Abstract: Irrigation plays a critical role in paddy rice cultivation. Water availability becomes a limiting factor when irrigation do not consider crop water requirements and the predominant edaphic properties. This study was conducted in five paddy rice fields cultivation subjected to different irrigation schedules in the UsoCoello irrigation district, Tolima region, Colombia. The aim of this research was to assess the effectiveness of geophysical data, specifically apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) collected by means of the EM38-MK2 device and multispectral data based on the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) from Sentinel-2A to delineate site- specific management zones (MZs). Prior to analysis, the collected variables underwent exploratory data analysis to identify and remove outliers and inliers. Further, geostatistical techniques were employed to describe the spatial variability of ECa measurements. To reduce dimensionality and account for spatial correlations in the data, a modified version of principal component analysis (PCA) known as MULTISPATI-PCA was applied. Fuzzy k-means was performed to categorize the MZ based on two sPC, where the optimal number of MZs was determined based on summary indices. Finally, each MZ was validated using Mixed Linear Models (MLM) considering spatial structures with random stratified sampling of rice yield and soil water content from TDR measurements. NDWI and ECa were poorly positively correlated (6% to 31% correlation) for most of the Plots to slightly higher negative correlation (3% to 46%) being statistically significant (Pr <0.05), while the multispectral bands showed strong correlation with the vegetation index, they presented the opposite effect (weak correlations) between ECa. Data pre-processing removed 9% (Plot 2) to 21% (Plot 1) of the total observations, lowering the coefficient of variation (CV). The spatial structure was analyzed by semivariograms, and fitted by spherical, gaussian and exponential models showing a high cross validation coefficient (CVC) of 91%, 97.5%, 76%, 70% and 90% for Plot 1 to Plot 5, respectively. Two MZs were selected and their means exhibited statistically significant (Pr<0.05) differences through Tukey’s test, providing further evidence of the effectiveness of integrating geophysical and multispectral data in delineating these zones. This methodology will be used as input for optimizing paddy rice cultivation by means of irrigation scheduling in the UsoCoello irrigation district, Tolima, Colombia.

Abstract: The case studies of Sudan and Venezuela, in light of the existing literature on diasporas, provide an insight into the role diaspora organisations play in assisting their countries of origin during humanitarian crises. Through a comparative exercise it is shown how they collaborate, coordinate and distribute different types of resources in protracted situations where humanitarian aid is clearly needed but often limited. It is how the performed analysis makes it possible to establish both strengths and weaknesses of these diasporas’ involvement, something that should be carefully considered in terms of the impact on the overall well-being of affected and vulnerable communities in their homelands. Which, in turn, paves the way for more research to be done on diasporas as legitimate humanitarian actors in the international system, as well as highlights the necessity for establishing mutually beneficial relationships with traditional international actors.

Resumen: La unidad de cuidado intensivo es considerada como uno de los servicios integradores de más importancia en las instituciones de salud. La gestión de la calidad en ellas ha sido un reto complejo de abordar al tener características sui generis en dependencia de la calidad de los pacientes que recibe en relación con las especialidades disponibles. Es por ello por lo que a través del Consenso Colombiano De Calidad En Cuidados Intensivos se ha buscado estructurar un plan de gestión que permita encontrar un marco común y sobre el estructurar las estrategias de control y mejora. Por medio de las estrategias de planificación estratégica y gestión estudiadas en el máster en Dirección y Gestión Sanitaria de la Universidad Internacional de la Rioja, se identificaron aspectos claves a mejorar en la clínica Medicentro Familiar IPS, ubicada en la localidad de Fontibón, de la ciudad de Bogotá, D.C. Se evidencio que a pesar de haber un cumplimiento de los estándares mínimos de calidad de la resolución 0256 de 201 del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social de Colombia, existen aspectos que merecen una atención: Estructural: no disponibilidad de los servicios de radiología intervencionista, hemodinamia y neurointervencionismo. Docente: ausencia de un plan de formación de residentes. Recursos humanos: tercerización del personal médico. Calidad: la falta de un sistema de reporte anónimo y temprano de actos inseguros y / o eventos adversos; problemas en el programa de optimización de antimicrobianos que favorecen la variabilidad en la selección e inicio de antibióticos. Abstract: The intensive care unit is considered one of the most important integrative services in health institutions. Quality management in them has been a complex challenge to address as they have sui generis characteristics depending on the quality of the patients they receive in relation to the available specialties. This is why, through the Colombian Consensus on Quality in Intensive Care, we have sought to structure a management plan that allows finding a common framework and structuring control and improvement strategies. Through the strategic planning and management strategies studied in the master's degree in Health Direction and Management at the International University of La Rioja, key aspects to improve were identified in the Medicentro Familiar IPS clinic, located in the town of Fontibón, in the city from Bogotá, D.C. It was evident that despite compliance with the minimum quality standards of resolution 0256 of 201 of the Ministry of Health and Social Protection of Colombia, there are aspects that deserve attention: Structural: non-availability of interventional radiology services, hemodynamics and neurointerventionism. Teacher: absence of a resident training plan. Human resources: outsourcing of medical personnel. Quality: the lack of an anonymous and early reporting system for unsafe acts and/or adverse events; problems in the antimicrobial optimization program that favor variability in the selection and initiation of antibiotics.

