Abstract: Colombia and Venezuela have experienced a two-way migration since the 1920s. In the last decade, Venezuelan people fled to the neighbour Latin American countries in the most significant migration process faced in the continent. Colombia has become the most considerable receptor because of its closeness, and it demands that Colombian governments, humanitarian institutions, international cooperation, mass media, and civil society develop strategies to assimilate and achieve a successful social integration. This is the analysis of two processes of social integration through music, one institutional program run by “Batuta,” a foundation that promotes symphonic music practices to achieve social integration, and an individual migrant process of TráficoMC, a Venezuelan hip-hop artist based in Medellin, Colombia. Although they have different methods to achieve their aims, both have the same medium, music. This analysis reviews the complexity of using music in those particular social integration programs that have intended reducing xenophobia and endophobia attitudes to achieve a social integration that can conduce to a cultural and economic development of the whole population involved in the migration process.

Resumen: Esta investigación tiene como objetivo responder la pregunta por el papel que juegan las redes sociales en el activismo, qué tipo de prácticas activistas albergan y cómo esto da forma a un espacio feminista en la red. Para lograr responder a estas preguntas he trabajado de cerca con cuatro activistas de cuatro colectivos colombianos reconocidos por su presencia digital, creación de contenido y trabajo activista en el contexto nacional. A saber: Hiedras y Bolívar en Falda en Medellín, Feministas en Construcción en Bogotá y Maleza en Manizales. Los cuatro colectivos y las activistas con las que tuve la oportunidad de discutir son un caso representativo del feminismo digital en el país. Por lo cual propongo implementar la metodología de estudio de caso. Este diseño de investigación provee herramientas para cumplir con los objetivos planteados en cuanto me permite, a partir de los datos empíricos y la teoría planteada, construir explicaciones y reconstruir patrones de las prácticas activistas mediáticas. Finalmente, a partir del análisis del activismo digital feminista en términos de prácticas mediáticas digitales se plantea una discusión, algunas conclusiones y reflexiones finales. Esta investigación espera aportar a la literatura sobre activismo digital feminista. Dado que el material es reducido mientras que los grupos activistas son cada vez más y con logros y alianzas cada vez más importantes. En tiempos donde las acciones políticas desde diferentes flancos de la sociedad colombiana que van en detrimento de los derechos de las mujeres tienen tanta fuerza y presencia en redes sociales, las voces feministas en las redes sociales constituyen una fuerza contestataria importante. Por esto, considero que indagar más sobre las relaciones entre prácticas, medios digitales y feminismo, es un aporte hacia una comprensión más amplia del presente y futuro del feminismo y los movimientos feministas contemporáneos. Abstract: This research aims to answer the question of the role that social networks play in activism, what kind of activist practices they harbor and how this shapes a feminist space on the web. In order to answer these questions I have worked closely with four activists from four Colombian collectives recognized for their digital presence, content creation and activist work in the national context. The collectives Hiedras and Bolivar en Falda in Medellin, Feministas en Construcción in Bogota and Maleza in Manizales. The four collectives and the activists with whom I had the opportunity to discuss are a representative case of digital feminism in the country. Therefore, I propose to implement the case study methodology. This research design provides tools to meet the objectives set out in that it allows me, from the empirical data and the theory proposed, to build explanations and reconstruct patterns of media activist practices. Finally, based on the analysis of feminist digital activism in terms of digital media practices, a discussion, some conclusions and final reflections are presented. This research hopes to contribute to the literature on feminist digital activism. Given that the material is reduced while activist groups are increasingly more and with increasingly important achievements and alliances. In times where political actions from different sides of Colombian society that are detrimental to women's rights have so much strength and presence in social networks, feminist voices in social networks are an important contestation force. For this reason, I believe that further research on the relationship between practices, digital media and feminism is a contribution to a broader understanding of the present and future of feminism and contemporary feminist movements.

Abstract: This dissertation explores the role that social enterprises can play in transforming the economy. The overemphasis on economic goals has undermined social and environmental objectives, causing many of the crises we face today. To address this situation, this paper brings together the bodies of literature on the circular economy, ecological economics and local economic development to provide strategies, proposals and insights for achieving such transformation, while analysing the definition of social enterprises and using the policies of economic restructuring as a framework to conclude that the role of social enterprises is to demonstrate that it is possible to reconcile these three dimensions into sustainable, attractive and profitable business models, and to inspire other actors in the economy to apply these sustainable practices and approaches until their widespread adoption becomes the new industry standard. Resumen: Esta disertación explora el papel que pueden desempeñar las empresas sociales en la transformación de la economía. El énfasis excesivo en los objetivos económicos ha socavado los objetivos sociales y medioambientales, causando muchas de las crisis a las que nos enfrentamos hoy en día. Para hacer frente a esta situación, este trabajo reúne la literatura sobre la economía circular, la economía ecológica y el desarrollo económico local con el fin de proporcionar estrategias, propuestas y puntos de vista para lograr dicha transformación, al tiempo que analiza la definición de las empresas sociales y utiliza las políticas de reestructuración económica como marco para concluir que el papel de las empresas sociales es demostrar que es posible conciliar estas tres dimensiones en modelos de negocio sostenibles, atractivos y rentables, e inspirar a otros actores de la economía para aplicar estas prácticas y enfoques sostenibles hasta que su adopción generalizada se convierta en el nuevo estándar de la industria.

