Abstract: The adoption of teleworking as a work modality in organizations has grown exponentially due to the current COVID-19 pandemic crisis. This phenomenon has allowing the development of remote activities that are normally carried out in person. However, there is a concern among managers and employers due to the apparent absence of control and decreased productivity when using teleworking. For this reason, this article reviews, through two case studies of teleworkers surveillance and control software, the way in which their use provide support to the theory of formal and informal control, and how it can improve perception about the teleworking application and offer guarantees to employers. Similarly, the manuscript discusses the effects on the quality of life and personal behavior of employees who are involved within this modality. Resumen: La adopción del teletrabajo como modalidad laboral en las organizaciones ha crecido exponencialmente debido a la crisis actual de pandemia por COVID-19. Esto ha permitido el desarrollo de actividades a distancia que normalmente se realizan de forma presencial. Sin embargo, existe una preocupación en los gerentes y empleadores por la aparente ausencia del control y disminución de la productividad en su uso. Por tal razón el presente artículo revisa, a partir de dos casos de estudio de softwares de vigilancia y control de teletrabajadores, la forma en que su utilización brinda soporte a la teoría del control formal e informal, y cómo puede mejorar la percepción en la aplicación del teletrabajo al ofrecer garantías a los empleadores. De igual manera, se discuten las afectaciones en la calidad de vida y comportamiento personal de los empleados involucrados en esta modalidad.

Abstract: A common difficulty in data analysis is how to handle categorical predictors with a large number of levels or categories. Few proposals have been developed to tackle this important and frequent problem. We introduce a generative model that simultaneously carries out the model fitting and the aggregation of the categorical levels into larger groups. We represent the categorical predictor by a graph where the nodes are the categories and establish a probability distribution over meaningful partitions of this graph. Conditionally on the observed data, we obtain a posterior distribution for the levels aggregation, allowing the inference about the most probable clustering for the categories. Simultaneously, we extract inference about all the other regression model parameters. We compare our and state-of-art methods showing that it has equally good predictive performance and more interpretable results. Our approach balances out accuracy versus interpretability, a current important concern in statistics and machine learning. Resumen: Una dificultad común en el análisis de datos es cómo manejar predictores categóricos con una gran cantidad de niveles o categorías. Se han desarrollado pocas propuestas para abordar este importante y frecuente problema. Introducimos un modelo generativo que realiza simultáneamente el ajuste del modelo y la agregación de los niveles categóricos en grupos más grandes. Representamos el predictor categorial mediante un gráfico donde los nodos son las categorías y establecemos una distribución de probabilidad sobre particiones significativas de este gráfico. Condicionalmente sobre los datos observados, obtenemos una distribución posterior para la agregación de niveles, lo que permite la inferencia sobre el agrupamiento más probable para las categorías. Simultáneamente, extraemos inferencias sobre todos los demás parámetros del modelo de regresión. Comparamos nuestros métodos y los de última generación mostrando que tiene un rendimiento predictivo igualmente bueno y resultados más interpretables. Nuestro enfoque equilibra la precisión con la interpretabilidad, una preocupación importante en la actualidad en las estadísticas y el aprendizaje automático.

Abstract: The adequate provision of service delivery is essential for social welfare; however, providers performance varies, tending to underperform in developing countries. Therefore, whether providers responsiveness is sensitive to citizen oversight remains a relevant question for public governance. To this extent, Understanding the dynamics of accountability as a strategy to foster access, quality, and affordability of services delivery is vital to ensure development. This thesis establishes a quantitative assessment of the relationship between accountability and development. First, I systematically reviewed the empirical literature evaluating how accountability interventions affect service delivery in developing countries between 1990-2020, finding twenty-one papers from nine developing countries. Then, I conducted a meta-analysis based on an RVE model with over 90 outcomes to quantitatively synthesise the effectiveness of accountability in triggering citizen oversight of service delivery and providers responsiveness. The findings suggest that although accountability increases citizen knowledge of civic and political means to demand service delivery reforms, factors such as context, accountability structure and interventions length influence its effectiveness. While the results provide evidence to inform policy-making about aspects that effectively ignite citizen participation, they also suggest future research avenues to further conceptualise this relationship in an era of widely accessible information and new approaches to democracy.

