Abstract: Undoubtedly climate change is already impacting and changing natural and human systems. However, climate change has just started to happen, and more severe and frequent impacts are expected to happen in the next decade. Therefore, climate change adaptation is an immediate and imminent need for future development options. Among the various approaches to adapting to climate change, Ecosystem-based Adaptation measures are seen as a no-regret or low-regret option. But like any other anthropogenic intervention, adaptation measures such as EbA can have detrimental impacts and side effects that adversely affect human and natural systems. This unintended process is called maladaptation. Since recent evidence about maladaptation has been studied, EbA practitioners are increasingly concerned about avoiding maladaptation risks in adaptation projects. Yet, there is not enough literature that explores maladaptation in EbA measures. Responding to this gap, the purpose of the present thesis was to propose a prospective participatory tool for identifying, diagnosing, and avoiding maladaptation risks in EbA measures to support practitioners in designing more holistic, resilient, and sustainable adaptation projects. As a result, the maladaptation concept was initially analyzed using the existing related literature to develop a conceptual framework consisting of drivers, mechanisms, dimensions, attributes, forms, outputs, and outcomes of maladaptation. At the same time, a harmonized and integrated definition of maladaptation was developed based on its current understanding. Following that framework, a tool for analyzing maladaptation risks was drafted, validated with various experts, and tested in a pilot EbA measure to conserve, sustainably use, and restore mangroves in Guayaquil, Ecuador. Through the case study, not only the proposed tool was tested for analyzing maladaptation risks, but also the conceptual framework was used to understand maladaptation in an EbA measure better. By doing that, this master’s thesis expects to contribute to the emerging climate change adaptation discipline while providing means to practitioners to improve the design of future EbA measures using the maladaptation lens.

Abstract: The Nesjavellir geothermal power plant is the second largest in Iceland, with a district heating capacity of 300 MW and electrical generation of 120 MW. Reinjection of the excess water from the Nesjavellir geothermal plant, derived from separated water from high enthalpy wells and condensed steam, has affected the temperature of the shallow groundwater in the area. These discharges of warm water present a risk to cold water production for the power plant as well as the ecosystem in Lake Thingvellir, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This study investigates the flow path of reinjected liquid and temperature of impacted groundwater for a better management of the discharge and injection in the area. A numerical model of the Nesjavellir warm wastewater reinjection zone was developed using the TOUGH2non-isothermal flow simulator program and incorporates a 3D geological model developed with Leapfrog Geothermal modeling software. The model was calibrated against underground water temperature data measured between 1998 - 2018 from several monitoring stations located to the north of the power plant. Hydrological parameters such as porosity and permeability were further calibrated against data from a tracer test carried out in tharea between 2018-2019. Both models use the Multiple Interactive Continuum (MINC) method, which is a generalization of the dualporosity method. Compared to the single-porosity model, the MINC method better replicates the fast and strong recovery of tracers found in the monitoring stations. The temperature model showed acceptable results that match the temperature field. While the tracer model closely matches the overall tracer return in some wells, the model underestimates tracer returns in others. However, the model reproduces the overall trend, with similar tracer arrival and concentration peaks for monitoring stations located over main structures acting as permeable channels. Two future scenarios were simulated for a period of 20 years, one in which injection continues and another in which the injection is completely stopped. The numerical model in this study improves understanding of the connections between injection wells and monitoring stations, along with better characterization of the fracture matrix interface and the porosity of postglacial lava flows. Therefore, it can be useful in providing a basis for sustainable management of the geothermal resource and the surrounding environment.