Abstract: This study presents a language textbook analysis informed by generative second language acquisition (GenSLA), an area of investigation that has been rarely explored. In consequence, it proposes an original methodology. It also intends to contribute to bridging the gap between GenSLA and second language teaching. For those purposes, it tackles the research question: To what extent are secondlanguage textbook contents informed by GenSLA theory and research findings? The two research objectives are (1) to analyse how polarity item any is explicitly instructed in the language textbook series proposed by the Ministry of Education in Colombia for public secondary schools and (2) to analyse how polarity item any is incidentally instructed in the textbook series in terms of primary linguistic data (PLD). In terms of methodology, the study proposes two analyses for each research objective. First, to analyse explicit instruction (explanations, grammar activities, and teacher’s guidance). Second to analyse every instance of polarity item any provided by the textbooks through written and aural input. The main results show that the whole linguistic distribution of any is partially covered by explicit and incidental instruction. A cautious explanation is the emphasis of textbooks on meaning and interaction over form or metalinguistic knowledge. These results also demonstrate the need for instruction of any in veridical linguistic contexts licensed by negative implicature.

Abstract: Estimating gross primary production (GPP) is important to understand the land–atmosphere CO2 exchange for major agroecosystems. Eddy covariance (EC) measurements provide accurate and reliable information about GPP, but flux measurements are often not available. Upscaling strategies gain importance as an alternative to the limitations of the use of the EC. Although the potato provides an important agroecosystem for worldwide carbon balance, there are currently no studies on potato GPP upscaling processes. This study reports two GPP scaling-up approaches from the detailed leaflevel characterization of gas exchange of potatoes. Multilayer and big leaf approaches were applied for extrapolating chamber and biometric measurements from leaf to canopy. Measurements of leaf area index and photosynthesis were performed from planting to the end of the canopy life cycle using an LP-80 ceptometer and an IRGA Li-Cor 6800, respectively. The results were compared to concurrent measurements of surface–atmosphere GPP from the EC measurements. Big-leaf models were able to simulate the general trend of GPP during the growth cycle, but they overestimated the GPP during the maximum LAI phase. Multilayer models correctly reproduced the behavior of potato GPP and closely predicted both: the daily magnitude and half-hourly variation in GPP when compared to EC measurements. Upscaling is a reliable alternative, but a good treatment of LAI and the photosynthetic light-response curves are decisive factors to achieve better GPP estimates. The results improved the knowledge of the biophysical control in the carbon fluxes of the potato crop.

Abstract: This paper employs a dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) model to study the time-varying correlation between three cryptocurrency strategies (market, size, and momentum) and three equity indexes (MSCI World, MSCI Emerging markets, and MSCI All cap) from November 2017 until May 2022. Paying close attention to events of market turmoil, like the Covid-19 crash in March 2020 and the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The results obtained, show that the correlation between the equity market and cryptocurrencies has increased over time eroding diversification benefits. However, the momentum and size strategies presented a stable near-zero correlation with the equity index during the time frame selected, including both of the crisis events. We conclude that whereas both (momentum and size) strategies can be used as diversification tools, size is preferred due to its lower volatility, and lower persistence when faced with a correlation spike. Resumen: Este trabajo emplea un modelo de correlación condicional dinámica (DCC) para estudiar los cambios en la correlación de tres estrategias con criptomonedas (mercado, tamaño y momentum) y tres índices bursátiles (MSCI World, MSCI Emerging markets y MSCI All cap), en el periodo comprendido entre noviembre de 2017 y mayo de 2022. Se presta especial atención a los eventos de crisis como el crash de la bolsa en marzo 2020 debido a la pandemia del Covid-19 y a la invasión rusa de Ucrania en febrero de 2022. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que la correlación entre el mercado accionario y las criptomonedas ha incrementado a lo largo del tiempo, deteriorando los beneficios de la diversificación. Sin embargo, las cripto estrategias de momentum y tamaño presentaron una correlación estable y cercana a cero con los índices accionarios durante el periodo comprendido en el estudio, incluyendo los eventos de crisis previamente mencionados. En conclusión, si bien las estrategias de momentum y tamaño pueden ser usadas como herramientas de diversificación en un portafolio de acciones, la estrategia de tamaño es preferible debido a su menor volatilidad y mayor persistencia frente a picos en la correlación de los activos.

