Abstract: The mountain and inland areas of the Italian peninsula offer forms of rural life deeply rooted in their topographic conformation. At the same time, today they are characterized by dynamics of strong marginalization, processes established starting from the economic boom after the Second World War, and which have not yet been reversed. The Tuscan-Emilian Apennines, and the specific case of Monte Cimone, are structured through a constellation of towns, villages, small hamlets, and borgate which for centuries have constituted their social-cultural, regional, and national backbone. The Apennines today would not exist, or they would remain a mere memory if the horizontal connections present between the plain and the mountain belt were missing. The underlying question during the entire research was: in these fragile contexts, what can and what should be the role of landscape architecture? And how can the physical design of a place be the means for the consolidation of sociocultural and economic dynamics capable of bringing out positive and sustainable development trends? In this sense, the thesis path tries to configure plausible possibilities in which communities support the landscape, and at the same time how the landscape can support the communities. The structure of the thesis brings out how it was developed. The composition started with the chapter Fragile Mountains, which includes the literature studied to support the research. Continuing, there is the Cartographic framework, which consists of the graphic designs developed for understanding the area under study and refers to the numerous site visits carried out over the last year through the construction of a photographic atlas. Then, the project definition of Communities supporting Landscape is developed, which contains the explanation of the project proposal defined through two pilot projects: Socio-Cultural Infrastructures and Re-Inhabited Heritage. Through the recognition and enhancement of the existing, the thesis project elaborates on the basic conditions for the consolidation of the habitability and infrastructure of the landscape of Monte Cimone. A research approach based on sustainable territorial regeneration is recognized. The developed scenario makes specific reference to the cooperative mountain community, a place for socio-cultural innovations. The intentions declared in the pilot projects answer in terms of the offer of services and new job opportunities. The strategies and motivations materialize in a punctual landscape project. The work carried out wants to be perceived as a starting point, research capable of generating indirect positive effects, both in the academic panorama and on the reference mountain communities.

Abstract: This MA thesis researches collective memory and the way it is archived. Starting from the idea of Colombia as a country without memory, the inquiry questions history as a discipline that linearly presents events, leaving important realities aside, and explores folklore as a more complete alternative to remembering past knowledge. As a timeless, anonymous, and non-institutionalized form of cultural expression, folklore can be seen as a living archive of beliefs and memories. Its form of archiving knowledge and memory is presented as an embodied tool to access and keep passing on the history of a nation. Resumen: Esta tesis de maestría investiga la memoria colectiva y la forma en que es archivada. Partiendo de la idea de Colombia como un país sin memoria, en esta investigación se cuestiona la Historia como una disciplina que presenta linealmente los acontecimientos, dejando de lado realidades importantes, y explora el folclore como una alternativa más completa de reconocer conocimientos del pasado. Como forma de expresión cultural atemporal, anónima y no institucionalizada, el folclore puede verse como un archivo vivo de creencias y recuerdos. Su forma de recolectar y traspasar conocimiento y memoria se presenta como una herramienta encarnada para acceder y transmitir la historia de una nación.

Abstract: This paper synthesizes a Cooperative Inquiry conducted in collaboration with Colombian Deaf women to question mainstream and monolithic definitions of Inclusion. Through facilitated dialogues and creative methodologies, the study aimed to explore alternatives and new understandings of inclusion that recognises different experiences of gender, disability, and Deafhood. Throughout six chapters, it addresses the question of how the notion of inclusion can better recognize and embrace the experiences of these Deaf women, delving simultaneously into unexpected findings concerning methodological considerations while conducting action research (AR) with this population. Overall, this process sheds light on experiences of intersectional exclusion and inclusion, while also discussing the effectiveness of AR methods employed to foster conscientisation within this population. Resumen: Este artículo sintetiza una Investigación Cooperativa llevada a cabo en colaboración con mujeres Sordas colombianas con el propósito de cuestionar definiciones convencionales y monolíticas de inclusión. A través de diálogos facilitados y metodologías creativas, este estudio tuvo como objetivo explorar concepciones nuevas y alternativas de la inclusión que reconozcan diversas experiencias de género, discapacidad y Sordedad. A lo largo de seis capítulos, aborda la pregunta de cómo la noción de inclusión puede reconocer y abrazar mejor las vivencias de estas mujeres, adentrándose al mismo tiempo en hallazgos inesperados relacionados con consideraciones metodológicas del llevar a cabo investigación-acción participativa (IAP) con esta población. Este proceso, resalta experiencias de exclusión e inclusión interseccional, a la vez que discute la efectividad de los métodos IAP empleados para fomentar la concientización dentro de esta población.

