Tesis escrita por Manuel Lobo para optar por el título de doctor en medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia en 1891. A lo largo de la investigación, Lobo se propone señalar las diferencias y las pruebas diagnósticas utilizadas para identificar la neumonía fibrinosa y la neumonía catarral en pacientes adultos.

Tesis de José Manuel Vásquez para obtener el título de doctor en Medicina y Cirugía de la Facultad de Medicina en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia en 1892. A lo largo del documento Vásquez analiza varios aspectos relacionados al procedimiento quirúrgico que investiga en esta oportunidad: su historia, la anatomía de la uretra, indicaciones y contraindicaciones, manual operatorio y complicaciones que podrían presentarse durante la práctica de una uretrotomía. Finalmente, se presentan estudios de caso y breves conclusiones que surgen del análisis sobre los mismos.

Tesis de Aristides Lores para obtener el título de doctor en Medicina y Cirugía de la Facultad de Medicina en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia en 1892. A lo largo del documento Lores estudia la peritonitis tuberculosa, complicación producida por inflamación del intestino. El autor define la enfermedad, su historia, etiología, causas predisponentes, causas determinantes, sintomatología, y otras particularidades como la enquistada o ulcerosa de la misma, anatomía patológica, marcha de las formas crónicas, diagnóstico, tratamiento y tratamiento quirúrgico. Finalmente, Lores presenta observaciones sobre la autopsia realizada a tres personas que murieron de esa enfermedad.

A technological and environmental alternative has been studied for about a decade to reduce the consumption of coal. It consists of substitute one part of the coal by biomass (neutral generated of CO2) in a co-_ring process. The co-_ring process consists of the controlled combustion of two or more fuels in the same burner. According to research performed in the US and Europe this process has economic and technical viability. And depending on the characteristics of the fuel, this process can contribute reducing the greenhouse gases (GHG). This thesis presents a methodological proposal to analyze and evaluate a thermoelectric power plant from the exergoenviromental point of view, operating in co-_ring process and using coal and biomass. The boundary of the problem is composed by the power plant and the technological paths to obtain and manipulate the fuels. Exergy is used in the thermodynamic analysis and the life cycle assessment method is proposed to quantify the environmental impact. The climate change category was used following the global warming potential index. Two scenarios were evaluated: scenario A corresponds to the power plant operating with 100% coal and scenario B corresponds to the power plant operating in co-_ring with 90% of coal and 10% of biomass. The technological route used for the coal is established between the southern mineral region of the state of Santa Catarina and the Jorge Lacerda thermoelectric power plant complex, which is located at Capivari de Baixo. The information utilized for the biomass path was obtained from the research performed in the thermoelectric power plant complex. The purpose of this task was to use the biomass from the rice farms as fuel. The analysis showed that the power plant is largely responsible for exergy destruction. Moreover it has the largest generated impact associated with the analyzed category. From these results, an exergoenvironmental analysis for the representative thermodynamic cycle was performed. The results showed that the boiler constitutes the equipment with the largest potential of improvement.  Finally, an exergoenvironmental global index was proposed to compare the exergoenvironmental impact of the thermoelectric generation process for both scenarios, which were compared with Carnot cycle scenario. The exergoenvironmental global index showed that 11% improvement is possible for the scenario B when compared with scenario A without taking in account the biomass microbial decomposition and up to the 35% when the decomposition was considered.

