Abstract: Colombian schools' mental health approaches to secondary students have not been researched deeply in the country. Therefore, there is a need to understand how schools are currently promoting students' mental health to identify strengths and obstacles to improving the provision of mental health approaches in Colombian schools. The present study explored Colombian secondary school teachers' perceptions of schools' approaches toward students' mental health. Seven semi-structured in-depth interviews with teachers from different Colombian secondary schools, mainly from Bogotá, were carried out. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. The study found that schools have different strategies to promote students' mental health, including mental health-related classes in the curriculum, activities done by the psychology department, the Parent Training Programme, extracurricular activities and targeting common adolescent issues. However, there are various obstacles that schools need to address to improve mental health promotion. Barriers include the lack of correct implementation of combing mental health skills within the subjects, lack of continuity of mental health activities, lack of reflection and significant learning in the strategies, not talking directly about mental health, and engaging better parents and school staff in students' mental health promotion. Moreover, the study considers practical implications for Colombian schools and the Colombian government to improve mental health approaches in schools and contribute to better mental health in Colombian adolescents. Finally, future studies are discussed to contribute to deep research on Colombian secondary students' mental health. Resumen: Los enfoques en salud mental de los colegios de Colombia para los estudiantes de bachillerato no han sido investigados profundamente en el país. Por lo tanto, existe la necesidad de entender cómo los colegios están actualmente promoviendo la salud mental de los estudiantes para identificar fortalezas y obstáculos y así mejorar la provisión de los enfoques de salud mental en los colegios de Colombia. El presente estudio exploró las percepciones de los profesores de bachillerato sobre los enfoques de los colegios hacia la salud mental de los estudiantes. Se realizaron siete entrevistas semiestructuradas a docentes de diferentes colegios de Colombia, principalmente de Bogotá, y se utilizó el análisis temático para analizar los datos. El estudio encontró que los colegios tienen diferentes estrategias para promover la salud mental de los estudiantes, incluyendo clases relacionadas con la salud mental en el plan de estudios, actividades realizadas por el departamento de psicología, la escuela de padres, actividades extracurriculares y abordaje de problemáticas comunes de la adolescencia. Sin embargo, se encontraron varios obstáculos que los colegios deben abordar para mejorar la promoción de salud mental. Los obstáculos incluyen la falta de implementación correcta de habilidades de salud mental dentro de las asignaturas, falta de continuidad de las actividades de salud mental, falta de reflexión y aprendizaje significativo en las actividades, no hablar directamente sobre la salud mental, y falta de fomentación en la participación de padres y colaboradores del colegio en la promoción de salud mental de los estudiantes. Además, el estudio considera implicaciones prácticas para los colegios de Colombia y el gobierno colombiano para mejorar los enfoques de salud mental en los colegios y contribuir a una mejor salud mental en los adolescentes colombianos. Finalmente, se discuten futuros estudios que contribuyan a una investigación profunda sobre la educación secundaria colombiana.

Abstract: This research was conducted in the Global South, based on three cases from the Colombian Andean Mountains. The cases illustrate mistrust, poverty and inequality and other social disparities that institutional entrepreneurs have addressed by building path-transformative alternatives. In this frame, and despite the low and sometimes the total lack of state support, policy programs emerged to foster inclusive innovation (InIn) processes in those communities. However, little is known about the role of Institutional Entrepreneurs in building path-transformative alternatives in the Global South and about their role in inclusive innovation initiatives supported by national entities. This research answer to the question: what is the role of Institutional Entrepreneurs in Inclusive Innovation Initiatives supported by National Entities in local communities? This study is supported by three literature branches: inclusive innovation, path dependence and creation, and institutional entrepreneurship. As part of this cruise, it was found that in inclusive innovation initiatives supported by national entities (ie Colciencias) in local communities, institutional entrepreneurs work as channelisers. This role was crucial for two reasons: i. It prevents the initiatives from hampering or undermining the path-transformative process; ii. It contributes to exploiting the positive effects of the initiatives. Thus, this channeliser role of institutional entrepreneurs aligns the inclusive innovation initiatives supported by Colciencias, with the pathtransformative processes led by them in their communities. In performing this role, institutional entrepreneurs channelled the initiatives to strengthen their vision of change and simultaneously cope with pressures that resist change. Three critical activities support this role: i. A strategic analysis; ii. bargaining; and iii. surveillance. Resumen: Esta investigación fue adelantada en el Sur Global a partir de tres casos en las montañas andinas colombianas. Estos ilustran condiciones de desconfianza, pobreza, desigualdad y otras disparidades sociales que emprendedores institucionales tienen que enfrentar para construir caminos alternativos de transformación. En este marco, y a pesar del poco o a veces ausente apoyo estatal, aparecen programas que impulsan procesos de innovación inclusiva (InIn) en esas comunidades. Sin embargo, poco se conoce del papel de los emprendedores institucionales en la construcción de caminos alternativos de transformación en el Sur Global, así como tampoco de su papel en el desarrollo de iniciativas de innovación inclusiva apoyadas por entidades del orden nacional. Esta investigación responde a la pregunta ¿Cuál es el papel de los emprendedores institucionales en iniciativas de innovación inclusiva apoyadas por entidades del orden nacional en comunidades locales? Este estudio se apoya en tres ramas de la literatura: innovación inclusiva, dependencia y creación de trayectorias, y emprendimiento institucional. Como parte de esta investigación se encontró que en las iniciativas de innovación inclusiva apoyadas por entidades del orden nacional (ie Colciencias/Minciencias) en comunidades locales, los emprendedores institucionales fungen como canalizadores. Este papel fue crucial por dos razones: i. permite evitar que las iniciativas obstaculicen o afecten los procesos de transformación de caminos; ii. contribuye a explotar los efectos positivos de las iniciativas. Así, el papel de canalizador de los emprendedores institucionales permite alinear las iniciativas de innovación inclusiva apoyadas por Colciencias, con los procesos de transformación de caminos liderados por ellos en sus comunidades. Se observó que los emprendedores institucionales canalizan las iniciativas de innovación inclusiva para fortalecer su visión de cambio y afrontar las presiones de resistencia al cambio. Este papel de canalizadores implica tres actividades: i. Análisis estratégico; ii. negociación; y iii. supervisión.