Abstract: The use of written texts in English for oral and written communication in Spanish in higher education settings is not uncommon today. The impact that this has on the lexical level has not yet been evaluated in the specialized communicative context of Colombian university higher education. As we will see, in this context the use of terminological Anglicisms is surpassing the Spanish terms that already exist to refer to the same concepts.

Abstract: This paper proposes a pipeline for the automation of data between two realms: i) simulation, in a fully nonlinear, and time-dependent structural analysis model and, ii) concrete maturity monitoring data from the construction site. The connection enables an information construct understood for its use within the Digital Twin of the building during construction phases. The pipeline requires a comprehensive coordination between stakeholders at both the site (Construction) and the structural control office, which is challenging. The pipeline consists of a) temperature sensors, b) a mobile app connected to the sensor via Bluetooth with basic instructions for datagatherers, c) integration and interoperability of BIM, and, d) an advanced Finite Element (FE) model. By measuring the concrete temperature during many days, realistic concrete mechanical properties are inferred and infused into the FE models using adequate calibration. Two applications for the improvement of construction activities are identified. Formwork striking and tendons stressing. The paper describes the testbed of all the connections, for the construction of an in-situ casted concrete building in Barcelona, Spain.

Abstract: The representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 of the the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) indicates that if anthropogenic carbon emissions follow dramatic increasing trends, in the next ~200-300 years mean global temperatures can be ~5-10 ?C higher than today. This temperature increase may generate climate conditions similar to those of the late Paleoceneearly Eocene (~58-52 Ma), which recorded the highest temperatures in the last ~60 Ma. Late Paleocene-early Eocene climates were characterized by a series of light carbon injections that produced major global warming/ocean acidification events called hyperthermals, and other smaller carbon cycle perturbations. Although late Paleocene-early Eocene geological records offer a possibility to identify global warming impacts under the worst anthropogenic-driven climatic scenario, important aspects related to the triggers and environmental responses of late Paleocene-early Eocene carbon cycle perturbations remain elusive. Here, two major scientific problems of late Paleocene-early Eocene carbon cycle perturbations are addressed. Initially, new chemical datasets are presented to clarify the origins of the largest Paleocene-Eocene carbon cycle perturbation, the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). Early Eocene carbon cycle perturbations have been interpreted to be orbitally forced events; however, the influence of orbital controls on PETM triggering remains controversial. New probabilistic-based approaches are used to indicate that the PETM was at least partially triggered by an orbitally controlled mechanism, which contrasts with previous studies that restricted PETM triggering to volcanic activity. Secondly, probabilistic-based age models and statistical assessments are presented to refine poorly studied carbon sequestration timescales following Paleocene-Eocene light carbon injections. New temporal constraints reveal that carbon sequestration following Paleocene-Eocene light carbon injections was accelerated in proportion to the size of the initial perturbation. Optimized carbon removal was partially related to accelerated chemical weathering. This process also ended ocean acidification induced by Paleocene-Eocene carbon cycle perturbations, and reestablished predominant calcium carbonate sedimentation in the oceans. However, chemical weathering was not the only optimized carbon sequestration mechanism following Paleocene-Eocene light carbon injections. Temperature variations associated with Paleocene-Eocene carbon cycle perturbations exerted controls on oxygen levels. Reduced oxygen levels associated with higher temperatures may have accelerated export production and oceanic biological pump, which also promoted enhanced carbon removal. The findings presented in this thesis represent significant advances for our knowledge of origins and carbon cycle feedbacks associated with global warming events; furthermore, this thesis emphasizes that probabilistic-based approaches and statistical assessments can provide a better understanding of paleoclimate records.