Abstract: This research was conducted in the Global South, based on three cases from the Colombian Andean Mountains. The cases illustrate mistrust, poverty and inequality and other social disparities that institutional entrepreneurs have addressed by building path-transformative alternatives. In this frame, and despite the low and sometimes the total lack of state support, policy programs emerged to foster inclusive innovation (InIn) processes in those communities. However, little is known about the role of Institutional Entrepreneurs in building path-transformative alternatives in the Global South and about their role in inclusive innovation initiatives supported by national entities. This research answer to the question: what is the role of Institutional Entrepreneurs in Inclusive Innovation Initiatives supported by National Entities in local communities? This study is supported by three literature branches: inclusive innovation, path dependence and creation, and institutional entrepreneurship. As part of this cruise, it was found that in inclusive innovation initiatives supported by national entities (ie Colciencias) in local communities, institutional entrepreneurs work as channelisers. This role was crucial for two reasons: i. It prevents the initiatives from hampering or undermining the path-transformative process; ii. It contributes to exploiting the positive effects of the initiatives. Thus, this channeliser role of institutional entrepreneurs aligns the inclusive innovation initiatives supported by Colciencias, with the pathtransformative processes led by them in their communities. In performing this role, institutional entrepreneurs channelled the initiatives to strengthen their vision of change and simultaneously cope with pressures that resist change. Three critical activities support this role: i. A strategic analysis; ii. bargaining; and iii. surveillance. Resumen: Esta investigación fue adelantada en el Sur Global a partir de tres casos en las montañas andinas colombianas. Estos ilustran condiciones de desconfianza, pobreza, desigualdad y otras disparidades sociales que emprendedores institucionales tienen que enfrentar para construir caminos alternativos de transformación. En este marco, y a pesar del poco o a veces ausente apoyo estatal, aparecen programas que impulsan procesos de innovación inclusiva (InIn) en esas comunidades. Sin embargo, poco se conoce del papel de los emprendedores institucionales en la construcción de caminos alternativos de transformación en el Sur Global, así como tampoco de su papel en el desarrollo de iniciativas de innovación inclusiva apoyadas por entidades del orden nacional. Esta investigación responde a la pregunta ¿Cuál es el papel de los emprendedores institucionales en iniciativas de innovación inclusiva apoyadas por entidades del orden nacional en comunidades locales? Este estudio se apoya en tres ramas de la literatura: innovación inclusiva, dependencia y creación de trayectorias, y emprendimiento institucional. Como parte de esta investigación se encontró que en las iniciativas de innovación inclusiva apoyadas por entidades del orden nacional (ie Colciencias/Minciencias) en comunidades locales, los emprendedores institucionales fungen como canalizadores. Este papel fue crucial por dos razones: i. permite evitar que las iniciativas obstaculicen o afecten los procesos de transformación de caminos; ii. contribuye a explotar los efectos positivos de las iniciativas. Así, el papel de canalizador de los emprendedores institucionales permite alinear las iniciativas de innovación inclusiva apoyadas por Colciencias, con los procesos de transformación de caminos liderados por ellos en sus comunidades. Se observó que los emprendedores institucionales canalizan las iniciativas de innovación inclusiva para fortalecer su visión de cambio y afrontar las presiones de resistencia al cambio. Este papel de canalizadores implica tres actividades: i. Análisis estratégico; ii. negociación; y iii. supervisión.

Abstract: Reinjection of excess water from the power production process in the Nesjavellir geothermal field has increased the temperature of shallow groundwaters, posing a risk to cold water wells used for the power plant as well as the ecosystem in Lake Thingvellir. Here, we present a numerical model of fluid flow and heat transport in the shallow reinjection zone to elucidate the flow path of reinjected liquid and the impact of reinjection on the temperature of groundwaters. The permeability structure of the model is based on a 3D geological model of the area. The numerical simulation is calibrated against underground water temperature data measured between 1998 and 2018 and data from a tracer test performed in 2018–2019. The model reproduces the overall temperature field and shows how a highpermeability lava flow together with rift-parallel normal faults act as permeable channels controlling fluid transport. If injection continues, the temperature along the lava flow increases considerably and spreads vertically to much deeper levels, generating a narrow warm zone along the main fault. If shallow injection ceases, temperature drops rapidly at the surface, but decreases slowly around the reinjection zone over 20 years. The numerical model in this study allowed a better characterization of the fracture–matrix interface and the porosity of post-glacial lava flows, contributing to sustainable management of the geothermal resource and the surrounding environment.