Das Krankenhaus als Schlüsselakteur im Gesundheitswesen muss heutzutage die Herausforderungen des Marktes und Wettbewerbes annehmen, dafür soll es eine Wettbewerbsstrategie folgen. Die zunehmenden Umweltprobleme mit der einhergehenden sozialen Ungerechtigkeit und Armut haben die Notwendigkeit erweckt, Unternehmen stärker in die Verantwortlichkeit ihres Handelns einzubinden. Krankenhäuser sind wichtiger Arbeitgeber, bedeutender Verbraucher von Ressourcen, und damit auch größere Erzeuger von Emissionen und Abfälle. Die vorliegende Arbeit soll klären, welche Wettbewerbsvorteile durch Nachhaltigkeitsmanagement in kolumbianischen Krankenhäusern aufgebaut und gehalten werden können. In der Einführung dieser Masterarbeit wird das kolumbianische Gesundheitssystem kurz vorgestellt sowie das externe Umfeld der Krankenhäuser erläutert, um eine allgemeine Strategie zu empfehlen. Im Anschluss wird der Einfluss von Nachhaltigkeitsmaßnahmen auf Wettbewerbsvorteile analysiert. Das kolumbianische System für soziale Sicherheit im Gesundheitswesen fördert die Qualität der Dienstleistung und Patientenorientierung als Grundlagen für die Wahl der Gesundheitseinrichtung bei Patienten. Neben den Ergebnissen der Analyse des Makroumfelds wird die Schlussfolgerung gezogen, dass eine Differenzierungsstrategie, die auf Qualität und Patientenorientierung basiert ist, das Konzept der Lebensqualität durch Wohlbefinden, Vitalität und Gesundheit in ihrer Struktur als Basis immer enthalten sollte. Der positive Einfluss von Nachhaltigkeitsmaßnahmen auf Wettbewerbsvorteile wird durch Ursache-Wirkungsbeziehungen dargestellt. Entlang der gesamten Wertschöpfungskette ist dann ihre Anwendung aufgezeigt. Einige der in der Masterarbeit identifizierten Maßnahmen sind: Risikoanalyse, Biosicherheit, Weiterbildung, Ethikkodex, effizientere Technologie, nachhaltige Beschaffung, Corporate Citizenship, u.a. Am Ende der Masterarbeit kommt der Autor zu dem Entschluss, sowohl Investitionen in Qualität als auch eine Rationalisierung von Kosten durch die Anwendung von Öko- und Sozioeffizienz in einer Weise durchzuführen, dass die Qualität der Dienstleistungen nicht belastet wird. Durch diesen Lösungsvorschlag kann das Krankenhaus attraktive Preise mit Krankenkasse handeln und gleichzeitig die Treue der Patienten behalten.

Abstract: The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the Dutch-Colombian development cooperation projects in capacity building for higher education during the last five years. The implications, benefits and challenges of Colombia’s transition from recipient to a partner country for the Netherlands will be explored. The Netherlands has been a traditional donor country for Colombia since the 1960s, with a focus on water management, environment, food security, gender, good governance, and human priority sectors of bilateral collaboration programs. However, due to changing patterns of the Dutch foreign public policy for development cooperation since 2010 and also from the Colombian government since 2011, different sectors affirm that there is a shift in the way of doing partnerships with Latin American countries, especially with Colombia. There is a big debate between those who assume that capacity building programs for development in tertiary education are going to be replaced by business alliances and others who affirm that it will be a win-win partnership model between Colombia and the Netherlands. For this reason, in times of transformation development patterns questions arise such as how does the transition ‘from aid to trade’ between North-South countries, affects development effectiveness in Capacity Building programmes for tertiary education? What are the implications of the transition phase of the Dutch-Colombian partnership in the capacity building framework for Higher Education? Through semi-structured interviews with the main actors of 6 case studies from the Dutch-Colombian cooperation for capacity development in higher education (2010-2015) and a literature review of policy papers, institutional studies, reports, lectures and meetings, the present analysis will give a qualitative perspective to complement the existing literature and enrich the debate about upcoming challenges facing all the actors involved. Resumen: El propósito de la presente tesis es analizar los proyectos de cooperación al desarrollo Colombo-Holandesa en el fortalecimiento de capacidades en Educación Superior durante los últimos cinco años. Se examinarán las implicaciones, beneficios y desafíos de la transición de Colombia de ser un país receptor de ayuda a un país aliado para los Países Bajos. Tradicionalmente los Países Bajos han sido donantes de cooperación bilateral al desarrollo para Colombia desde la década de 1960, centrándose en la gestión del agua, el medio ambiente, la seguridad alimentaria, el género, la buena gobernanza y los derechos humanos. Sin embargo, debido a cambios en materia de política exterior holandesa para la cooperación al desarrollo desde 2010 y a su vez los cambios de política exterior del gobierno colombiano desde 2011, diferentes sectores afirman que hay un cambio en la forma de hacer alianzas con países latinoamericanos, especialmente con Colombia. Hay un gran debate entre los que asumen que los programas de desarrollo de capacidades en educación terciaria van a ser reemplazados por alianzas comerciales y otros que afirman que será un modelo de asociación gana-gana entre Colombia y los Países Bajos. Por esta razón, en tiempos de transformación se plantean cuestionamientos tales ¿ Cómo la transición "de la ayuda al comercio" entre los países Norte-Sur, afecta la eficacia de los programas de fortalecimiento de capacidades para la educación terciaria?¿Cuáles son las implicaciones de la transición de la cooperación Colombo-Holandesa en el marco de fortalecimiento de capacidades en Educación Superior? A través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas con los principales actores de 6 casos de estudio de la cooperación Colombo-holandesa para el desarrollo de capacidades en educación superior (2010-2015) y una revisión de literatura comprendida por documentos de políticas públicas, estudios institucionales, informes, conferencias y reuniones, el presente análisis brinda una perspectiva cualitativa para complementar la literatura existente y enriquecer el debate sobre los próximos desafíos que enfrentan todos los actores involucrados.

Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta um modelo de análise ambiental implementado em SIG, que utiliza uma metodologia de análise multicritério para avaliação de áreas para E&P de gás de folhelho (shale gas) com técnicas de fraturamento hidráulico. O modelo utiliza diferentes métodos de análise multicritério, como AHP, OWA e LCPA, para diminuir a subjetividade das avaliações meramente qualitativas. Foram selecionados os parâmetros ambientais relacionados com os potenciais impactos estratégicos deste tipo de atividade. O modelo foi montado no software ArcGIS e foram estabelecidos os valores padrão e opções de configuração para avaliação de cenários. O modelo foi aplicado no caso específico da Bacia do Rio Piquirí, no Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Os dados espaciais foram coletados a partir de fontes públicas e pré-processados. A pesquisa propôs as análises dos blocos oferecidos e concedidos na 12ª Rodada de Licitações de Petróleo e Gás do Brasil. Os resultados da avaliação mostraram que a vocação ambiental para E&P de gás de folhelho dos blocos oferecidos é muito baixa, classificando tais áreas como não adequadas para esta atividade. Finalmente, foi proposta a localização de um bloco de área equivalente aos concedidos de menor complexidade ambiental para este tipo de atividades. Resumen: Este trabajo presenta un modelo de análisis ambiental implementado en SIG. Éste utiliza una metodología de análisis multicritério para evaluación de áreas para E&P de shale gas con técnicas de fracturamiento hidráulico. El modelo utiliza diferentes métodos de análisis multicritério como AHP, OWA y LCPA para disminuir la subjetividad de las evaluaciones meramente cualitativas. Fueron seleccionados las parámetros ambientales relacionados con os impactos estratégicos potenciales de este tipo de actividad. El modelo fue montado en el software ArcGIS y fueron establecidos los valores por defecto e las opciones de configuración para evaluación de escenarios. Éste fue aplicado al caso específico de la Cuenca del Río Piquirí, en el Estado de Paraná, Brasil. Los datos espaciales fueron obtenidos de instituciones públicas y pre-procesados. La investigación propone el análisis de los bloques ofrecidos y concesionados en la 12ª Rodada de licitaciones de Petróleo y Gas de Brasil. Los resultados de la evaluación muestran que la vocación ambiental para E&P de shale gas de los bloques ofrecidos es muy baja, así son clasificadas como no aptas para esta actividad. Finalmente, fue propuesta la localización de un bloque de exploración de área equivalente a los bloques concesionados con una menor complejidad ambiental para estas actividades.