Abstract: Undoubtedly climate change is already impacting and changing natural and human systems. However, climate change has just started to happen, and more severe and frequent impacts are expected to happen in the next decade. Therefore, climate change adaptation is an immediate and imminent need for future development options. Among the various approaches to adapting to climate change, Ecosystem-based Adaptation measures are seen as a no-regret or low-regret option. But like any other anthropogenic intervention, adaptation measures such as EbA can have detrimental impacts and side effects that adversely affect human and natural systems. This unintended process is called maladaptation. Since recent evidence about maladaptation has been studied, EbA practitioners are increasingly concerned about avoiding maladaptation risks in adaptation projects. Yet, there is not enough literature that explores maladaptation in EbA measures. Responding to this gap, the purpose of the present thesis was to propose a prospective participatory tool for identifying, diagnosing, and avoiding maladaptation risks in EbA measures to support practitioners in designing more holistic, resilient, and sustainable adaptation projects. As a result, the maladaptation concept was initially analyzed using the existing related literature to develop a conceptual framework consisting of drivers, mechanisms, dimensions, attributes, forms, outputs, and outcomes of maladaptation. At the same time, a harmonized and integrated definition of maladaptation was developed based on its current understanding. Following that framework, a tool for analyzing maladaptation risks was drafted, validated with various experts, and tested in a pilot EbA measure to conserve, sustainably use, and restore mangroves in Guayaquil, Ecuador. Through the case study, not only the proposed tool was tested for analyzing maladaptation risks, but also the conceptual framework was used to understand maladaptation in an EbA measure better. By doing that, this master’s thesis expects to contribute to the emerging climate change adaptation discipline while providing means to practitioners to improve the design of future EbA measures using the maladaptation lens.

Abstract: In recent years, breweries have had to adapt the way they use resources and manage the by-products of the production chain, such as organic and packaging waste. Likewise, they’ve needed to find a way to respond to the environmental pressures of the beer industry, such as energy and water usage as well as resource depletion. Several alternatives have been proposed to face these environmental burdens, one example is the application of Circular Economy principles in the production process. This research focuses on the supply chain-related challenges that small craft breweries face when they use circular or alternative raw materials in their production chain. This research seeks to understand the circular supply chain in the brewing industry by analysing three small European breweries. Data collection consisted of multiple sources, among which were interviews. The main goal is to identify the challenges faced by the companies that switched their production methods leaning toward circularity and to find a possible way to address them. The challenges will be analysed following the Circular Business Model and the Circular Supply Chain Theoretical Approaches. The contribution of this project is in terms of management decision-making for a circular supply chain in small businesses in the food industry.