Marshall Berman nos ofrece un sólido análisis del vibrante y profundo impacto del modernismo en la vida contemporánea. Asimismo nos ofrece una nueva visión de las raíces del modernismo y su evolución en las turbulentas ciudades de Europa y América. Con ello nos desafía a comprender e incluso celebrar nuestra situación singularmente moderna, en la que nada es seguro salvo el propio cambio, y en la que "todo lo sólido se desvanece en el aire".

Resumen: En las últimas décadas en Colombia se han percibido cambios importantes en la agricultura, relacionados con la concentración de la tierra, la expansión de la frontera agropecuaria, el crecimiento de algunos cultivos propios de la agricultura empresarial, así como el interés y adquisición de tierras por parte de actores nacionales y extranjeros. A nivel de las políticas públicas, los últimos gobiernos han realizado esfuerzos por permitir, en la legislación, la adquisición o el uso de tierras públicas por parte de empresas. Se destaca, dentro de estos esfuerzos, la promulgación de la Ley Zidres en 2016. Dichas transformaciones se enmarcan dentro de dinámicas internacionales que han llevado a la adopción del modelo de agronegocio en diferentes países. Esta tesis analiza, en el marco del neoliberalismo, la expansión del agronegocio en Colombia, a través del estudio de las transformaciones a nivel productivo, territorial y de las políticas públicas. El desarrollo de esta investigación se apoyó en la discusión teórica sobre hegemonía, en los elementos del análisis del discurso y en los desarrollos conceptuales sobre el agronegocio. El recorrido histórico sobre la cuestión agraria en Colombia, así como el estudio de la implementación del neoliberalismo y los cambios generados en la agricultura, que se han profundizado en los últimos años, sugieren la disputa del agronegocio por la hegemonía. Esta se ha intensificado, principalmente, a partir del acuerdo de paz firmado entre el gobierno de Juan Manuel Santos y la guerrilla de las FARC-EP, que incluyó la pauta de la Reforma Rural Integral y dio protagonismo a la economía campesina y a la democratización de la tierra.

Abstract: The following text explores the potential business opportunities of international performing arts markets for an emerging Colombian producing company, Media Naranja (MN), which I founded, and currently manage. This research document begins with the definition of four key terms which have been essential for my development as a professional producer and are the foundation for the conceptual framework of Entrepreneurship, Strategic Planning, Funding Models, and Networking; examined concepts from scholars such as Tom Aegeson, Lidia Varbanova, Ivan Misner and Octavio Arbeláez. In the second part of this text, I discuss key learning points through the master's degree and how they have led me to frame my practice as a producer in an international environment. Then, the third is a glance at the cultural landscape of performing arts markets, its definition and purpose, emphasising the Performing Arts Market of the Atlantic South (Mercado de las Artes Performativas del Atlántico Sur –MAPAS). The fourth part is a SWOT analysis on a proposed project to participate in MAPAS 2020, on behalf of MN, as a producer and tour booker of one Colombian theatre piece. Based on the above, I conclude with a professional and personal plan that encompasses twelve months. This plan has been shaped by the experience along the course, the development of my company and my personal goals. Resumen: El siguiente texto explora las oportunidades comerciales potenciales de los mercados internacionales de las artes escénicas para una productora colombiana emergente como lo es Media Naranja (MN), la cual fundé y actualmente administro. Este documento de investigación comienza con la definición de cuatro términos clave que han sido fundamentales para mi desarrollo como productora profesional y son la base del marco conceptual: Emprendimiento, Planificación Estratégica, Modelos de Financiamiento y Networking; conceptos examinados por académicos como Tom Aegeson, Lidia Varbanova, Ivan Misner y Octavio Arbeláez. En la segunda parte de este texto, se analizan los conceptos claves de aprendizaje a través del máster y cómo me han llevado a enmarcar mi práctica como productora en un entorno internacional. Luego, el tercero es una mirada al panorama cultural de los mercados de las artes escénicas, su definición y propósito, haciendo énfasis en el Mercado de las Artes Escénicas del Atlántico Sur (MAPAS). La cuarta parte es un análisis DOFA sobre una propuesta de proyecto para participar en MAPAS 2020, en representación de MN, como productora y gestora de una gira de una obra de teatro colombiano. Con base en lo anterior, concluyo con un plan profesional y personal que abarca doce meses. Este plan ha sido moldeado por la experiencia a lo largo de la maestría, el desarrollo de mi empresa y mis objetivos personales.