Abstract: BIM and Virtual Reality (VR) are technologies that aim to revolutionise the AEC industry, minimizing variations, replicating complex tasks, enhancing visualisation of objects, better coordination with stakeholders, and as an alternative training tool. However, they have multiple limitations that deter a successful implementation in the AEC sector, requiring high technical skills to be developed, complex processes, and expensive resources that do not satisfy their current needs. Therefore, this research aims to create a game-like simulation between BIM and VR to train people in pile construction activities, addressing the limitations about industry adoption to implement it as a feasible product. The objectives of this thesis are: I. Develop a methodological framework to replicate similar prototypes like the one developed, II. Create a BIM and VR application using decision tree scenarios to train people around piling procedures, III. Validate the prototype through online surveys to verify its usability, feasibility, and improvements. A complex simulation using multiple software was created to teach about the required elements for piling construction, being supported through cinematics to show different construction stages of the survey, logistics, site camp, drilling excavation, and concrete & rebar activities. Participants agreed that the Pile Training Module (PTM) delivers an enhanced training experience about complex concepts, highlighting its potential of replicating variable conditions of a real site. With this module, it was demonstrated that high levels of expertise and costs are no longer limitations for a meaningful VR and BIM application, representing a starting point for future prototypes that aim to become a real application for the AEC industry and academy.

Abstract: This paper analyses one of the dichotomies around which the European Commission has built its policies to facilitate and stimulate data sharing as a key element of a thriving data economy, that is, the distinction between public sector and private sector data. The paper investigates the assumptions underlying this dichotomy and whether they still hold under the current dynamics of data production. In particular, this article focuses on European Union legislation and policies on accessibility and re-use of data to foster innovation and economic growth, embodied in what the European Commission understands as Government-to-Business (G2B) data sharing and Business-to-Business (B2B) data sharing. Resumen: Este artículo analiza una de las dicotomías en torno a las cuales la Comisión Europea ha construido sus políticas para facilitar y estimular el acceso a datos como elemento clave de la economía de datos, esto es, la distinción entre datos del sector público y del sector privado. El artículo investiga los supuestos que subyacen a esta dicotomía y si aún se sostienen bajo la dinámica actual de producción de datos. En particular, este artículo se centra en la legislación y las políticas de la Unión Europea sobre accesibilidad y reutilización de datos para fomentar la innovación y el crecimiento económico, plasmadas en lo que la Comisión Europea entiende como intercambio de datos 'gobierno a empresa' (government to business - G2B) y de 'empresa a empresa' (Business to Business - B2B).

Abstract: Introduction: Children born very preterm have an immature sucking reflex at birth and are exposed to neonatal care that can impede proper palate growth. Objectives: We aimed to describe the frequency of high-arched palate and posterior crossbite at the age of 5 in children born very preterm and to identify their respective risk factors. Methods: Our study was based on the data from EPIPAGE-2, a French national prospective cohort study, and included 2,594 children born between 24- and 31-week gestation. Outcomes were high-arched palate and posterior crossbite. Multivariable models estimated by generalized estimation equations with multiple imputation were used to study the association between the potential risk factors studied and each outcome. Results: Overall, 8 % of children born very preterm had a high-arched palate and 15 % posterior crossbite. The odds of high-arched palate were increased for children with low gestational age (24–29 vs. 30–31 weeks of gestation) [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17, 2.66], thumb-sucking habits at the age of 2 (aOR 1.53, 95% CI 1.03, 2.28), and cerebral palsy (aOR 2.18, 95% CI 1.28, 3.69). The odds of posterior crossbite were increased for children with pacifier-sucking habits at the age of 2 (aOR 1.75, 95% CI 1.30, 2.36). Conclusions: Among very preterm children, low gestational age and cerebral palsy are the specific risk factors for a high-arched palate. High-arched palate and posterior crossbite share non-nutritive sucking habits as a common risk factor. The oro-facial growth of these children should be monitored. Resumen: Introducción: Los niños que nacen muy prematuros tienen un reflejo de succión inmaduro al nacer y están expuestos a cuidados neonatales que pueden impedir el correcto crecimiento del paladar. Objetivos: Nuestro objetivo fue describir la frecuencia de paladar ojival y mordida cruzada posterior a la edad de 5 años en niños nacidos muy prematuros e identificar sus respectivos factores de riesgo. Métodos: Nuestro estudio se basó en los datos de EPIPAGE-2, un estudio de cohorte prospectivo nacional francés, e incluyó a 2 594 niños nacidos entre las semanas 24 y 31 de gestación. Los resultados fueron paladar ojival y mordida cruzada posterior. Se utilizaron modelos multivariables estimados por ecuaciones de estimación generalizadas con imputación múltiple para estudiar la asociación entre los potenciales factores de riesgo estudiados y cada desenlace. Resultados: En general, el 8% de los niños nacidos muy prematuros tenían paladar ojival y el 15% mordida cruzada posterior. Las probabilidades de paladar ojival aumentaron para niños con edad gestacional baja (24–29 vs. 30–31 semanas de gestación) [odds ratio ajustado (ORa) 1,76, intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95 % 1,17, 2,66], hábito de succión del pulgar a los 2 años (ORa 1,53, IC 95% 1,03, 2,28), y parálisis cerebral (ORa 2,18, IC 95% 1,28, 3,69). Las probabilidades de mordida cruzada posterior aumentaron para los niños con hábitos de succión del chupete a la edad de 2 años (ORa 1,75, IC del 95%: 1,30, 2,36). Conclusiones: Entre los niños muy prematuros, la baja edad gestacional y la parálisis cerebral son los factores de riesgo específicos para paladar ojival. El paladar ojival y la mordida cruzada posterior comparten hábitos de succión no nutritiva como factor de riesgo común. El crecimiento orofacial de estos niños debe ser monitoreado.

