“La Guasca: órgano de la juventud conservadora y del directorio electoral del departamento” fue una publicación que se imprimió en Bogotá durante 1897. Durante la contienda electoral del periodo 1898-1904, que dejó como ganador a Manuel Antonio Sanclemente, candidato del partido conservador nacionalista, el periódico apoyó la fórmula de Rafael Reyes (presidente) y Guillermo Quintero Calderón (vicepresidente). En el número 18, del 02 de diciembre de 1897, el título reprodujo la lista de posibles candidatos para las elecciones municipales de Bogotá. Algunas de las secciones de “La Guasca” fueron: “Varia”, “Sección electoral”, “Anuncios”, entre otras.

“El Eco Nacional” fue una publicación que se imprimió en Bogotá desde 1903. Desde un enfoque conservador, el periódico dedicó sus páginas al debate sobre el Tratado del Canal de Panamá y polemizó con la figura de Rafael Reyes. El número 14, del 12 de noviembre de 1903, se dedicó completamente a la remembranza de la figura de Antonio Roldán, fallecido el 12 de octubre de 1902. El periódico se produjo en la Imprenta de Vapor y su administración y corrección estuvo a cargo de Belisario Cuervo Ángel.

“El Patriota” fue una publicación que se imprimió en Bogotá durante 1890. El periódico de tendencia liberal era de propiedad de Simón Chaux, quien también fungía como su director. En sus páginas, se reprodujeron diferentes noticias sobre: las leyes de imprenta, la deuda exterior y el Canal de Panamá. De igual manera, se cuestionó ampliamente a la figura de Rafael Núñez, el apoyo que algunas facciones del liberalismo le brindaban y el proyecto regenerador en general. En la editorial del número 12, del 06 de septiembre de 1890, bajo el nombre “La Situación”, se analizan los principios de la política de Núñez y las consecuencias que la Regeneración traía para la República.

"La Situación: periódico político, literario i noticioso" fue una publicación que circuló en Bogotá durante 1881. El periódico respaldó la candidatura liberal independiente del general Daniel Aldana a la presidencia del Estado Soberano de Cundinamarca. En el número 1, se invitaba a los ciudadanos del Estado a votar por Aldana, pues bajo la perspectiva de la publicación, esta candidatura representaba "la tolerancia política de los partidos, la unión liberal, el desarrollo de los intereses materiales, la paz del Estado y el pensamiento del pueblo.” Además de lo mencionado, la publicación incluye en la primera página de su primer número, los nombres de los diputados que respaldaban la postulación del general. El impreso destaca la figura de Aldana como un candidato con una amplia trayectoria política. Por ejemplo, destacaba su desempeño en diferentes cargos políticos, como presidente de los Estados de Cundinamarca en 1866 y Antioquia en 1878, así como sus experiencias como senador, representante y diputado de la Asamblea. Además de presentarlo como la opción de unificación liberal en el Estado, también lo presentan como un político conciliador, que podría colaborar con la obra de Regeneración emprendida por Rafael Núñez y que no representaría un problema para los sectores conservadores de la sociedad. Fuera de las secciones o columnas relacionadas con el posicionamiento de la figura del general Daniel Aldana, dentro de la publicación se pueden observar las secciones de “Inserciones”, “Hechos diversos”, donde se incluían noticias nacionales, regionales e internacionales, “Variedades”, donde se incluían algunos fragmentos de obras literarias u otras producciones de este estilo, y finalmente, las secciones de publicaciones pagas, es decir, los diferentes tipos de anuncios y los “Remitidos”

“La Patria Colombiana: periódico de política, ciencias, filosofía, literatura, historia, artes, industria, moral, instrucción, viajes, variedades, comercio y anuncios” fue una publicación que circuló en Bogotá durante el periodo 1882-1883. En el cabezote del periódico se indicaba que el título tendría un tiraje de 4000 ejemplares y se definía como una “publicación continental”. Además de incluir el epígrafe: “Aur ahere scribenda, aut legenda scribere – Justiniano” (Oro por escribir, o leyenda por escribir). En la editorial del 15 de enero de 1883 del número 2 de “La Patria Colombiana”, se realizaba un análisis sobre los candidatos que la prensa postulaba para la contienda electoral del periodo 1884-1886.