Abstract: This study on Venezuelan migration to post-conflict Colombia aims to explain how the reconstruction from conflict and forced migration processes have impacted women. It poses the question of how reconstruction approaches of Colombian and other Latin American civil society groups of women apply to Venezuelan migrant women in the border. Colombia hosts roughly 2 million Venezuelan migrants who have stayed despite the persistent violence caused partially by the turmoil of its politics in the post- conflict aftermath. Using testimonial accounts, the dissertation examines the distinct experiences of Venezuelan migrant women in the borderlands of Colombia. It reveals a blending of crises as the source of support networks. The imminent need to provide humanitarian assistance transformed in the creation of a system that opens the way to integration. From the emergency declaration, addendums to the law for Venezuelans to access the health care system to the adaptation for economic dynamics, women migrants find in Colombia a space for restart. Feasible peace processes in the region have gendered roots. This study claims that despite the recrudescence of violence in Colombia, Venezuelan migrants have an immaterial connection based on historic social, cultural roots that make it their country of preference over other border countries. Findings demonstrate there was an empirical gap in identifying one of the major triggers of the migration crisis. The binational tensions of August 2015 marked the starting point of one of the largest diasporas of the 21st Century.

Abstract: Not having an environmental liabilities regime in Colombia has created a complex contamination scenario that poses a risk to its biodiversity. Even if environmental authorities and the judiciary try their best to hold parties accountable and thus carry out the liabilities cleanup process, the lack of a binding regulation renders these efforts null and void. A solution to this complicated issue could be replicating in the Colombian context some of the provisions included in the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act applicable in the United States. Resumen: No contar con un régimen de pasivos ambientales en Colombia ha creado un escenario de contaminación complejo que pone en riesgo su biodiversidad. Incluso si las autoridades ambientales y el poder judicial hacen todo lo posible para responsabilizar a las partes y así llevar a cabo el proceso de limpieza de pasivos, la falta de una regulación vinculante hace que estos esfuerzos sean nulos y sin efecto. Una solución a este complicado tema podría ser replicar en el contexto colombiano algunas de las disposiciones incluidas en la Ley de Respuesta, Compensación y Responsabilidad Ambiental Integral aplicable en Estados Unidos.

Resumen: Los ""interlocking directorates"" (directores interconectados) es un fenómeno que ocurre cuando dos o más empresas tienen uno o más directores que sirven en sus juntas directivas simultáneamente. Este es un tema ampliamente estudiado bajo las regulaciones de competencia desleal cuando estas empresas operan en la misma industria. Esta situación a menudo conduce a perturbaciones en la competencia en el mercado debido a prácticas colusivas entre las empresas interconectadas. Sin embargo, algunas jurisdicciones pasan por alto los desafíos corporativos asociados con las direcciones interconectadas entre empresas no competidoras. Tal es el caso de Colombia, donde el problema se ha abordado con menos énfasis en temas de gobierno corporativo en comparación con jurisdicciones como Estados Unidos e Israel. Consideraciones como la definición de ""independencia"" para abarcar presiones externas derivadas de conexiones personales y comerciales, el establecimiento de un sistema de nombramiento de directores que promueva la diversidad para mejorar las deliberaciones y la toma de decisiones de la junta, y, en general, reconocer las direcciones interconectadas como un fenómeno que agrega valor debido a factores como las conexiones sociales y el potencial de aprendizaje indirecto, quedan sin resolver en el gobierno corporativo colombiano. Este artículo aboga por una evaluación integral de las direcciones interconectadas, teniendo en cuenta los aspectos mencionados y explorando sinergias entre la competencia desleal y el gobierno corporativo. Para lograr esto, sugiere un estudio comparativo entre Estados Unidos, un sistema de derecho común con una estructura de capital tradicionalmente dispersa; Israel, caracterizado por un sistema legal mixto y una estructura de capital concentrada; y Colombia, una jurisdicción de derecho civil en transición de una estructura de capital concentrada hacia la dispersión de capital. Este análisis tiene como objetivo identificar ajustes regulatorios óptimos para cerrar la brecha en el gobierno corporativo asociada con las direcciones interconectadas en Colombia.

