Résumé: Cette étude se fonde sur l’analyse des réalisations didactiques du texte litéraire en cours de langue. Au sein de la didactique de la littérature il existe plusieurs théories qui replacent aujourd’hui le texte littéraire comme un terrain très fertile pour le développement des capacités autres que langagières chez les apprenants. Ainsi nous nous centrons sur la didactisation des textes littéraires dans deux manuels de FLE, notre objectif est de faire un état de lieux concernant le potentiel transculturel des textes et comment ce potentiel est exploité dans la didactisation à travers des tâches qui impliquent l’investissement du lecteur, surtout au niveau culturel. Abstract: This research is based on the uses of literary text in foreign or second language courses. Nowadays, the latest waves in didactics of literature have placed these texts as one of the richest sources of elements which can help students develop not only linguistic skills but also cultural ones; therefore they are named “fruitful land”. In our case, our biggest interest is to analyze the didactisation of texts in two of the latest books conceived for FFL (French as a foreign language) teaching. Our main objective is to know what the current situation of our research is. In other words, we aim to know how the literary texts are didactised and whether or not their transcultural potential is taken into account in the process. In order to analyze this, we also take a look at the tasks and the type of relationship between the reader and the reader, mostly when it comes to cultural topics.

During the last decades there has been an increase in the generation of solid wastes in the world, in developing countries the situation has been specifically critical since in many cases there is no adequate treatment for the solid waste due to the scarcity of the resources and to the poor conscience of the real situation and possible consequences. This document presents the composting method as a suitable alternative for the treatment of solid waste in developing countries considering that its costs are not so high and that the composition of the solid waste is mainly organic. The analysis was based on a current literature review and on the study of some cases of composting projects, according to the results an operational guideline for the development of composting projects in developing countries was proposed. The guideline is composed of two main cores: the planning system and the evaluation system. The planning system supports the development of a composting project and the evaluation system is a base for the comparison of performance between different future cases.

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is one of the latest mobile communication technologies being commercially deployed worldwide. It has emerged as a promising technology for new applications such as mobile video surveillance (IPVS) due to its higher data throughputs as well as the quality of the service management capabilities. This work focuses on the performance evaluation of a mobile and real-time IPVS system over a LTE network in both operation modes, namely FDD and TDD. The QoS Requirements for the IPVS were defined and two simulation analyses were performed in OPNET Modeler in order to compare them to the QoS Delivered. The first analysis studied the performance of the IPVS service from a capacity point of view in a single cell scenario while the second analysis looked at the performance of the IPVS service in a sample network configuration including several cells. In light of the analysed results it was evidenced the flexibility of TDD operation mode in terms of capacity as well as its higher delay and packet delay behaviours in comparison with FDD operation mode. Additionally it was shown that TDD index 6 does not comply with the QoS performance required for an IPVS service in a multi cell network. 

The Web, as a source of input, is an element that is being considered as an additional educational tool for second language learning. For an effective use of the Web for second language learning, Dodge (1988) and March (2005) suggested the use of WebQuests. WebQuests are based on the characteristics of scaffolding, socio-constructivist perspective, cooperative learning, and development of high-order skills. Previous studies have concluded that WebQuests promoted reading skills but not writing skills (Kocoglu, 2010). The present study is aimed to find out if the use of WebQuests enhances lexical richness in writing since vocabulary is an essential part of language learning skills. For that purpose, two different groups of 13 participants each were used: an experimental group which get involved in a WebQuest and a control group which performed an unguided web-searching task. Both groups took a writing pre-test and post-test. The compositions obtained were entered into the computer program VocabProfile found in www.lexutor.ca. This program is based on four word lists established in the measure Lexical Frequency Profile (Laufer and Nation, 1995). Statistical analysis showed that the experimental group used more high-frequency words at the pre-test stage, and that the control group evidenced significant progress from the pre-test to the post-test.

The political, economic and social implications of producing and sanctioning the so- called ‘intangible heritage’ through heritage listing is a widely researched topic in the field of Cultural Heritage Studies. In this study I examine the impacts of community-led intangible heritage designation at a local level through discussing the inscription of the “Wayuu Normative System Applied by the Pütchipü’üi (Palabrero)”, an indigenous system of justice, in UNESCO’s system of inventories and Colombia’s intangible heritage list.