Abstract: The 2030 Agenda guides sustainable development. Colombia played a pivotal role in shaping the Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs) as a global agenda by presenting the proposal alongside Guatemala at the 2012 UN Sustainable Development Conference (Pineda Escobar, 2019). While the SDGs receive praise for their holistic approach and well being indicators (Perea Hinestroza, 2019), they face criticism. Including their origins in promoting economic growth (Adelman, 2018), challenges in addressing environmental protection (Weber & Weber, 2020), and narratives portraying them as universally positive, despite corporate and political influences (Olwig, 2021). This paper employs a comprehensive methodology, encompassing critical analysis, historical context, literature review, theoretical frameworks, and case studies. It scrutinizes the SDGs through decolonial and post development perspectives, alongside the concept of the Pluriverse. The Pluriverse, inspired by the Zapatistas, emphasizes diverse practices and knowledge coexistence without imposing universality (Arora et al.,2020). The analysis delves into the concept of Colonial Modernity (CM) and its historical influence, particularly from Western Europe (Mignolo, 2017). It explores how non modern worlds in Colombia, including indigenous, Afro descendant, and peasant communities, challenge prevailing development paradigms and offer alternative sustainability pathways. It focuses on indigenous engagement with the S DGs. It highlights the alignment between indigenous values and the SDGs and the significance of recognizing historical marginalization and violence (Medina, 2019; Morales & Calvo, 2023). The paper concludes by reflecting on the contributions of these diverse perspectives to the discourse on sustainable development and ways of living. Resumen: La Agenda 2030 guía el desarrollo sostenible. Colombia desempeñó un papel fundamental en la configuración de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) como agenda mundial al presentar la propuesta junto con Guatemala en la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible de 2012 (Pineda Escobar, 2019). Si bien los ODS reciben elogios por su enfoque holístico y sus indicadores de bienestar (Perea Hinestroza, 2019), enfrentan críticas. Incluyendo sus orígenes en la promoción del crecimiento económico (Adelman, 2018), los desafíos para abordar la protección del medio ambiente (Weber & Weber, 2020), y las narrativas que los retratan como universalmente positivos, a pesar de las influencias corporativas y políticas (Olwig, 2021). Este documento emplea una metodología integral, que abarca el análisis crítico, el contexto histórico, la revisión de la literatura, los marcos teóricos y los estudios de caso. Analiza los ODS a través de perspectivas decoloniales y postdesarrollistas, junto con el concepto del Pluriverso. El Pluriverso, inspirado en los zapatistas, hace hincapié en la coexistencia de diversas prácticas y conocimientos sin imponer la universalidad (Arora et al., 2020). El análisis profundiza en el concepto de Modernidad Colonial (MC) y su influencia histórica, particularmente de Europa Occidental (Mignolo, 2017). Explora cómo los mundos no modernos en Colombia, incluidas las comunidades indígenas, afrodescendientes y campesinas, desafían los paradigmas de desarrollo imperantes y ofrecen vías alternativas de sostenibilidad. Se centra en el compromiso indígena con los ODS. Destaca la alineación entre los valores indígenas y los ODS y la importancia de reconocer la marginación histórica y la violencia (Medina, 2019; Morales & Calvo, 2023). El documento concluye reflexionando sobre las contribuciones de estas diversas perspectivas al discurso sobre el desarrollo sostenible y las formas de vida.

Resumen: Uno de los mamíferos más emblemáticos de la Orinoquia colombiana es el hormiguero gigante, Myrmecophaga tridactyla, más conocido como oso palmero. Presenta adaptaciones anatómicas y comportamentales relacionadas con su alimentación especializada. Una de esas adaptaciones es el miembro torácico. En Colombia no se ha estudiado la relación entre las características morfológicas del miembro torácico y su funcionalidad. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar morfológica y funcionalmente el miembro torácico de ejemplares de M. tridactyla de la Orinoquia colombiana. Se encontró que el miembro torácico se caracteriza por presentar unos músculos bien desarrollados, con aumento de áreas de inserción. Por otra parte, los huesos presentan accidentes óseos, crestas y procesos que incrementan la efectividad de los movimientos musculares. Las proporciones óseas de los huesos ulna y húmero indicaron que el miembro puede ejercer movimientos rápidos, fuertes, y de tipo excavatorio. Se evidenció que durante el forrajeo, diferentes movimientos musculares actúan entre sí para ejecutar una poderosa flexión digital, retracción del miembro y rotación de la mano. En conclusión, el miembro torácico del hormiguero gigante se encuentra adaptado morfológicamente a diferentes tipos de hábitos locomotores. Además, las características morfológicas de sus elementos óseos explican su forma de caminar en nudillos y comportamiento. El conocimiento anatómico y funcional puede servir como herramienta para prácticas médicas y manejo de ejemplares en cautiverio. También para entender el impacto que pueden llegar a tener la transformación de ecosistemas, en la fisiología y uso de hábitat en esta especie amenazada.

