Abstract: This thesis examines the modeling of inorganic behavior on Twitter and its implications for media dynamics. Three approaches —userbased, activity-based, and text-based detection— are combined to gain insights that benefit journalism and civil organizations. Resumen: Esta tesis examina el modelado del comportamiento inorgánico en Twitter y sus implicaciones para las dinámicas mediáticas. Se combinan tres enfoques (detección basada en características del usuario, basada en su actividad y basada en el contenido textual que publica o con el que interactúa), para encontrar patrones que ayuden a periodistas y organizaciones civiles a entender el fenómeno. Esta es una primera valoración positiva del uso del Inteligencia Artificial para explorar relaciones complejas que tienen significancia cualitativa en el estudio del comportamiento inorgánico en Twitter más allá de la detección.

Abstract: “Green extractivism” refers to the way in which decarbonisation and the transition to green energy as part of the sustainable development policies of the Global North have increased the commodification of nature and expanded the extraction of minerals. Many of these minerals are located in the Global South, and within the territory of peasant and Indigenous communities. One example is the case of Chile, which has some of the largest reserves of lithium in the world; a mineral used for the production of batteries key to renewable energy technologies. In this dissertation, using a political ecology approach, I examine lithium mining in the Salar de Atacama (“the Salar”) in Chile, and the dynamics between the State, extractive companies, and Atacameña Indigenous communities. With the results obtained through a literature review and document analysis, I demonstrate how green extractivism perpetuates asymmetric local relations, and how this is related to the socio-environmental effects faced by Indigenous Atacameña communities due to the exploitation of lithium mining in their territories. Relying on an original analysis of legal and policy documents, I argue that green extractivism highlights the structural deficiencies of lithium mining regulation and Chile's neoextractivist system. These in turn contribute to the unequal and unfair distribution of the socioenvironmental costs of lithium exploitation in the Salar de Atacama. The dissertation shows that mining companies operating in the Salar benefit from the commodification of nature and transfer externalities to local communities to bear the costs of the green economy policies of the Global North. Nevertheless, I explain that the Atacameña Indigenous communities, despite being in an asymmetric relationship, have assumed an active role, through legal and political mechanisms, in defending their rights and demanding that companies and the State recognise their obligations to protect the Salar’s ecology. The dissertation concludes by contemplating possible political changes through a new constitution in Chile in the next few years and what this may mean for the dominance of green extractivism, especially for the Salar.

Abstract: This study investigates the association between individual characteristics, normative beliefs about aggression, and involvement in antisocial and illegal activities among Colombian adolescents. The research explores temperament traits, such as effortful control, anger/frustration, and callous unemotional, and examines how these relationships differ between individuals engaged in antisocial acts and those who are not. Two groups of adolescents, one within the juvenile justice system and one outside, were analyzed. The results partially support the hypotheses based on the literature. The internal consistency of the scales used to measure individual characteristics and normative beliefs was confirmed partially. Effortful control and anger/frustration did not reach acceptable reliability levels, while normative belief scales showed good reliability. The study confirmed hypothesized relationships between aggression beliefs and levels of effortful control and anger/frustration. However, the hypothesized association between callous unemotional traits and beliefs was not confirmed. Comparing the two groups, higher levels of anger/frustration were associated with greater perceived normativity of aggressive behavior in both offenders and non-offenders. Higher levels of effortful control were associated with lower perceived normativity of aggressive behavior in offenders. Surprisingly, no significant association was found between callous unemotional traits and normativity of aggressive behavior in both groups. Predictive analysis indicated that higher levels of anger/frustration and callous unemotional traits significantly increased the risk of belonging to the offender group. However, normative belief in aggressive behavior emerged as a stronger predictor of vulnerability to antisocial behavior. The study concludes that while the internal consistency of the administered questionnaire was not entirely satisfactory, it provides valuable insights into individual characteristics and their association with maladaptive developmental outcomes, such as adolescent delinquency. The findings suggest a potential adaptive temperamental pattern that could be further investigated for its protective factors, especially within the Colombian juvenile justice system. The study recommends future research using scales adapted specifically to the Colombian context and suggests a more detailed analysis considering additional variables like the type of crime, punishment received, and recidivism. The lack of predictive value of social stratum implies that becoming an adolescent offender is not influenced by the family's economic status. The results regarding anger/frustration and callous unemotional traits highlight their significance in predicting adolescent offender status, while the perceived normativity of aggressive behavior stands out as a crucial predictor of vulnerability to antisocial behavior.