Résumé: Cet article vise à observer les manifestations émotionnelles qui émergent dans le discours radiophonique informatif d’une station colombienne, Caracol Radio et, plus particulièrement, de son émission matinale «6 AM Hoy por hoy». Dans une démarche ethnographique, cette recherche s'appuie sur un corpus où les enregistrements vidéo réalisés en studio donnent accès à des détails spécifiques du professionnalisme journalistique. Avec une approche d'étude qualitative et longitudinale, cette contribution vise à analyser le traitement des émotions dans deux extraits. Cette étude a été réalisée sous le prisme du « parcours émotionnel », tel que défini par Plantin, Traverso et Vosghanian, et la différence entre une émotion intentionnellement manifestée et une émotion intentionnellement cachée. Dans l'analyse effectuée, la multimodalité est prise en compte. En effet, l'aspect corporel des acteurs médiatiques ainsi que les changements phono-prosodiques sont considérés comme significatifs, car la visée pathémique est construite par la situation dans son ensemble. Resumen: Este artículo pretende observar las manifestaciones emocionales que surgen en el discurso informativo radiofónico de una emisora colombiana, Caracol Radio y, más concretamente, de su programa matinal "6 AM Hoy por hoy". Con un enfoque etnográfico, esta investigación se basa en un corpus en el que las grabaciones de vídeo realizadas en el estudio permiten acceder a detalles concretos de la profesionalidad periodística. Con un enfoque de estudio cualitativo y longitudinal, esta contribución pretende analizar el tratamiento de las emociones en dos fragmentos. Este estudio se ha realizado bajo el prisma del "parcours émotionnel", tal y como lo definen Plantin, Traverso y Vosghanian, y la diferencia entre la emoción manifestada intencionadamente y la oculta intencionadamente. En el análisis realizado se tiene en cuenta la multimodalidad. De hecho, el aspecto corporal de los actores mediáticos, así como los cambios fono-prosódicos, se consideran significativos, ya que el objetivo patémico lo construye la situación en su conjunto.

Abstract: The continuous development and upgrading of computational methods has allowed for great advances in scientific research in fields like astrophysics. The capacity of this methods to accurately reproduce processes and environments that can not be directly observed makes them specially useful in areas like planet formation, as the stages of planetary growth can be rarely observed and directly studied. From dust to planetesimals, protoplanetary embryos and terrestrial planets, planetary growth is still a field of open research, specially as many processes like the formation of planetesimals and the origin of water in terrestrial planets remains unclear. Specially for the origin of water a number of hypothesis have been postulated including both endogenous and exogenous sources, such that the most plausible source of the water accreted by the inner planets of the Solar System corresponds to bodies originated in the outer asteroid belt. The delivery of water is most likely carried out by massive and decisive collisions of similar sized bodies during the late-stage accretion phase of planetary growth. In this master thesis, the focus is placed on studying in detail this type of collisions, utilizing a post-collisional processing python code using the N-body integrator REBOUND, which determines a wide array of parameters for the resulting fragments, as final mass and number of collisions, while at the same time performing a gravitational analysis of the system in order to obtain gravitationally bound aggregates, their orbits and their respective orbital parameters. For a scenario consisting of four collisional events, initially performed by Burger et al. (2020), we obtain unique gravitational systems as a direct consequence of the different impact parameters presented by each collision of the scenario, where the impact angle has the greatest incidence on the outcome of the collision, such that scenarios with large grazing angles result in systems that are completely gravitationally bound, while scenarios with smaller straight-on angles result in systems with numerous fragments in independent trajectories. Additionally, from the analysis of the post-collisional system we obtain a protoplanetary embryo with a growth path consistent with a viable candidate for a terrestrial planet in the Solar System, presenting a final stable co-planar circular orbit located in the habitable zone.

Abstract: The increasing prevalence of alcohol consumption at early ages has led to major efforts to identify alcohol drinking habits within this highly vulnerable group and individuals with hazardous patterns of alcohol consumption. This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Alcohol Positive and Negative Expectations Scale (APNE; a new screening tool developed to identify expectations toward alcohol) and to examine the patterns of alcohol drinking in young adults. The sample included n = 1309 participants (college students) with an age range of 20 to 25 years. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) performed through Generalized Structural Equation Models (GSEM) verified the structure of the APNE, correlational models evaluated convergent-discriminant validity, and logistic regression assessed the discriminative ability to identify harmful drinking. The bifactor structure for the APNE was confirmed (positive and negative expectations toward alcohol drinking), with adequate goodness-of-fit (RMSEA = 0.052, CFI = 0.936, TLI = 0.914, and SRMR = 0.075). Multi-group modeling showed invariance by sex (p = .543) and age (p = .395) for the measurement coefficients. High correlations with external measures of alcohol use/abuse and discriminant capacity to identify harmful drinking were obtained. Compared to men, women reported higher mean scores in the negative expectations factor (p = .003). Polynomial linear trends showed that the likelihood of positive expectations toward alcohol decreased with age, while negative expectations increased. The APNE is a brief, reliable, valid, and accurate tool to assess positive and negative expectations toward alcohol consumption in college students. Tools like the APNE can support policymakers to make informed decisions about the implementation of prevention and treatment programs targeted at this segment of the population, the development of personalized alcohol programs, and the reappraisal of public campaigns.

