Abstract: This exploratory paper analyzes the way in which context influences advertising creativity practices. To establish the role of context, this paper utilized both Social Identity theory and Systems Model of Creativity. Twenty four in-depth interviews with top creative directors of the main advertising agencies in Colombia (Latin America) were collected. Findings suggests the Colombia creative identity is under construction. This identity is influenced by the broader Colombian social context including the unique business characteristics of the country’s communication industry, the level of economic hardship experience by the population, and the actual social conflict lived situation. These findings extend the System Model of Creativity and several practical implications not only in relation to Colombia, but also the broader global advertising industry are presented. Resumen: Este artículo exploratorio analiza la forma en que el contexto influencia las prácticas creativas publicitarias. Para establecer el papel del contexto, este artículo utiliza las teorías de Identidad Social, y el Modelo del Sistema Creativo. Veinte y cuatro entrevistas en profundidad con los directores creativos de las agencias más importantes de Colombia (Latino américa) fueron desarrolladas. Los resultados sugieren que la identidad creativa Colombiana está en construcción. Esta identidad está influenciada por el contexto social Colombiano incluyendo las características de la industria, las dificultades económicas de la población y el conflicto social. Estos resultados extienden el Modelo del Sistema Creativo y brinda varias implicaciones prácticas no solo en relación con Colombia, también a toda la industria creativa.

Abstract: Close-knit relationships are a distinctive facet of subsistence living, in which survival mode entrepreneurship is a way of life. These relationships fuel “bonding social capital” within informal economies as people rely on others to work, consume, and cope with scarce resources. At the same time, policy agendas encourage business growth and social mobility by shifting informal microenterprises into the formal economy. However, success in formalized contexts requires a different form of social capital—that is, “bridging social capital” with people outside one’s immediate social network and across institutional structures. Yet policy programs often stop short of addressing how subsistence entrepreneurs manage the inherent tensions across these forms of social capital. As such, this study unpacks the contextual value of social capital using data collected with street vendors in an urban Latin American setting. The analysis identifies four entrepreneurial paths pursued by street vendors and articulates the relative value of bonding and bridging social capital across different economic and social positions. The findings advance insights for a community-centric public policy approach and offer guidance for segmentation and value proposition development within subsistence entrepreneurship programs. Resumen: Las relaciones estrechas son una faceta distintiva de la vida de subsistencia, en la que el espíritu empresarial de modo de supervivencia es una forma de vida. Estas relaciones alimentan el ""capital social"" dentro de las economías informales ya que las personas dependen de otros para trabajar, consumir y hacer frente a los recursos escasos. La agenda pública fomenta el crecimiento empresarial y la movilidad social buscando trasladar a las microempresas informales a la economía formal. Sin embargo, el éxito en los contextos formales requiere una forma diferente de capital social, generando vínculos con las personas fuera de la red social inmediata y entre las estructuras institucionales. Sin embargo, los programas públicos no llegan a abordar cómo los empresarios de subsistencia manejan las tensiones inherentes a estas formas de capital social. Como tal, este estudio analiza el valor contextual del capital social utilizando datos recopilados con vendedores ambulantes en un entorno urbano latinoamericano. El análisis identifica cuatro caminos emprendedores que persiguen los vendedores ambulantes y articula el valor relativo de vincular y unir el capital social en diferentes posiciones económicas y sociales. Los hallazgos aportan ideas para un enfoque de política pública centrado en la comunidad y ofrecen orientación para la segmentación y el desarrollo de propuestas de valor dentro de los programas de emprendimiento de subsistencia.

Extended power laws and inhomogeneous connections are structural patterns often found in empirical networks. Mechanisms based on the formation of triads are able to explain the power law behavior of the degree distribution of such networks. The proposed model introduces a two-step mechanism of attachment and triad formation that illustrates how preferential linkage plays an important role in shaping the inhomogeneity of connections and the division of the network into groups of nodes (i.e., the growth of community structures). In particular, we identify conditions under which the scaling exponent of the power law correlates to a widely-used modularity measure of non-overlapping communities. Our analytical results characterize the asymptotic behavior of both the scaling exponent and the modularity, as a function of the strength with which nodes with similar characteristics tend to link to each other.

