Las de Caín / Hermanos Quintero -- 2 El Conde de Monte Cristo

Estirpe de héroes / D. Pedro Vergara -- 2 Mi misma cara

El Patío Azul -- 2 El Tenorio Modernista / Pablo Parellada

Teatro Colón. 10-12

Teatro Colón. 10-10

Abstract: The present research project is about the case study of the informal tannery industry settled in the Bogotá River’s upper basin. These tanneries use great volumes of water, and have poured chromium, chloride, sulphide, and tannin into the River for more than thirty years. There are several conditions that have hindered the implementation of policies to tackle the pollution problem of the tanneries on the Bogotá River. The claim of this research project is that the technical strategies applied to solve the River’s environmental problems, such as treatment plants or pipe systems, are not sufficient. It is fundamental to include, just as critically, the social, economic, and political dimensions, and to understand and involve all stakeholders. Additionally, the River should be treated under a regional perspective, because to date the political and institutional division has caused a fragmented and disarticulated approach. Previous efforts from various government levels to solve the tanneries pollution problems include planning projects designed by the Cundinamarca Department, land-use policies issued by the towns of Villapinzón and Chocontá, and various environmental laws emitted by the regional environmental authority Corporación Autónoma Regional de Cundinamarca CAR. Due to the inefficacy of the mentioned attempts to address the environmental problem of the tanneries, last March 2014, the Colombian Council of State emitted a sentence that aimed to finalize this long struggle. The sentence ordered to undertake all necessary actions to recuperate the River in the term of the next thirty years, with an assigned $3-billion-USD budget. It also ordered the relocation of the tannery industries of Villapinzón and Chocontá to an eco-park. The goal of the present study is not only to illustrate the conflict, the events, and the stakeholders involved in the tannery problem, but also to analyze the eco-park policy to relocate the tanneries. The present study was developed from June to December 2014, through field research that included visits and interviews with tanners, representatives of regional and local government agencies, the academia, and an international agency. A series of photographs, which were also part of the fieldwork, complements the study. The photo essay intends to build a storytelling to help the reader visualize the larger landscape, tannery, and stakeholder contexts in which the case study has unfolded. The present study is developed in sections where it is explained the physical context of the River and its environmental problems, the stakeholders involved in the tannery problem, the power structures and interests that have shaped the decisions made, the historical background of the conflict, the analysis of the eco-park, as well as its advantages and disadvantages, and finally, the conclusion presents perspectives and recommendations to implement along with the future eco-park.

Resumen: Colombia se enfrenta a múltiples retos de desarrollo rural debido a presiones tanto externas como internas. Por un lado, su importancia en la producción mundial de alimentos exige formas sostenibles de aumentar la productividad al tiempo que se salvaguardan y protegen sus recursos naturales y culturales. Por otro lado, la voluntad política de posicionar el campo como motor económico del país frente a la desmineralización de la economía se suma a la importancia de estos paisajes para la construcción de paz. Esta investigación aborda las ruralidades en transición en Colombia y propone el enfoque sistémico del paisaje como herramienta para orientar el desarrollo rural hacia la sostenibilidad. El proceso investigativo llevado a cabo es de carácter mixto, abarcando enfoques teóricos, cartográficos, fotográficos y de trabajo de campo. Se analizan las características, realidades y retos de la ruralidad colombiana, se argumenta la relevancia del paisaje como guía para el proceso de desarrollo y se realiza una aproximación empírica a un estudio de caso en Colombia que muestra cómo se están abordando los nuevos enfoques de desarrollo en los territorios rurales del país. A partir de estos hallazgos se definen una serie de estrategias, lineamientos y acciones desde una visión amplia pero con proyección de implementación local para aprovechar el paisaje como recurso y herramienta para el desarrollo rural desde un enfoque sistémico que contribuya a un desarrollo económicamente viable, socialmente responsable y ambientalmente amigable. Esta investigación busca contribuir al debate sobre el desarrollo rural en Colombia, promoviendo un enfoque integral y holístico que considere la complejidad de los paisajes rurales, la conservación de la biodiversidad, la protección de las culturas locales y la promoción de prácticas productivas sostenibles. Se espera que las estrategias y lineamientos propuestos sean de utilidad para la toma de decisiones y la planeación de políticas públicas orientadas al desarrollo rural sostenible en Colombia y otros contextos similares.