Abstract: The CDM (Clean Development Mechanisms), VCM (Voluntary Carbon Markets) and PES (Payment for Ecosystem Services) that support the REDD+ pathway, have long been part of the sustainable development policy arena. The competition for resources to ‘develop for the developed’ has taken many turns (de Soussa Santos, 2006), and the consequent commodification of nature can be traced to different cultures, and back to an unknown history of who was the first. This research asks whether market-based solutions like REDD+ have failed. Some say they have, some that this is part of the process, and others, that –-‘better this than nothing’-, but is there a correct answer? The reason for placing REDD+ inside of CDM-VCM-PES is clarified through the green growth agenda, where forests are one of the main subject of carbon offsets in biodiversity programs. Of the 501 developing countries that have submitted assessments to the UNFCCC, just 15 submitted a summary on how safeguards are being addressed and respected (UNFCCC, 2022). For now, safeguards are the only mechanism for securing rights, but we need to ask which rights, and whose rights. This research uses a decolonizing perspective to address these question in the example of Colombia. The research offers guidance to those that seek to keep applying environmental safeguards as a direct way to address land rights and climate, environmental and social justice. It also attempts to advance the social constructions of different pathways to sustainable development and the strategies for tackling the underlying drivers of climate change from a decolonizing perspective.

Abstract: This dissertation is presented as three interrelated studies that were prepared as standalone articles. Each article focuses on one key subject that emerged from years of fieldwork and analysis: the different existing interpretations of sustainability in the wine industry; the imperative to have sensorially pleasing wines; and the lack of definition for sustainable and natural wines. By exploring these subjects, this dissertation studies the cultural practice of winemaking and wine tasting to examine how different interpretations, values, and practices of wine production and wine tasting are embodied and rationalized through distinct discourses of sustainability. Through participant observations, interviews, and informal conversations in British Columbia’s Okanagan wine region, the author begins by examining how the concepts of sustainability and nature are expressed and used by wine producers with different types of winemaking practices (Chapter 2). Through a comparative analysis of these expressions and uses of sustainability and nature, a sustainability continuum is proposed, as basis for a sustainability typology of wine producers. Chapter 3 then moves on to the topic of wine sensoriality and how its socio-cultural construction has a key role in furthering (or obstructing) the development of a sustainability-focused wine industry. For this chapter, the author draws on three distinct research projects, covering a wide spectrum of methodological and epistemological approaches, with both quantitative and qualitative tools, to provide a better understanding of the concept and role of wine expertise and how it manifests in the form of wine sensory assessments. This chapter provides evidence that wines with differing and unusual sensorial characteristics can be appreciated differently depending on the context and background of each taster and that certain sustainable wines (e.g., natural wines) with more sensorial differences than mainstream wines might be less accepted in regions where there is no space for variation from a set standard of taste and quality. Finally, Chapter 4 presents a new conceptualization of a specific type of sustainable wines - natural wines - as subversive art. With this, by providing an alternative conceptual way to describe an ill-defined winemaking approach, the chapter contributes to the study of social movements by presenting subversive and urban art as a framing element rather than a direct medium for dissent.

Abstract: This paper employs a dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) model to study the time-varying correlation between three cryptocurrency strategies (market, size, and momentum) and three equity indexes (MSCI World, MSCI Emerging markets, and MSCI All cap) from November 2017 until May 2022. Paying close attention to events of market turmoil, like the Covid-19 crash in March 2020 and the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The results obtained, show that the correlation between the equity market and cryptocurrencies has increased over time eroding diversification benefits. However, the momentum and size strategies presented a stable near-zero correlation with the equity index during the time frame selected, including both of the crisis events. We conclude that whereas both (momentum and size) strategies can be used as diversification tools, size is preferred due to its lower volatility, and lower persistence when faced with a correlation spike. Resumen: Este trabajo emplea un modelo de correlación condicional dinámica (DCC) para estudiar los cambios en la correlación de tres estrategias con criptomonedas (mercado, tamaño y momentum) y tres índices bursátiles (MSCI World, MSCI Emerging markets y MSCI All cap), en el periodo comprendido entre noviembre de 2017 y mayo de 2022. Se presta especial atención a los eventos de crisis como el crash de la bolsa en marzo 2020 debido a la pandemia del Covid-19 y a la invasión rusa de Ucrania en febrero de 2022. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que la correlación entre el mercado accionario y las criptomonedas ha incrementado a lo largo del tiempo, deteriorando los beneficios de la diversificación. Sin embargo, las cripto estrategias de momentum y tamaño presentaron una correlación estable y cercana a cero con los índices accionarios durante el periodo comprendido en el estudio, incluyendo los eventos de crisis previamente mencionados. En conclusión, si bien las estrategias de momentum y tamaño pueden ser usadas como herramientas de diversificación en un portafolio de acciones, la estrategia de tamaño es preferible debido a su menor volatilidad y mayor persistencia frente a picos en la correlación de los activos.