Abstract: The research explores the role of regional Planning in fostering sustainable development in Colombia's diverse Pacific economic, social, and environmentally challenging context. Regional Planning is a traditional process that aims to enhance competitiveness, infrastructure connectivity between territories, and economic growth while addressing contemporary priorities like sustainable development. In response to these challenges, the Administrative and Planning Region (RAP Pacífico) in 2016 was created as a cooperative entity encompassing Pacific departments. This initiative seeks to stimulate economic and social development while overcoming financial, technical, and capacity related constraints. RAP Pacífico, through its Regional Strategic Plan, approved in 2021, departs from conventional approaches by adopting a collaborative and multidimensional strategy involving local authorities, private enterprises, and civil society. This research examines its innovative design strategies under the social innovation theory and its alignment with sustainable development goals. Moreover, the analysis sheds light on the potential of incorporating innovative elements in Planning exercises addressing complex societal challenges and aiming for regional sustainable development within the public management context, particularly in developing nations.

Abstract: Material Adverse Change clauses (MAC clauses) are contractual provisions that are usually incorporated within M&A and debt finance transactions. However, the low number of disputes that have arisen regarding the interpretation and application of such provisions have raised concerns given the uncertainty of its application and construction by the courts. Although the doctrine of good faith has been regarded as alien to English Contract Law, in this dissertation that claim is challenged by exploring other dimensions of such principle through two Civil Law jurisdictions and two recent judgements in English Law concerning MAC clauses in the context of Loan Agreements. Resumen: Las cláusulas de Cambio Adverso Sustancial (MAC, por sus siglas en inglés) son disposiciones contractuales que generalmente se incorporan en transacciones de fusiones y adquisiciones, así como en transacciones de financiamiento de deuda. Sin embargo, la baja cantidad de disputas que han surgido respecto a la interpretación y aplicación de tales disposiciones ha generado preocupación dada la incertidumbre en su aplicación y construcción por parte de los tribunales. Aunque la doctrina de la buena fe ha sido considerada ajena al Derecho de Contratos inglés, en esta tesis se cuestiona esa afirmación al explorar otras dimensiones de dicho principio a través de dos jurisdicciones de Derecho Civil y dos sentencias recientes en el Derecho inglés relacionadas con cláusulas MAC en el contexto de Acuerdos de Préstamo.

Abstract: The French philosopher Gilbert Simondon is known for his critique of the way in which the substantialist and hylomorphic perspectives conceive individuation. For Simondon, individuation is not thought as an achieved plenitude but as a process in which the individual is constantly being constituted, both individually and collectively. In this way, he shows the shift from a theory of relation to a theory of individuation processes in which ontology gives way to ontogenesis. This article intends to show how Simondon’s thought on education is closely related to the way individuation is presented as a process and not as a result. If education is relationship, it occurs within a process of individuation instead of being the event of an encounter between already constituted individuals. Basically, the school, like individuation, is a field of tensions and potentialities. Simondon is optimistic that an education that improves communication conditions within educational processes will have restorative effects on the social fabric. This text will contribute not only to a greater knowledge of Simondon’s educational ideas, but also to think about education as an articulating axis of a more supportive and liberating society. Resumen: El filósofo francés Gilbert Simondon es conocido por su crítica a la forma como las perspectivas sustancialista e hilemórfica conciben la individuación. Para Simondon, la individuación no se piensa desde una plenitud alcanzada, sino desde un proceso en el que el individuo se está constituyendo individual y colectivamente. De este modo, muestra el desplazamiento de una teoría de la relación a una teoría de los procesos de individuación en la cual la ontología cede el paso a la ontogénesis. El presente artículo quiere mostrar cómo el pensamiento de Simondon sobre la educación guarda una estrecha relación con la forma en que la individuación se presenta como proceso y no como resultado. Si la educación es relación, esta se da dentro de un proceso de individuación y no es el evento de un encuentro entre individuos ya constituidos. En el fondo, la escuela, como la individuación, es un campo de tensiones y potencialidades. Simondon es optimista en que una educación que mejore las condiciones de comunicación en el interior de los procesos educativos tendrá unos efectos restauradores en el entramado social, y podrá ser, por tanto, el eje articulador de una sociedad más solidaria y liberadora.