Abstract: “How can we say that a river is a thing when its constitutive elements, water molecules, keep changing and will be found here, elsewhere in the river…We should see ourselves not as things, perhaps, but as processes. The common-sense definition of individuals as things, and even of things in general, seems, after all, to be illusory, the result of a naïve perception of the world.” (Hillier, 2007). This research is developed from the premise that urban rivers are ecological structures that distinguish a territory, accentuating the socio-spatial differentiation of river cities along their continuum. Therefore, this study aims to describe the relationship between urban rivers and the morphological inequality at their edges. By inequality, this study refers to the spatial distribution of resources and opportunities for accessibility to them in relation to the population in a territory. It also measures the degree of spatial division and separation communities have among themselves to strengthen their sociocultural fabric. Some of these communities are segregated from urban centres’ social and active integration, which may be associated with spatial aspects that accentuate a poor integration with the social structure. Explosive population growth, the concentration of poverty, unemployment, forced displacement, and limited opportunities for access to educational and cultural recreational facilities and public space are some of the consequences of this socio-spatial segregation evident in communities around the world and constituting significant targets of the global urban agenda. For river cities, it is commonly associated that the dividing structure of rivers highlights such socio-spatial consequences. In many cases, due to accessibility of public services and resources across the length of this natural structure or even to the unplanned extension of the urban grid at scoping the river edges. Therefore, the result of such socio-spatial differentiation can be described in this study as spatial inequality in urban rivers, as it relates the physical aspect of rivers to the unequal social configuration along them. That is, how rivers as natural structures allow reading societies’ evolution and development processes in their territories. In order to address the term spatial inequality, this study attempts to distinguish between unequal and inequitable urban spaces. The former refers to the spatial morphological differences of the urban space and what it can offer within its physical-spatial and social possibilities. The second seeks to balance social needs by understanding its spatial morphological differences and physicalspatial conditions. Under this theoretical basis, this study sets out first to describe the spatial syntactic characteristics that comprise urban rivers. Secondly, to articulate the socioeconomic characteristics mapped within the urban rivers’ riparian area. This is in order to obtain a socio-spatial coding of inequality in urban rivers. Accordingly, the goal of this dissertation is first to open a critical query about the strength of urban river inequalities, as well as to display a socio-spatial configurational analysis of urban rivers that can enlighten the unequal diversification that these networks provide to the city. The findings of this study aim to frame morphological differences in urban rivers as the natural process of societies’ movement along them and comprehend that by strengthening differences and diversity, it is possible to approach more socially and spatially equitable cities.

Abstract: This thesis advances the understanding of brand polarization, a nascent concept in the marketing and branding academic literature. Brand polarization is defined as an affective phenomenon that involves passionate positive and negative feelings and offers a new analytical lens to the consumer-brand relationship knowledge. The current thesis addresses the nature, drivers and outcomes of the brand polarization phenomenon and answers three research questions. To better understand brand polarization, the theoretical development involves a systematic literature review of five related concepts (polarization in political science and social psychology, brand rivalry, brand love and brand hate) and lie foundation for the development of a new conceptual model. The empirical analysis adopts a sequential mixed-methods research design, where data is first collected via 22 semistructured interviews, followed by a survey of 1,238 lovers and haters of polarizing brands in three different product categories. The qualitative study utilises semi-structured interviews to identify the key antecedents and outcomes of brand polarization, and these preliminary insights inform the confirm the relationships hypothesised in the conceptual model. The findings show the multidimensional nature of brand polarization, (brand passion, self-brand benchmarking, intra-group identification and inter-group dissociation), and offer a new measurement for the phenomenon. The results also identify five drivers of brand polarization, namely brand strength, brand uniqueness, association with important issues, ideological compatibility/incompatibility and sense of community. Finally, the evidence supports the role of brand polarization in pairs of oppositional concepts including complimenting and complaining behaviours; brand loyalty and disloyalty; using pro and anti-brand merchandise; participation in a brand and anti-brand community; forgiveness and retaliation behaviours; positive and negative WoM; and defending and attacking the brand. The research offers theoretical, methodological and managerial implications. Resumen: Esta tesis avanza en la comprensión de la polarización de marca, un concepto naciente en la literatura académica de marketing y branding. La polarización de la marca se define como un fenómeno afectivo que involucra sentimientos apasionados positivos y negativos y ofrece una nueva visión analítica al conocimiento de la relación consumidor-marca. La presente tesis aborda la naturaleza, los antecedentes y las consecuencias del fenómeno de polarización de la marca. Para comprender mejor la polarización de marcas, el desarrollo teórico implica una revisión sistemática de la literatura de cinco conceptos relacionados (polarización en ciencias políticas, polarización en psicología social, rivalidad de marcas, amor y odio de marcas) y sentar las bases para el desarrollo de un nuevo modelo conceptual. El análisis empírico adopta un diseño de investigación secuencial de métodos mixtos con un estudio cualitativo y cuantitativo. El estudio cualitativo utiliza entrevistas semiestructuradas para identificar los antecedentes y resultados clave de la polarización de marca, y estos conocimientos preliminares informan la dimensionalidad del fenómeno y el modelo conceptual. La investigación cuantitativa confirma las relaciones planteadas en el modelo conceptual. Los hallazgos de la tesis muestran la naturaleza multidimensional del fenómeno (pasión por la marca, evaluación comparativa del consumidor con la marca, identificación intragrupo y disociación intergrupal). Los resultados también identifican cinco antecedentes de la polarización de la marca. Finalmente, la evidencia respalda el papel de la polarización de la marca en siete pares de conceptos opuestos. La investigación ofrece varias implicaciones teóricas, metodológicas y de gestión.