Abstract: The author examines the special considerations needed when planning transportation systems using transportation modeling with a gender-sensitive approach. The findings of this thesis are highly relevant as they demonstrate how traditional planning processes are blind to the needs and experiences of women in transportation. Using mixed methods, combining transportation survey data, an existing 4-step model, and expert interviews, the case of Bogotá, Colombia, is examined. This thesis evaluates the clear differences between women’s mobility behavior and men’s, exploring how, if so, 4-step models can represent and evaluate these different behaviors. The results of this thesis demonstrate the need to develop more precise and disaggregated transportation models to develop gender-sensitive policies in the field of urban mobility. Furthermore, this thesis presents a way forward for incorporating gender criteria into transportation modeling, which can be useful for cities to develop long-term plans to improve their technical processes. Resumen: El autor examina las consideraciones especiales necesarias a la hora de planificar sistemas de transporte utilizando modelos de transporte con un enfoque sensible al género. Los hallazgos de esta tesis son muy relevantes, ya que demuestran cómo los procesos de planificación tradicionales son ajenos a las necesidades y experiencias de las mujeres en el transporte. Utilizando métodos mixtos, combinando datos de encuestas de transporte, un modelo existente de 4 pasos y entrevistas a expertos, se analiza el caso de Bogotá, Colombia. Esta tesis evalúa las claras diferencias entre los patrones de desplazamiento de las mujeres y los de los hombres, explorando cómo, en su caso, los modelos de 4 pasos pueden representar y evaluar estos diferentes comportamientos. Los resultados de esta tesis demuestran la necesidad de desarrollar modelos de transporte más precisos y desagregados para desarrollar políticas sensibles al género en el campo de la movilidad urbana. Además, esta tesis presenta un camino a seguir para incorporar criterios de género en la modelización del transporte, lo que puede ser útil para que las ciudades desarrollen planes a largo plazo para mejorar sus procesos técnicos.

Abstract: Aim: To evaluate the reliability of the ExSel® self-questionnaire to detect an excess salt intake (≥12 g/24h) in patients consulting for hypertension and/or renal failure. Methods: Results of the ExSel® self-questionnaire were compared to 24 h sodium excretion using the Cohen’s kappa test and a Chi² test. Sensitivity, specificity, VPP and VPN were calculated. A ROC curve was realized to find an accurate cut-off.Results: Mean characteristics of the 101 patients with reliable results were: age of 67+12 years, Body Mass Index 28.4+5.6 kg/m², SBP/DBP 139+23/74+13 mmHg (98% were hypertensives. Mean salt intake was 7.5+3.1 g/24h and mean creatininuria was 13.9+20.1 mmol/24 h. An excess salt intake (≥12 g/24h) was observed in 8% of the patients. The Kappa test at 0.17 and the Chi² at 0.66 signify that the agreement was very low. Sensitivity was 37%, specificity 90%, PPV 20% and NPV 94%. The AUC under the ROC curve was too low (0.665) to determine a threshold adapted to the renal patients. Conclusions: The ExSel® auto-questionnaire is not adapted to outpatients, mainly hypertensives (98%) followed in a nephrology consultation to detect an excess salt consumption.

Abstract: The standard IEC 61400-1, v.4.0 proposes at appendix J a method to determine the probability of extreme winds, based on the simulation of artificial cyclones and the theory of gradient wind. This method considers marginal statistical distributions for 5 main descriptors of cyclones (pressure depth, radius of maximum wind speed, translation speed, angle to the point of reference and mini-mum distance), a “modified orthogonal decomposition” to generate artificial cyclones and its own formulas to determine surface wind, cumulative probabilities and annual maximum surface wind. This research pursued to implement and to validate the standard at North West Pacific. Due to the difficulty and highly empirical elements of IEC 61400-1, v.4.0, it was required to modify it and include in the model other inputs such as well known statistical distributions after testing them, Nataf trans-formation (ERANataf) to generate artificial cyclones and empirical cumulative distribution functions to determine the probability of annual maximum surface wind. For the verification and validation, the results of 9 locations distributed in South Korea, Japan, HongKong and Taiwan were compared with the database of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center and theRSMC-Tokyo. The implementation of this research underestimated surface wind in all the locations.Simultaneously, the greatest contribution of input variables to sensitivity was more frequent from super index B of Holland. It would be desirable to continue validating this standard (that is presumed to have a global application), to understand the challenges of its theory during the computation of surface wind from gradient wind and to overcome the issues of its implementation.