Abstract: Colombia and Venezuela have experienced a two-way migration since the 1920s. In the last decade, Venezuelan people fled to the neighbour Latin American countries in the most significant migration process faced in the continent. Colombia has become the most considerable receptor because of its closeness, and it demands that Colombian governments, humanitarian institutions, international cooperation, mass media, and civil society develop strategies to assimilate and achieve a successful social integration. This is the analysis of two processes of social integration through music, one institutional program run by “Batuta,” a foundation that promotes symphonic music practices to achieve social integration, and an individual migrant process of TráficoMC, a Venezuelan hip-hop artist based in Medellin, Colombia. Although they have different methods to achieve their aims, both have the same medium, music. This analysis reviews the complexity of using music in those particular social integration programs that have intended reducing xenophobia and endophobia attitudes to achieve a social integration that can conduce to a cultural and economic development of the whole population involved in the migration process.

Resumen: En un contexto de búsqueda de oportunidades de inversión, la impresión inicial que sobre un emprendedor se forme un inversionista influye de manera directa en su propio proceso decisional. En ese sentido, el presente trabajo busca estudiar las implicaciones que subyacen a este panorama inicial, puntualmente en un escenario de decisiones de inversión sobre iniciativas que apuestan por el desarrollo sostenible (i.e., inversiones de impacto). Para ello, haciendo uso de un caso de estudio, se despliega un proceso de análisis cualitativo que permite identificar las especificidades del estilo de liderazgo de un emprendedor de impacto determinado, así como la forma en que este mismo estilo podría afectar la eventual decisión de un potencial inversionista. En ese orden de ideas, el presente trabajo contribuye a la transferibilidad y profundización del tópico en cuestión, en diversas áreas del conocimiento. Abstract: In a context of seeking investment opportunities, the initial impression that an investor forms on an entrepreneur influences their own decision-making process. In this sense, the present work seeks to study the implications underlying this initial panorama, specifically in a scenario of investment decisions on initiatives that are committed to reach a sustainable development (i.e., impact investments). For this purpose, and using a case study, a qualitative analysis process is deployed, allowing the identification of the corresponding leadership style of a given impact entrepreneur, as well as the way in which this same style could affect the eventual decision of a potential investor. In that order of ideas, the present work contributes to the transferability and deepening of the topic at issue in various areas of knowledge.

Resumen: Esta investigación analiza el problema de la formación del canon literario a través de la propuesta del sistema poético del escritor cubano José Lezama Lima. Su método de enseñanza de los objetos de la imaginación (Curso Délfico) se articula con el concepto de eras imaginarias que desarrolló en su obra ensayística y ejemplificó en sus novelas Paradiso (1966) y Oppiano Licario (1977). Para ello, en el primer capítulo, se describe la propuesta de paideia que el cubano llevó a cabo desde la vida material como autor biográfico y, a la par, en el mundo de la imaginación a través de su obra literaria. Más adelante, en el segundo capítulo, se desglosa el concepto del canon y su utilización en la teoría literaria y la historia de la literatura. A este concepto general se suman los aportes que de la misma idea da Lezama a través del Curso Délfico. En el tercer capítulo se estudia el concepto de eras imaginarias en el corpus que integran los ensayos ""Preludio a las eras imaginarias"" (1949), ""Mitos y cansancio clásico"" (1957) y ""A partir de la poesía"" (1959). En el último capítulo se ejemplifica, a través de tres obras, tres de las modalidades del canon de Lezama: 1) la interdisciplinariedad desde sus Diarios, 2) la interculturalidad en su novela Paradiso y 3) lo interartístico en su novela Oppiano Licario. Abstract: This investigation analyzes the problem of literary canon formation through the lenses of José Lezama Lima's poetic system. His method for teaching the objects of imagination (named the Delphic Course) is linked to the concept of imaginary eras developed in his essays and exemplified in his novels Paradiso (1965) and Oppiano Licario (1977). In order to expose that link, the text is organized in four chapters. The first chapter consists in a description of the paideia proposed by Lezama, a project he carried out simultaneously in the physical world, through his unorthodox teaching labour, and in the imaginary world through his oeuvre. Afterwards, the second chapter develops the concept of canon and its uses in literary history and literary theory. In addition to this general outline of the canon, Lezama's ideas of the canon found through his Delphic Course are discussed. The third chapter studies the concept of imaginary eras through the corpus composed by the essays: ""Prelude to the imaginary eras"" (1949), ""Myths and classical fatigue"" (1957) and ""From poetry"" (1959). The last chapter illustrates three modalities of canon through three of his works: 1) interdisciplinarity in his Diaries, 2) interculturality in his novel Paradiso and 3) the interartistic nature in his novel Oppiano Licario.