Abstract: Landfills, as well as other waste management facilities, are well-known bioaerosol sources. These places may foment antibiotic resistance in bacterial bioaerosol (A.R.B.) due to inadequate pharmaceutical waste disposal. This issue may foster the necessity of using last-generation antibiotics with extra costs in the health care system and deaths. The aim of this study was to reveal the multiantibiotic-resistant bacterial bioaerosol emitted by a sanitary landfill and the surrounding area. We evaluated the influence of environmental conditions in the occurrence of A.R.B. and biological risk assessment. Antibiotic resistance found in the bacteria aerosols was compared with the AWaRE consumption classification. We used the BIOGAVAL method to assess the workers' occupational exposure to antibiotic-resistant bacterial bioaerosols in the landfill. This study confirmed the multiantibiotic resistance in bacterial bioaerosol in a landfill and in the surrounding area. Obtained mean concentrations of bacterial bioaerosols, as well as antibiotic-resistant bacterial bioaerosol (A.R.B.), were high, especially for fine particles that may be a threat to human health. Results suggest the possible risk of antibiotic-resistance interchange between pathogenic and non-pathogenic species in the landfill facilities, thus promoting antibiotic multi-resistance genes spreading into the environment. Resumen: Los vertederos, así como otras instalaciones de gestión de residuos, son fuentes bien conocidas de bioaerosoles. Estos lugares pueden fomentar la resistencia a los antibióticos en bioaerosoles bacterianos (A.R.B.) debido a una eliminación inadecuada de residuos farmacéuticos. Este problema puede fomentar la necesidad de utilizar antibióticos de última generación con costes adicionales en el sistema sanitario y muertes. El objetivo de este estudio fue revelar el bioaerosol bacteriano resistente a múltiples antibióticos emitido por un relleno sanitario y sus alrededores. Evaluamos la influencia de las condiciones ambientales en la aparición de A.R.B. y evaluación de riesgos biológicos. La resistencia a los antibióticos encontrada en los aerosoles de bacterias se comparó con la clasificación de consumo de AWaRE. Utilizamos el método BIOGAVAL para evaluar la exposición ocupacional de los trabajadores a bioaerosoles bacterianos resistentes a los antibióticos en el vertedero. Este estudio confirmó la resistencia a múltiples antibióticos en el bioaerosol bacteriano en un vertedero y sus alrededores. Las concentraciones medias obtenidas de bioaerosoles bacterianos, así como de bioaerosoles bacterianos resistentes a los antibióticos (A.R.B.), fueron altas, especialmente para las partículas finas que pueden ser una amenaza para la salud humana. Los resultados sugieren el posible riesgo de intercambio de resistencia a los antibióticos entre especies patógenas y no patógenas en las instalaciones del vertedero, promoviendo así la propagación de genes de resistencia múltiple a los antibióticos en el medio ambiente.

Abstract: This article examines the interaction effects of formal and informal institutions on intrapreneurship in developed and developing countries. We use a multilevel logistic regression technique and data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) for the years 2014–2020 with information from 29 developed countries (237,053 observations) and 31 developing countries (177,201 observations). The main findings highlight that informal institutions (fear of failure and media attention) are more relevant than the social status of entrepreneurs as predictors of intrapreneurship, in both developed and developing countries. In addition, the moderation of economic freedom as a formal institution differs depending on the economic development context. In developed countries, economic freedom enhances to a greater extent the relationship between social status and intrapreneurship, as well as between media attention and intrapreneurship. These findings can be useful for the design of intrapreneurship policies in adapting their strategies to the specific institutional environment.