The purpose of this study is to identify factors that determine computer and security expertise in end users. They can be significant determinants of human behaviour and interactions in the security and privacy context. Standardized, externally valid instruments for measuring end-user security expertise are non-existent. A questionnaire encompassing skills and knowledge-based questions was developed to identify critical factors that constitute expertise in end users. Exploratory factor analysis was applied on the results from 898 participants from a wide range of populations. Cluster analysis was applied to characterize the relationship between computer and security expertise. Ordered logistic regression models were applied to measure efficacy of the proposed security and computing factors in predicting user comprehension of security concepts: phishing and certificates. There are levels to peoples’ computer and security expertise that could be reasonably measured and operationalized. Four factors that constitute computer security-related skills and knowledge are, namely, basic computer skills, advanced computer skills, security knowledge and advanced security skills, and these are identified as determinants of computer expertise. Findings from this work can be used to guide the design of security interfaces such that it caters to people with different expertise levels and does not force users to exercise more cognitive processes than required.

Background: Esophageal cancer occurs as a local disease in 22% of cases, and a minority of this disease is limited to the mucosa or submucosa (early lesions). Endoscopic mucosal resection, endoscopic submucosal dissection, photodynamic therapy, laser therapy, and argon plasma coagulation have emerged as alternatives to surgical resection for early lesions. Objective: The aim of this systematic review is to identify studies that statistically compare survival, disease-free survival, morbidity and mortality associated with the procedure, and mortality associated with cancer in the endoscopic versus surgical therapies. Results: The survival rates after 3 and 5 years were different and exhibited superiority with the surgical therapies over time. Endoscopy is superior in the control of mortality related to cancer with a high rate of disease recurrence. With regard to the comorbidity and the mortality associated with the procedure, endoscopy is superior. Conclusion: There is no evidence from clinical trials. In this systematic review, surgical therapies showed superiority for survival, and endoscopic therapies showed superiority in the control of mortality related to cancer with a high rate of disease recurrence; also, for the comorbidity and the mortality associated with the procedure, endoscopy is superior. Prospective, controlled trials with large sample sizes are necessary to confirm the results of the current analysis.

This book aims to examinate the colombian legal and jurisprudential framework related to the communication surveillance of today’s technologies. Phrased in the form of hypothesis, the purpose is to demonstrate how intelligence-related laws and jurisprudence fail to ensure that potentially affected rights remain intact. Even though in Colombia every once in a while there is a scandal related to state intelligence, it is never clear how does it work in practice nor which are the existing controls for its exercise. Meanwhile, as time goes by, intelligence schemes grow more sophisticated along with our cell phones and computers. The technological changes tempt to modify long-established assumptions regarding the reach of specific rights. Privacy is arguably the right that faces the most challenges in the digital environment. But there is still a regulatory and jurisprudential lacunae persist in terms of how technology affects the exercise of fundamental rights Description taken from the introduction Consulte la versión en español en la siguiente URL: http://babel.banrepcultural.org/cdm/ref/collection/p17054coll31/id/36

Esta guía de estudio informa sobre los trabajos de un grupo de artistas de Santander, Norte de Santander y Boyacá, quienes, a través de diferentes técnicas artísticas, narran y cuestionan lo local, los problemas de identidad personal o las preocupaciones cotidianas de un ciudadano del común. Varias de estas obras evidencian el continuo interés de los artistas por relacionar aspectos de la realidad con los lenguajes de la plástica.

La experimentación del arte con los nuevos medios tecnológicos de comunicación surge a partir de los años sesenta del siglo XX, cuando los artistas se interesaron en relacionar la creación artística con la política y la sociedad, y, en consecuencia, involucrar al espectador en la obra. En este sentido, la guía de estudio que acompañó la exposición de la obra del videoartista catalán Antoni Muntandas ilustra sobre la incursión del video experimental en las artes y, específicamente, informa sobre el pensamiento crítico y comprometido de este artista respecto a los medios de comunicación y la publicidad. Incluye imágenes de ocho obras.

De manera muy detallada, esta guía de estudio sugiere la rigurosa labor de curaduría que entrañó el programa Imagen regional 5 - Valledupar al visibilizar los trabajos de artistas jóvenes provenientes de Santa Marta, Sincelejo, Montería, San Andrés, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Cesar y La Guajira. Las tendencias creativas y puntos de convergencia de los artistas revelan su interés por opinar sobre múltiples temas atinentes a la realidad social, política y económica de su entorno, aun conexa con lo global. Incluye imágenes de cuatro obras.

Con el fin de acompañar el conjunto expositivo de propaganda impresa (afiches y periódicos) diseñada por el agitador gráfico Emory Douglas, miembro del Partido Panteras Negras —fundado en Oakland, California, en 1966—, esta guía de estudio, por un lado, se refiere al trasfondo político-social de la producción visual que impulsó esta revolución armada afronorteamericana. Y por otro, comparte la línea de tiempo del Partido; desde los hechos que antecedieron su fundación (1965) hasta su disolución oficial (1982). Aquí se indican acontecimientos significativos que fueron definiendo su misión en contra del ejercicio opresor de la Policía. Incluye una imagen del semanario.