Abstract: Colombian schools' mental health approaches to secondary students have not been researched deeply in the country. Therefore, there is a need to understand how schools are currently promoting students' mental health to identify strengths and obstacles to improving the provision of mental health approaches in Colombian schools. The present study explored Colombian secondary school teachers' perceptions of schools' approaches toward students' mental health. Seven semi-structured in-depth interviews with teachers from different Colombian secondary schools, mainly from Bogotá, were carried out. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. The study found that schools have different strategies to promote students' mental health, including mental health-related classes in the curriculum, activities done by the psychology department, the Parent Training Programme, extracurricular activities and targeting common adolescent issues. However, there are various obstacles that schools need to address to improve mental health promotion. Barriers include the lack of correct implementation of combing mental health skills within the subjects, lack of continuity of mental health activities, lack of reflection and significant learning in the strategies, not talking directly about mental health, and engaging better parents and school staff in students' mental health promotion. Moreover, the study considers practical implications for Colombian schools and the Colombian government to improve mental health approaches in schools and contribute to better mental health in Colombian adolescents. Finally, future studies are discussed to contribute to deep research on Colombian secondary students' mental health. Resumen: Los enfoques en salud mental de los colegios de Colombia para los estudiantes de bachillerato no han sido investigados profundamente en el país. Por lo tanto, existe la necesidad de entender cómo los colegios están actualmente promoviendo la salud mental de los estudiantes para identificar fortalezas y obstáculos y así mejorar la provisión de los enfoques de salud mental en los colegios de Colombia. El presente estudio exploró las percepciones de los profesores de bachillerato sobre los enfoques de los colegios hacia la salud mental de los estudiantes. Se realizaron siete entrevistas semiestructuradas a docentes de diferentes colegios de Colombia, principalmente de Bogotá, y se utilizó el análisis temático para analizar los datos. El estudio encontró que los colegios tienen diferentes estrategias para promover la salud mental de los estudiantes, incluyendo clases relacionadas con la salud mental en el plan de estudios, actividades realizadas por el departamento de psicología, la escuela de padres, actividades extracurriculares y abordaje de problemáticas comunes de la adolescencia. Sin embargo, se encontraron varios obstáculos que los colegios deben abordar para mejorar la promoción de salud mental. Los obstáculos incluyen la falta de implementación correcta de habilidades de salud mental dentro de las asignaturas, falta de continuidad de las actividades de salud mental, falta de reflexión y aprendizaje significativo en las actividades, no hablar directamente sobre la salud mental, y falta de fomentación en la participación de padres y colaboradores del colegio en la promoción de salud mental de los estudiantes. Además, el estudio considera implicaciones prácticas para los colegios de Colombia y el gobierno colombiano para mejorar los enfoques de salud mental en los colegios y contribuir a una mejor salud mental en los adolescentes colombianos. Finalmente, se discuten futuros estudios que contribuyan a una investigación profunda sobre la educación secundaria colombiana.