Résumé: Compte tenu de l’importance de mettre en évidence et donc en valeur les compétences plurilingues des membres des communautés éducatives, ce travail a été réalisé dans le but d’étendre la connaissance sur le plurilinguisme et le multilinguisme de deux établissements scolaires, dans l’optique de mettre en place un éventuel dispositif de médiation linguistique visant l’amélioration de la communication parmi les acteurs des institutions éducatives. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, nous avons mené une enquête par questionnaire auprès des enseignants et enseignantes de deux collèges ainsi que des élèves d’un de ces établissements. Les résultats principaux nous ont permis de connaître les langues en présences dans les établissements étudiés, les différentes représentations autour du plurilinguisme et de la formation à la médiation linguistique, ainsi que les possibles avantages et inconvénients pour la mise en place d’un dispositif de médiation linguistique. Resumen: Teniendo en cuenta la importancia de evidenciar y por ende valorizar las competencias plurilingües de los miembros de las comunidades educativas, este trabajo fue realizado con el fin de extender el conocimiento sobre el plurilingüismo y el multilingüismo de dos establecimientos escolares y así poder implementar un eventual dispositivo de mediación lingüística que ayude a mejorar la comunicación entre los actores de las instituciones educativas. Para alcanzar dichos objetivos, llevamos a cabo una encuesta por cuestionario con los y las docentes de dos colegios, asimismo que con los alumnos de uno de ellos. Los resultados principales nos permitieron conocer las lenguas presentes en los establecimientos estudiados, las diferentes representaciones alrededor del plurilingüismo y de la formación a la mediación lingüística, y las posibles ventajas e inconvenientes para la implementación de un dispositivo de mediación lingüística.

Why if 20% of over 50 million people who visit New York City yearly, and disburse half of total touristic spending, about $20 billion per year, The Metropolitan Opera is not currently addressing them to come to the house? Goals: 1. To demonstrate that The Metropolitan Opera has not yet a clear strategy addressing the visitors crowd coming to New York City. 2. To propose a strategy to achieve it. Methods: First, collecting information at the Metropolitan Opera house concerning visitors’ origins. Then, reviewing tourism trends and data in NYC, to finally search for correlations between the Met Opera marketing strategies and the tourists’ approaches in the city. Results: Visitors are coming to The Met by their own interests to get to know the house and get the live experience. They revealed that one of their main drives to attend a performance at The Met was having been exposed to Met Productions through the HD Live program in their hometowns. Nonetheless, Met staffers proved that visitors have not been yet a priority for the organization. Conclusion: The financial situation at The Met Opera is unsound, when an audience and resources are timidly coming to the door; there’s an urge to suitably address this crowd to improve the unstable finances of one of the greatest performing arts organizations in the world.