Energy Union (En Un) is a program released by the European Commission intended to create a single energy market between the European Union in order to have secure, affordable and sustainable energy. This way the imports will be reduced and the final price should be lower (theoretically) increasing the energy security for all the countries. The first communication was in February 2015 and is a very new topic for all the energy stakeholders in the EU. This is why a dissertation for the implications of this policy in UK was developed as part of the Master in Energy, Environmental Technology & Technology from City University London. UK is currently catalogued as an Energy Island (less than 10% of cross-border interconnection), with 30% of the generation based in coal, 30% in gas and 20% renewable, a liberalised market that varies with changes in gas or wind availability and the third highest kWh price from the EU. More than 20 energy policies and Conservative government with a constraint view against renewables’ subsidies. The implication for the UK and the En Un are divided into three: Infrastructural, Political and Economical. In the middle a map of the new cross-border grids proposed by this policy some of the findings are. The Energy Union in the UK will happen even if there’s no political wiliness or if they decide to not be part of the EU, mainly because the new infrastructure is already being developed (UK-Belgium) additional to the four current cross-border interconnectors. The wholesale market in UK is already liberalized and some cross border trades are being done with clean and cheap electricity from France and Holland; the key development is UK-Ireland, because UK, instead of being a 100% exporter to Ireland, will flip the coin with an import-export relationship with 8 interconnectors, electricity generated in Euros and close distance. Now it will not really matter if you generate electricity from Fossil Fuels, Nuclear or Renewable; the country will purchase from where is cheapest and available, independently from the source. Shale Gas, Nuclear, Gas and coal with CCS will be the important investment in the next years, not only in PPP (private public partnership) schemes but with R&D. New Universities courses will be develop (energy traders / brokers, cross border trade supervisors, etc) and more women should get involved. The £/ kWh for domestic and small companies will not be significantly reduced (albeit the low cost of it), those companies more engaged with the market will have very good deals and low £/ kWh.

This paper looks at the impact of railroads on Bogota, Colombia, between 1880 and 1920. I use the journals of foreign travellers that visited the city at different moments during those 40 years to document the economic transformation that the city underwent, and to relate that transformation to the completion of a railroad network that linked the city to its hinterland and to the international markets. The main conclusion is that the railroads transformed the city economically and socially by allowing its residents to import large and heavy capital goods, thereby making modern industries possible. The railroads also had a role in the city’s physical expansion and in the development of its public transportation system.

Today we live in a globalized world. In this interconnected world, the competition for wealth among states has become a synonym for market share. To ensure access to international markets, governments have resorted to the corporate marketing tool of branding. Country branding, as it is called, creates a series of narratives using a country’s identity. Such narratives encompass a symbolic system which is molded for the unique purpose of creating and promoting a positive image of the country branded. However, to be successful, this tool requires nationals to behave as ambassadors and embody the narratives presented. Thus, the brand indirectly defines the features that a ‘true national’ must have. It is argued that by placing nationals in a position where their membership in the community of the nation is evaluated, country branding can become an alternative method for countering the rhetoric used by terrorist and insurgents for achieving support. The analysis is conducted using constructivism as theoretical background, and the Colombian brand ‘Colombia es Pasión’ as study case. The conclusion achieved is that there are some theoretical and empirical elements that suggest that country branding could be used for counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency, yet further research is encouraged.

This investigation explores the dynamic relation between transaction activity and price appreciation in an effort to determine if the UK property market displays a return chasing behaviour or a price pressure effect. Using quarterly data from 2001 to 2013, this article explores a topic that has limited coverage for the private property market and it’s considered a relatively unexplored field among researchers. The dynamic is tested at an aggregate level, by property type and by type of investor. Using a bivariate Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model, this investigation uses two measures of transaction activity (flows and purchases) to test for the relation between these and returns. Results show that at an aggregate UK level, there is evidence of return chasing behaviour. This implies that returns are predictive of future flows. The result is consistent for the industrial, retail, and office property types for at least one measure of transaction activity. By type of investor, results show that there is a price pressure effect for overseas investors, and a return chasing behaviour for institutional investors, quoted property companies, private property companies, and occupiers. No evidence of any interaction was found for private individuals and financial institutions. Moreover, lagged returns were found to be economic and statistically significant in explaining subsequent returns, reinforcing the appraisal bias property data has.

Risk aversion in the satellite industry has fostered long development cycles and low rates of innovation in the past. Emerging trends in propulsion technology development and spacecraft architecture design could lead to increased adoption of small satellites as well as more open, flexible and useful space systems. Two particular developments can be used to map the future of the industry. First, the development of MEMS thrusters for launch vehicles could enable dedicated launches for small satellites. This could substantially bring down the cost of satellite deployment. Second, the successful completion of the DARPA System F6 project could demonstrate the value of spacecraft fragmentation. This in turn could shift the focus of the industry from certain attributes that result in long development cycles, thereby opening the doors for open systems and greater innovation. Emerging trends in the satellite industry may result in paradigm shifts that would dramatically decrease satellite costs and increase innovation. This may ultimately result in a structural change in the satellite industry.