Abstract: In an effort to improve coverage of the school system at the primary and secondary education levels, schools in various countries have introduced partial school days. This policy is supposed to allow two or more shifts of students to use the same infrastructure and be instructed by the same teachers, but reduces the amount of time children spend in school. Despite some positive effects on coverage, two-shift schooling has negative impacts on various learning outcomes, such as students’ performance on standardized tests. Using longitudinal data from Pruebas Saber in Colombia, this paper explores the impact of a full day of school on performance in the mathematics and language scores. Initial OLS regression results are contrasted with fixed effects models. Some effect heterogeneity is explored as well. Positive and statistically significant effects are found across all models. However, there are considerable variations in the size of the effect. First, effects on the mathematics scores are consistently larger than effects on language. Second, full-day schooling is found to make more of a difference in contexts where resources outside the classroom are less available, such as public schools which tend to be underfunded, rural areas that tend to be underserved by public services, and in children from disadvantaged backgrounds. Differences in school quality have surprising interaction effects with the length of the school day. Additional instruction time is shown to make the most difference at both ends of the quality spectrum.

Resumen: En un momento en el que la incertidumbre describe a las sociedades postmodernas, la observación social le entrega al jurista un prisma de interpretación renovado. Este artículo propone revisar algunas de las reflexiones que el sociólogo alemán Ülrich Beck realizó alrededor de la noción de riesgo como descriptor del escenario social contemporáneo y trasladarlas al universo de lo jurídico[1]. De este modo, se abordará el tema desde la perspectiva del derecho público en general, y del derecho administrativo en particular, como herramientas que permiten a los gobiernos adoptar medidas extraordinarias cuando la materialización de dichos riesgos es fuente de crisis. Éstas a su vez, dejan al desnudo una crisis más profunda situada en un nivel axiológico. La distorsión de valores que acompaña la actividad legislativa de los Estados incita a la autogeneración y a la agravación del riesgo. Abstract: At a time when uncertainty describes postmodern societies, social observation gives legal experts a renewed interpretation perspective. This article aims at reviewing some reflections made by German sociologist Ülrich Beck on the concept of risk as a descriptor of the contemporary social scenario and transferring them to the universe of law. This article analyses said subject from public law- a general perspective one- and from administrative law – a particular one-, as tools that allow governments to take extraordinary measures when the realization of such risks is a source of crises. These laws lay bare a deeper crisis at an axiological level. Distortion of values accompanying legislative activities of States stimulates self-generation and aggravation of risks. [1] La relación que existe entre el derecho y otras ciencias sociales ha sido muy discutida en el ámbito académico. En un artículo publicado en 1992, Laurent Thévenot recuerda que «las relaciones entre el derecho y las ciencias sociales está animada por críticas recíprocas, en nombre del desconocimiento de la especificidad del derecho, o en sentido inverso, a nombre del formalismo de categorías jurídicas por ser demasiado distantes de las prácticas sociales”, en Laurent THÉVENOT, «Jugements ordinaires et jugement de droit». Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 47 (6), 1992, p.p. 1279–129. Sin embargo, son muchas las contribuciones de la sociología al derecho e inversamente. En ese sentido, autores como Weber (2007) y Durkheim (1975) han trabajado el concepto de ley desde una perspectiva sociológica. Del mismo modo, el sociólogo Pierre Bordieu (1986) demostró que no era tanto el Estado de derecho como su uso lo que merecía ser estudiado. Desde una perspectiva diferente, Michel Foucault (1975) pidió deconstruir los fundamentos del derecho. Entre otras cosas, forjó el concepto de ilegalidad. Según él, cada clase social tiene sus propias transgresiones: cada clase social juega con la ley de acuerdo con sus intereses y recursos.