Abstract: Background: Allergic rhinitis may affect up to 50% of children. Treatment options include allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy, immunotherapy and multimodal therapies. Nasal saline douching is well established in the treatment of allergic rhinitis in adults, and has recently gained more acceptability in children as the evidence builds for its effectiveness in this age group. To date, however, there is limited data regarding the acceptability and tolerability of nasal saline douching in children with allergic rhinitis. Methods: A search was conducted using Medline and Embase databases from January 1946 until June 2015 on the use of nasal douching in children aged 4 to 12 with allergic rhinitis. All publications identified that assessed the beneficial effects, acceptability and tolerability were included. The evaluation focused on primary (proportion of patients who adopted nasal douching routinely, symptom and quality of life scores) and secondary outcome measures (effects related to delivered method, dose, technique, and frequency of administration). Results: 35 studies were analyzed. Data varied considerably in terms of saline solutions used, modality of application, participant numbers, study design, follow up and outcomes. Factors that appear to influence the acceptability and tolerability of nasal saline douching are parental and health professionals’ preconceptions, and characteristics of the solution. Overall nasal saline irrigation appears to have a positive impact on quality of life, being accepted and tolerated in the majority of children (78-100%). Conclusions: Nasal saline douching has a significant positive impact on the quality of life in children aged 4 to 12 with allergic rhinitis. Among the principal factors that influence acceptability and tolerability of this therapy are the child´s age, delivery system and method, and tonicity. Encouragement and reinforcement is vital to successful compliance. Saline nasal douching provides an accessible, low cost, low morbidity, easy to use treatment that could be standardized as part of allergic rhinitis management in children. Resumen: Antecedentes: La rinitis alérgica puede afectar hasta el 50% de los niños. Las opciones de tratamiento incluyen evitar el alergeno, la farmacoterapia, la inmunoterapia y las terapias multimodales. La aplicación de la solución salina nasal hace parte del tratamiento de la rinitis alérgica en adultos, y recientemente ha ganado más aceptación en los niños a medida que la evidencia demuestra su eficacia en este grupo etario. Hasta la fecha, sin embargo, hay datos limitados en cuanto a la aceptabilidad y la tolerabilidad de la solución salina nasal en niños con rinitis alérgica. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda a través de Medline y EMBASE desde enero de 1946 hasta junio de 2015 sobre el uso de solución salina nasal en niños de 4 a 12 años con rinitis alérgica. Todas las publicaciones identificadas que evaluaron los efectos beneficiosos, la aceptabilidad y la tolerabilidad, fueron incluidas. La evaluación se centró en resultados primarios (proporción de pacientes que adoptaron las duchas nasales de forma rutinaria, los síntomas y la calidad de vida de las puntuaciones) y resultados secundarios (efectos relacionados con el método de entrega, la dosis, la técnica y la frecuencia de administración). Resultados: Se analizaron 35 estudios. Los datos variaron considerablemente en términos de soluciones salinas utilizadas, modalidad de aplicación, el número de participantes, el diseño del estudio, el seguimiento y resultados. Los factores que parecen influir en la aceptabilidad y la tolerabilidad de la solución salina nasal son las ideas preconcebidas de los padres y profesionales de la salud, y las características de la solución. En general, la irrigación salina nasal parece tener un impacto positivo en la calidad de vida, siendo aceptado y tolerado en la mayoría de los niños (78-100%). Conclusiones: La solución salina nasal tiene un impacto significativamente positivo en la calidad de vida en niños de 4 a 12 años con rinitis alérgica. Entre los principales factores que influyen en la aceptabilidad y la tolerabilidad de esta terapia son la edad del niño, el sistema de entrega y su forma, así como la tonicidad de la solución. El estímulo y refuerzo de este hábito como parte de la terapia, es vital para su adherencia. La solución salina nasal proporciona una terapia de bajo costo, accesible, de baja morbilidad, y fácil de usar que podría ser estandarizada como parte del tratamiento de la rinitis alérgica en niños.

En la actualidad es muy importante para una marca o empresa crecer constantemente, por este motivo la marca Duppla ha ido aprovechando los cambios en el mercado, utilizando las herramientas y métodos necesarios y efectivos con el fin de generar mayores ingresos y crecimiento. Estas decisiones se toman no sólo basándose en los cambios de la economía del país sino también en la demanda, aceptación y reconocimiento que una marca o producto alcanza en el tiempo que ha estado en el mercado. El proyecto de expansión requiere de una inversión inicial de $16.8 millones, el VPN asciende a $1.622 millones correspondiente a un horizonte de inversión de 10 años, con una TIR de 429%, lo que nos asegura que el payback de la inversión inicial se obtiene en el mes 9 del proyecto. Por lo anterior, y teniendo en cuenta que a lo largo de estos 4 años, que la marca Duppla lleva en el mercado ha logrado un crecimiento constante, aumento en las ventas, innovación de diseños y materiales, abrir dos sucursales en Montería y realizar envíos a diferentes ciudades del país, hemos identificado una nueva oportunidad de expansión al abrir una sucursal en la ciudad de Sincelejo. La marca se ha posicionado fuertemente en la zona, lo que nos lleva a aprovechar esta oportunidad, la demanda del mercado para iniciar la expansión en el territorio nacional.