Abstract: Agricultural intensification is a persistent and growing threat to biodiversity worldwide. Olive groves cover extensive areasin the Mediterranean basin and play a fundamental role as refuge and wintering quarters for many bird species, but the effectsof their current intensification on bird communities remain unclear. This study aims to evaluate the response of wintering birdsto the management of olive groves with different degrees of intensification (traditional, intensive and superintensive manage-ment) in central Spain. Based on two bird censuses conducted in 25 groves in early and late winter, we examined the influenceof habitat structure and composition at different spatial scales on species richness and abundance of the entire farmland birdcommunity, and of the dietbased functional groups. Total species richness tended to decrease with intensive olive grove management, probably due to reduced habitat heterogeneity, whereas total abundance did not, indicating the capacity of intensiveand super-intensive olive groves to sustain large numbers of wintering birds. The negative effect of intensification was particu-larly evident in frugivore species richness, while frugivore abundance was positively (but marginally) associated with olive fruitavailability. Granivorous species were positively associated with lower vegetation cover, but insectivorous species did notrespond to intensification gradients. Species richness and abundance (total and by diet-based functional groups) also decreasedfrom early to late winter, which may be due to the effect of olive harvest, but also to an extreme cold event. Overall, our find-ings show how olive grove intensification and the associated management practices result in significant changes in habitatstructure and composition at different spatial scales, thus affecting wintering bird communities.

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the effect of post-curing method, printing layer thickness, and water storage on the me chanical properties and degree of conversion of a light-curing methacrylate based resin material (IMPRIMO® LC Splint), used for the fabrication of 3D printed occlusal splints and surgical guides. Methods: 96 bar-shaped specimens were 3D printed (Asiga MAX), half of them with a layer thickness of 100 ? m (Group A), and half with 50 ? m (Group B). Each group was divided in three subgroups based on the post-curing method used: post-curing with light emitting diode (LED) and nitrogen gas; post-curing with only LED; and non- post-curing. Half of the specimens from each subgroup were water-stored for 30 days while the other half was dry-stored (n = 8). Flexural strength and flexural modulus were evaluated. Additional specimens were prepared and divided in the same way for surface hardness (n = 96), fracture toughness, and work of fracture (n = 96). Five specimens were selected from each subgroup for evaluating the degree of conversion (DC). Data were collected and statistically analyzed with 1-way, 2-way ANOVA, and Tukey post-hoc analysis (? = 0.05). Results: The 2-way ANOVA showed that the post-curing method and water storage significantly affected the investigated mechanical properties (P < 0.001). The 1-way ANOVA revealed a statistically significant difference among the tested groups on the investigated properties (P < 0.001). After water storage, the 100 ? m subgroup post-cured with only LED showed higher flexural strength (51 ± 9) than the 50 ? m and 100 ? m subgroups that were post-cured with LED in addition to nitrogen gas atmosphere (38 ± 5, 30 ± 3) (p < 0.05). The 50 ? m subgroup post-cured with only LED showed the highest significant flexural modulus values (1.7 ± 0.08) (p < 0.05). However, the 50 ? m subgroup post-cured with LED plus nitrogen showed significantly higher surface hardness values (p < 0.05) among the investigated groups. The non-post-cured subgroups showed the lowest values, which were significantly different from the other subgroups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The post-curing method, water storage, and printing layer thickness play a role in the mechanical properties of the investigated 3D Printed occlusal splints material. The combination of heat and light within the post-curing unit can enhance the mechanical properties and degree of conversion of 3D printed occlusal splints. Flexural strength and surface hardness can increase when decreasing printing layer thickness. Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto del método de poscurado, el espesor de la capa de impresión y el almacenamiento de agua en el tiempo. Propiedades mecánicas y grado de conversión de un material de resina fotopolimerizable a base de metacrilato (IMPRIMO® LC Splint), utilizado para la fabricación de férulas oclusales y guías quirúrgicas impresas en 3D. Métodos: Se imprimieron en 3D (Asiga MAX) 96 muestras en forma de barra, la mitad de ellas con un espesor de capa de 100 ? m. (Grupo A), y la mitad con 50 ? m (Grupo B). Cada grupo se dividió en tres subgrupos según el poscurado. método utilizado: postcurado con diodo emisor de luz (LED) y gas nitrógeno; postcurado solo con LED; y no- después de curado. La mitad de los especímenes de cada subgrupo se almacenaron en agua durante 30 días mientras que la otra mitad se almacenó en agua. almacenado en seco (n = 8). Se evaluaron la resistencia a la flexión y el módulo de flexión. Se prepararon muestras adicionales. y dividido de la misma manera para dureza de la superficie (n = 96), tenacidad a la fractura y trabajo de fractura (n = 96). Se seleccionaron cinco ejemplares de cada subgrupo para evaluar el grado de conversión (DC). Los datos fueron recopilados y analizados estadísticamente con ANOVA de 1 vía, 2 vías y análisis posthoc de Tukey (? = 0,05).