Abstract: From an ‘Amerindian Perspectivist’ methodology, I propose to unveil the epistemology of shamanism towards a new resolution of Western artificiality. Departing from the counteranthropological approach traversing Eduardo Viveiros de Castro’s work in Cannibal Metaphysics, addressing the necessity for a constant decolonization of thought as todays ontological anarchism, the direction I will pursue entangles the necessity to put into question two foundational aspects of modern Western dialectics: the constitution of selfhood, and the inherent consequence of that process as objectification of otherness, including the mineral ecosystem, and by extension: the artificial. Through a subtle process of weaving theoretical references, I will create a set of conversations between shamanism, decoloniality, neurology, and automation, that questioning the imperative paradigm of the symbolical as extension of the anthropocentric meta-projection of the human project, locates the potentiality of ‘the return to earth by the modern subject’ as a movement (the return to earth) Indigenous communities have always been inhabiting through the opposite operation of Western dialectics: personification, and the potential landscape to come from the consequential ‘Indigenization of the Modern imperative’. To unpack Amerindian Perspectivism as methodological approach, the task consists in resolving as structural direction; the entanglement deployed from Viveiros de Castro to his own discipline: anthropology , to resolve a counter-anthropology; in the case of this investigation, directed towards the intuition of a question not yet answered, that question being: how the artificial could be resolved through and after Indigenous Perspectivism? For that matter, quoting the Brazilian Anthropologist, who’s thesis will be the fundamental matrix to pursue the constellation I will be knitting, I will concentrate in ‘the who of things’ to inhabit what the Yanomami shaman Davi Kopenawa calls ‘the far-away thinking’ in his book The falling sky, a bio-semiotical entanglement signaling as non dissociated rationalization, to direct as departing point the deformation of our European conceptual apparatus, towards a different resolution of the artificial, question involving a different resolution of the computational mega-structure, question for a possible self in automation from a counter-development artificiality, but also, a different resolution of the methodological approach towards the construction of a Western thesis. Basically, in the encounter with Amerindian myth as another form of anthropology, we will open the construction of the Western dialectical frame as myth, and far away from a grotesque simplification, we will merge into Amerindian perspectivism to bring from that space, the primordial matrix to question the construction of our Western epistemic methods, the construction of our disciplines, and in that extension, another resolution of the artificial. For that matter, as weekly dynamic, I will be meeting in Ancestral territory; todays Colombia, the traditional doctors: Luis Yunda from the NASA community, Eduard Gil Jimenez from the Yanakuna community, Misael Tumbo from the NASA community, Joaquin Viluche from the NASA community, Julio Caldón from the Kokonuko community, and Manuel Sisco from the NASA community, looking in those conversations with the shamans, to open the transitional state of an epistemology of relation, looking to envision a resolution towards a shamanic epistemology of Western artificiality, and from this matrix of relations; another artificiality to come.

Abstract: Law 160 of 1994 in Colombia marks a point of transit between the sterile attempts for agrarian reform in the 20th century and a series of market-based land policies. However, this law also marks the end of a cycle of peasant mobilization, especially in border areas, and with it a partial recognition of the peasant settlers is achieved, through what the law named Peasant Reserve Zones (PRZ). These zones allow basically three main things to the inhabitants of frontier zones: the titling of the land that the settlers have transformed and that they informally possess, the closure of the agricultural frontier through a control of the amount of land that can be owned inside the zone, and the peasant governance of the zone. The peasant governance is manifested through processes of territorial ordering, in which the peasant associations that impulse each zone regulates the social and economic activities of it. The majority of the academic literature that has analyzed the PRZ in the last 25 years has focused its attention in particular zones treating them as case studies. Through these cases, this literature has presented the PRZ as a reaction of the peasant communities to the processes of capital accumulation and capital penetration in the Colombian countryside. Nevertheless, this literature has done this analysis without considering in depth the variation in the strategies the PRZ have used in developing a repertoire of contention against the implementation of land policies before the law 160 was issued and after it, and focusing mainly in the critical geography discussion of the dynamics of territorialization. Through a sociological and historical analysis, this paper offers an initial exploration of the dynamic process of formation of a repertoire of contention of the Colombian PRZ. This paper analyzes in a parallel way the formation of the Colombian state and the formation of a peasant social movement. It concludes arguing that the PRZ have developed two repertoires of contention through which they have at the same time resist and create the Colombian state, and 5 strategies that have enabled them a margin of maneuver between the two repertoires.