The importance of child’s health relies on its economic significance, given that is a key indicator of the quality of life in developing countries and a measure of their economic development. Its main role is to help policy makers take into account the importance of education as a relevant factor of productivity and intergenerational mobility. Child health is not only related with adult health, educational attainment, productivity, and income, but is also a development indicator all by itself. Among the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) established in 2000 by the United Nations (UN) and adopted by the 193 members and 23 international organizations, at least four are directly related to child health or nutritional status. Many papers have been written about the relationship between child’s health and mother’s education; however, so far only one study has aimed to evaluate the importance of such factor in Colombia3. By using different estimation methods, this investigation will attempt to establish the importance of mother’s education on child’s health by analyzing a sample of 15,038 women with children between 0 and 35/59 months in Colombia. A positive association has important policy implications. For instance, if more educated mothers do in fact tend to have healthier boys/girls, then policy makers should focus on better education policies (such as school and class size, school selection, privatizing education, advanced teacher training and teaching methods, graduation requirements, and investing in infrastructure development, amongst others) to improve the health level of the next generation.

With increased demand and high prices for minerals and metals in recent years, many resource rich developing countries see mining sector as vital to develop their economies. Colombia is one of these nations. Non-renewable natural resource wealth is seen as an opportunity to obtain economic benefits that can be transformed into increased wellbeing for citizens. However, mining often involves a high environmental impact and the risk of causing, or exacerbating social problems and conflicts in mining areas is significant. This study addresses the issue of ‘How then can mining contribute to sustainable development?’ in the Colombian context. This issue is critical – with 44% of the population in poverty, and the territory considered one of the most biodiverse in the world. Views obtained from interviews with representatives of stakeholder groups from government, industry and civil society and the content of national mining policy documents were compared with a selection of industry best practice guidelines in order to identify key issues for mining and sustainable development in the country. Best practice guidelines were principally drawn from the Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Mineral, Metals and Sustainable Development policy framework and the Extractive Industries Value Chain approach. Eleven key issues were identified as important for informants: policy frameworks, institutional capacity, access to information, royalty and tax regimes, transparency, local socioeconomic development, stakeholder participation and responsibility, community trust and image, environmental performance, mine closure and illegal mining. The findings also suggest three principal gaps that need to be addressed with some priority. The focus of mining policies should be shifted from a principal focus on increased production towards sustainable development and poverty reduction objectives; better coordination between mining, environmental and national development policies and institutions towards sustainable development objectives is required; and improved technical and institutional capacity to provide an adequate assessment process and the information regarding whether the benefits from mining overcome its negative impacts ant national and local levels is needed.

Nowadays, across the world, politic and economic models have been challenged. As part of the global agenda; urban discussions need to reposition towards enriching social and economic debates. In Bogota, Processes of urbanization have been shaped within profound conditions of inequity, rural migration and violence; generating a city socially and spatially segregated. Nevertheless, since last two decades, Bogota has been engaged in a process of transition towards the construction of more equalitarian and sustainable city. In this context, how to set up the agenda for further development strategies in the city? The aim of this thesis is to bring some ideas and questions into the debate about the construction of future models of urban development for Bogota. From the discussions and research presented we can derive some key points to have in account in terms of policies, planning and spatial strategies, and socio-economic dimensions; which can help to frame proposals about how Bogota can explore alternative strategies of urban revitalization.  Starting from acknowledging the fact that the built city is the result of multiple spatial, social and economic conditions; the concept of “Systemic revitalization”, is framed in how to introduce new uses, users and spaces, able to synergize with the existing forces and thus be able to trigger the revitalization of urban areas. Contrary to masterplanning, this model of development encourages time-based processes and multiple initiatives, done progressively whether by typological transformation or by insertion of new typologies and uses within the existing fabric.