Abstract: This paper describes the treatment of lexis in three Spanish as a foreign language (SFL) textbooks recently produced in Colombia. To achieve this aim, the typology of lexical activities proposed in three units of each textbook has been analysed according to the most current theories on vocabulary teaching and by means of grids designed for this purpose. The evolution of the treatment of vocabulary in textbooks produced at different times was also analysed. Among the most notable conclusions, it has been found that the teaching strategies most commonly used in the textbooks are based on the task-based approach and the key to the evolution of the material produced in Colombia has been the design of activities prioritising the students and their needs. Indeed, the most recent textbooks have changed pedagogical and presentational aspects and can be said to apply current SFL teaching guidelines, such as the use of audiovisual material as a basis for the development of the textbook. The relevance of this study is reflected in the need to improve the quality of textbooks in Colombia and their promotion. Resumen: En este trabajo se realiza una descripción del tratamiento del léxico en tres manuales de español como lengua extranjera (ELE) recientemente producidos en Colombia. Para llegar a este fin, se ha analizado la tipología de actividades de léxico propuestas en tres unidades de cada manual conforme a las teorías más actuales acerca de la enseñanza de vocabulario y por medio de unas parrillas diseñadas para tal fin. Asimismo, se ha analizado la evolución del tratamiento de vocabulario en manuales producidos en distintos momentos. Entre las conclusiones destacables, se ha encontrado que las estrategias de enseñanza más utilizadas en los manuales se apoyan en el enfoque basado en tareas y la clave para la evolución del material producido en Colombia ha sido el diseño de actividades priorizando al alumnado y sus necesidades. Efectivamente los manuales más recientes han cambiado aspectos pedagógicos y de presentación y se podría decir que aplican las directrices actuales de enseñanza de ELE, como la utilización de material audiovisual como base para el desarrollo del manual. La pertinencia de este estudio se ve reflejada en la necesidad de mejorar la calidad de los manuales en Colombia y su difusión.

Abstract: Several studies have shown that site measurements of the buffeting responses of long-span bridges do not always agree with predictions from analytical models. The observed discrepancy is believed to be explained by the variability in the wind’s turbulence field, which is ignored in the current design guidelines. Additionally, the guidelines neglect the true variability in the buffeting response, as this parameter is considered to be deterministically dependent on the mean wind speed only, and a single short-term-averaged wind condition is assumed to be representative of the bridge’s behaviour over its lifetime. Such assumptions underestimate the design buffeting response. Alternatively, a full long-term analysis is regarded as the most accurate approach to handling extreme response estimations. Applications of this analysis in the wind engineering literature are scarce due to its large computational demand. With the objective of alleviating such demand, this paper proposes a full long-term analysis framework based on importance sampling Monte Carlo (ISMC) simulations and investigates, for the first time, the extreme buffeting response of a suspension bridge in its design phase with this framework. The results were compared with available formulations based on reliability methods and numerical integration. The proposed ISMC framework requires fewer simulations than the other formulations while maintaining a good degree of accuracy. The results show that the estimated extreme response is 30% larger than the current design guidelines suggest, showing the importance of considering the turbulence parameters' and loading effects' variabilities when calculating extreme responses. Resumen: Diferentes estudios han mostrado que las mediciones en sitio de respuesta estructural de puentes colgantes ante acción del viento no coinciden con los modelos matemáticos que usamos hoy en día. La discrepancia puede ser explicada si se considera en el análisis la variabilidad de la turbulencia del viento. Sin embargo, esta no se incluye en las normas de diseño actuales. Adicionalmente, las normas ignoran la variabilidad misma de la respuesta. Este parámetro se considera determinístico tomando una sola condición de viento como representativa sobre toda la vida útil del puente. Estas suposiciones dan estimaciones erradas de la respuesta estructural de puentes colgantes. Alternativamente, el análisis de valores extremos a largo termino es considerado la metodología más precisa para este tipo de estimaciones ya que incluye la variabilidad de la turbulencia y la respuesta. Aplicaciones de este tipo de análisis son escasas debido a su exhaustiva demanda computacional. Con el objetivo de aliviar dicha demanda, este artículo presenta una formulación del análisis de largo tiempo usando simulaciones de Monte Carlo con muestreo por importancia. Este artículo investiga por primera vez la respuesta de un puente colgante en fase de diseño con este tipo de análisis. Los resultados fueron comparados con las otras formulaciones basados en métodos de confiabilidad e integración numérica. La formulación propuesta requiere menos simulaciones que las otras formulaciones sin demeritar la precisión en las estimaciones. Los resultados muestran que la respuesta extrema estimada con métodos de largo termino es 30% mayor que la respuesta estimada con los métodos actuales. De esta manera se comprueba que la variabilidad de la turbulencia y de la respuesta misma deben ser tenidos en cuenta en el diseño de puentes colgantes. * Nota: Los resultados de esta investigación (y estudios similares), sirvieron de base teórica para que el análisis de valores extremos a largo termino fuese incluido en la nueva edición norma de diseño de puentes en Noruega N400 (https://viewers.vegnorm.vegvesen.no/product/859933/nb) Esperamos que en el futuro regulaciones de otros países adopten el método.