Abstract: Background: The association between prolonged non-nutritive sucking habits (NNSHs, ie, sucking pacifiers or fingers) and maxillofacial growth anomalies in the general population has been widely described. Because maturation of sucking abilities is not fully achieved in very preterm infants (< 32 weeks’ gestation), neonatal services worldwide rely on the use of pacifiers to promote the development of adequate sucking reflexes, possibly prolonging NNSHs during infancy. Objective: We aimed to describe the frequency and to identify factors associated with NNSHs at age 2 years in very preterm children. Methods: The study was based on data from EPIPAGE-2, a French national prospective cohort study of preterm births during 2011 that included 2593 children born between 24 and 31 weeks’ gestation. The primary outcome was NNSHs at 2 years. Multivariable log-linear regression models with generalized estimation equations were used to study the association between the characteristics studied and NNSHs. Multiple imputations were used to take into account missing data. Results: The frequency of NNSHs was 69% in the overall sample but higher among girls (adjusted risk ratio [RR] 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05, 1.17), children born from multiple pregnancies (eg, twins/triplets) (RR 1.07, 95% CI 1.00, 1.11), children who were fed by nasogastric tube (RR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01, 1.13), or those who benefitted from developmental care programmes (RR 1.10, 95% CI 1.02, 1.19). The NNSHs frequency was lower if mothers were not born in France (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.64, 0.77), children had 2 or more older siblings (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.82, 0.96), or children were breast-fed at discharge (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.85, 0.95). Conclusions: NNSHs at 2 years seemed associated with cultural background, devel- opment care programmes, and breast feeding. Whether NNSHs at 2 years among very preterm children are associated with future maxillofacial growth anomalies deserves further attention. Resumen: Antecedentes: La asociación entre hábitos prolongados de succión no nutritiva (HSNN, es decir, chupar chupete o dedos) y anomalías del crecimiento maxilofacial en la población general ha sido ampliamente descrita. Debido a que la maduración de las habilidades de succión no se logra por completo en los bebés muy prematuros (< 32 semanas de gestación), los servicios neonatales de todo el mundo dependen del uso de chupetes para promover el desarrollo de reflejos de succión adecuados, lo que posiblemente prolongue los HSNN durante la infancia. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo fue describir la frecuencia e identificar los factores asociados con los HSNN a los 2 años de edad en niños muy prematuros. Métodos: El estudio se basó en datos de EPIPAGE-2, un estudio de cohorte prospectivo nacional francés de nacimientos prematuros durante 2011 que incluyó a 2593 niños nacidos entre las semanas 24 y 31 de gestación. El criterio de interes primario fue HSNN a los 2 años. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión log-lineal multivariable con ecuaciones de estimación generalizadas para estudiar la asociación entre las características estudiadas y los HSNN. Se utilizaron imputaciones múltiples para tener en cuenta los datos faltantes. Resultados: La frecuencia de HSNN fue del 69 % en la muestra general, pero mayor entre las niñas, niños nacidos de embarazos múltiples (p. ej., gemelos/trillizos), niños alimentados por sonda nasogástrica, o aquellos que se beneficiaron de programas de atención del desarrollo. La frecuencia de HSNN fue menor si las madres no nacieron en Francia, los niños tenían 2 o más hermanos mayores, o los niños fueron amamantados al alta. Conclusiones: Los HSNN a los 2 años parecían estar asociados con los antecedentes culturales, los programas de atención del desarrollo y la lactancia materna. Si los HSNN a los 2 años entre los niños muy prematuros se asocian con futuras anomalías del crecimiento maxilofacial merece mayor atención.