Resumen: En su obra “Las Fronteras de la Justicia” (FJ), Martha Nussbaum nos instruye bajo una serie de convincentes argumentos, como las ilustres teorías de la justicia del contractualismo o contrato social, a pesar de sus grandes contribuciones a la justicia, aun presentan dificultades para extender sus principios a todos los integrantes de la sociedad política. Cerrar esta brecha, es el objetivo principal de este trabajo, siento también uno de los aspectos más relevantes de su trayectoria académica. Los intereses de la filósofa al desarrollar lo que ella denomina una “teoría del bien”, van desde lo académico hasta lo personal, pues, como se verá más adelante, se trata de una situación que ha afectado su grupo familiar más cercano. Si bien Nussbaum es una crítica del contractualismo clásico, es menester aclarar que, no es una opositora, de hecho, considera que teorías como las de Locke, Rousseau o Rawls, son muy acertadas y poderosas, en su opinión, estas han surgido para eliminar las desigualdades entre seres humanos y los privilegios inmerecidos, contribuyendo así a una sociedad más justa; no obstante, puntualiza que los principios de justicia aún están inconclusos, por lo cual, deben completarse para que lleguen a todos los que se encuentran excluidos. Con su propuesta, la autora no pretende crear una teoría de la justicia nueva, su objetivo es completar los presupuestos de la justicia actual. Para lograr su fin, sugiere que los principios de la justicia deben ser observados bajo un enfoque distinto al tradicional, ya no sobre los bienes materiales sino desde las capacidades humanas, esto conlleva necesariamente la reformulación de ciertos conceptos, como el fin del contrato social, los deberes morales, las relaciones internacionales y, sobre todo, el valor moral de la persona. Una vez Nussbaum, logra replantear los conceptos antes mencionados (bajo una fuerte influencia aristotélica y kantiana), elabora un argumento que asegura, es la clave para extender la justicia a todos los seres humanos en condiciones de igualdad. Aunque la autora, en un inicio expresa que se trata de un argumento basado en la exclusión de tres grupos sociales -personas con deficiencias físicas y mentales, animales y extranjeros- lo cierto es que la mayor parte de este trabajo gira en torno al primer grupo, siendo este la hoja de ruta para para los otros, lo cual le ha valido fuertes críticas.

Abstract: Risk analysis techniques help to identify threats, problems and anomalies in processes and systems that may affect the health and safety of employees, the environment, equipment reliability and normative compliance. In this thesis, a stochastic risk analysis with Monte Carlo simulation applied to FMECA (Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis) was performed for a specific model of wind turbine located in the Alpha Ventus offshore wind Park. Monte Carlo simulations provide the decisionmaker with a range of possible outcomes and the probabilities of occurrences of these results, that are derived mainly from the uncertainty associated to the subjectivity of judgement from a group of experts. As a supplementary method to the stochastic FMECA, Risk Assessments Matrix (RAM) was also used for bivariate distributions of Severity and Occurrence of the identified failure modes. The results obtained were compared to the results that would be normally obtained with a conventional FMECA and RAM and will serve in future steps to develop Risk-Based Inspection plans for this model of wind turbine in this offshore wind park.

Resumen: El artículo presenta la relación niñez y participación a la luz de teorías críticas y movimientos populares en Latinoamérica, desde la categoría de coprotagonismo (Liebel, 2019; Ashcroft, 2001; Morales, 2022), como base para la creación de espacios de diálogo intergeneracionales en Colombia, a través de prácticas de comunicación y cambio social como los colectivos de comunicación popular, local y comunitaria. Abstract: The article presents the relationship between childhood and participation in the light of critical theories and popular movements in Latin America, from the category of co-protagonism (Liebel, 2019; Ashcroft, 2001; Morales, 2022), as a basis for the creation of spaces for dialogue. intergenerational in Colombia, through communication and social change practices such as popular, local and community communication collectives.

Resumen: El artículo presenta las conclusiones de la investigación doctoral en medios, comunicación y cultura, centrándose en la narrativa audiovisual de cuatro cortometrajes producidos por el colectivo de comunicación popular Alharaca por la paz y las acciones de cambio social producto de su movilización, con el fin de conocer cómo desde la comunicación comunitaria, local y participativa producida por niñas, niños y adolescentes de Caquetá, Colombia, se contribuye a la reconstrucción del tejido social en sociedades divididas por el conflicto armado. Abstract: The article presents the conclusions of the doctoral research in media, communication and culture, focusing on the audiovisual narrative of four short films produced by the popular communication collective Alharaca por la paz and the actions of social change resulting from its mobilization, in order to learn how community, local and participatory communication produced by girls, boys and adolescents from Caquetá, Colombia, contributes to the reconstruction of the social fabric in societies divided by the armed conflict.