis)affiliation are frequent patterns in the corpus, selective affiliation, a term used here to describe affiliative expectation mismatches, constitutes a salient practice when interactants share the role of the complainant through affiliative complaints or co-complaining. In relation to intimacy, selective affiliation often signals distance between the interactants and also attempts to achieve in-group membership. By exploring casual talk in Spanish, this systematic analysis of complaints contributes to the under-explored area of how complaining is coconstructed and accomplished in interaction.

Abstract: The metropolises of the global south are often considered out of rules as a distinct urban “species” while cities of the global north are commonly recognized for their development, organization, and operation. The duality that arises in Latin American cities is between the advancement of its infrastructure and the provision of goods and services. This duality is physically manifested in urban space, as well as the increase of spatial segregation and social inequality. Fragments, patches, archipelagos, and countless denominations that narrow the “disorder” of these cities contrast with the good practices they develop to increase the quality of life of their inhabitants. Life in public space is one of the interrelationships that occur in cities, but in some spaces in Latin American cities are considered fragments and uncertain spaces of the city without defined uses due to the characteristics of some of these spaces. These spaces, specifically in Colombian cities, commonly divide the large areas of poverty with the few areas of wealth, providing greater inequality and socio-spatial segregation. Considering Latin America as the most violent and inequitable region in the world explains why the research of recent decades in these cities has focused on understanding the causes and finding answers to minimize poverty, and inequality. These phenomena will not find the full answers in architecture nor urbanism; however, actions from these two disciplines are required to materialize opportunities for all the cities. Thus, the purpose of the research, based on literature review, methodological terms, and collection of information is reframing the role of public space as a potential for articulation with the deficit of public space and as a tool of urban development.