Abstract: The standard IEC 61400-1, v.4.0 proposes at appendix J a method to determine the probability of extreme winds, based on the simulation of artificial cyclones and the theory of gradient wind. This method considers marginal statistical distributions for 5 main descriptors of cyclones (pressure depth, radius of maximum wind speed, translation speed, angle to the point of reference and mini-mum distance), a “modified orthogonal decomposition” to generate artificial cyclones and its own formulas to determine surface wind, cumulative probabilities and annual maximum surface wind. This research pursued to implement and to validate the standard at North West Pacific. Due to the difficulty and highly empirical elements of IEC 61400-1, v.4.0, it was required to modify it and include in the model other inputs such as well known statistical distributions after testing them, Nataf trans-formation (ERANataf) to generate artificial cyclones and empirical cumulative distribution functions to determine the probability of annual maximum surface wind. For the verification and validation, the results of 9 locations distributed in South Korea, Japan, HongKong and Taiwan were compared with the database of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center and theRSMC-Tokyo. The implementation of this research underestimated surface wind in all the locations.Simultaneously, the greatest contribution of input variables to sensitivity was more frequent from super index B of Holland. It would be desirable to continue validating this standard (that is presumed to have a global application), to understand the challenges of its theory during the computation of surface wind from gradient wind and to overcome the issues of its implementation.

El propósito del documento es explorar el rol de la sociedad civil respecto a la agenda de desarrollo sostenible de los BRICS. Particularmente, este estudio está centrado en los en el proceso de participación del grupo "Civil BRICS" establecido en el 2015 como un mecanismo formal de interlocución entre la sociedad civil y los gobiernos que conforman el bloque. La disertación parte del enfoque de "Redes Trasnacionales de Cabildeo", el cual se encarga de analizar las interacciones entre los actores de la sociedad civil en el nivel trasnacional, basadas en sus intereses y valores compartidos. De este modo, se exploran los elementos históricos y contextuales que han influenciado esta interacción, tal como lo es el proceso de conformación de los BRICS en el marco de un orden global cambiante, las características y trayectorias diferenciadas de la sociedad civil en esos países respecto a los asuntos de desarrollo sostenible, y el proceso de construcción de la plataforma "Civil BRICS". El análisis de los Civil BRICS desde la perspectiva de las Redes Trasnacionales de Cabildeo permite evidenciar las ideas, estrategias e intereses de los actores de la sociedad civil frente a los cuerpos de gobernanza global liderados por potencias emergentes. Como resultado, este documento sugiere que las organizaciones de la sociedad civil comparten narrativas y apuestas sobre la agenda de desarrollo sostenible de los BRICS a pesar de sus diferencias históricas y culturales, lo que a su vez refleja intereses y valores compartidos y les permite movilizarse a través de redes para influir en las decisiones de este bloque, poniendo nuevos temas en la agenda y buscando una redefinición del paradigma de desarrollo al interior de estos países.

The Paris Agreement was a success in 2015, when the parties reached a common goal temperature and a timeline for the implementation of the local governmental actions. During the last years the implementation of the agreement has been slow, what might lead to question the goal timeline. Civil society uses other strategies in order to force governments to tackle climate change and respond to the citizens. Litigation has been one of the ways to force the implementation of public policies that will respond to the agreement. Two cases from different jurisdictions and legal systems exemplify how litigation has been used by the civil society as a response to the lack of action of the global leaders. The cases are Juliana v. U.S and Future Generation v. Ministry of Environment et. al. that use innovative ways to force governments to move forward on the implementation of measures to confront climate change.

Background: The effect of early surgery in elderly patients with hip fractures has been controversial during the last five decades due to equivocal evidence both in favour and against it. The objective of this thesis is to systematically assess all the available evidence on the effect(s) of early surgery compared with delayed surgery in elderly patients with hip fractures. Methods: Searches for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or prospective observational studies were conducted from inception to July 2017 in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (OVID), EMBASE (OVID), and they were complemented with list of references searching, review of both clinical trials registers and archives of orthopaedic meetings. Two reviewers independently selected studies for inclusion, extracted data and evaluated risk of bias; and a third reviewer resolved discrepancies. Risk ratios (RR) were calculated for dichotomous data, and mean difference (MD) or standardised mean difference (SMD) was calculated for continuous data. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Results: 39 studies were included with 51,857 participants (range of mean age: 74 to 93 years) comparing early versus delayed surgery. Three studies were RCTs and 36 were observational studies. The evidence from RCTs and observational studies showed that early surgery reduces risk of all-cause 3 mortality in elderly patients with a hip fracture (RR 0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65 to 0.83; I2 = 67%; number needed to treat for benefit (NNTB) 20; low quality of evidence). Observational studies showed reduced risk of all-cause mortality by early surgery at 6 (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.91; I2 = 56%; very low quality of evidence) and 12 months postoperative (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.87; I2 = 76%; very low quality of evidence), and when surgery is performed within the first 48 hours upon hospital admission (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.84; I2 = 65%; very low quality of evidence). Observational studies also showed a reduction of complications (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.73; I2 = 64%; very low quality of evidence) and length of hospital stay (MD -5.06, 95% CI -6.52 to -3.60; I2 = 87%; very low quality of evidence) by early surgery, but the evidence was uncertain for functionality (SMD 0.05, 95% CI -0.04 to 0.14; I2 = 0%; low quality of evidence) and pain (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.17; I2 = 0%; very low quality of evidence). RCTs showed that early surgery reduces length of stay (MD -6.73, 95% CI -12.92 to -0.54; I2 = 54%; very low quality of evidence) and improves functionality (SMD 0.32, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.59; I2 = 5%; low quality of evidence). Conclusions: Low-quality evidence showed that early surgery reduces all-cause mortality at 6 and 12 months post-surgery, especially when it is performed during the first 48 hours after hospital admission. There was very low-quality evidence of a reduction in complications including pneumonia and pressure sores, and low-quality evidence for a reduced risk of urinary tract infection for early compared with delayed surgery. Reductions in length of hospital stay and improvement of postoperative functionality with early surgery were also observed but with very low- and low-quality of evidence respectively. There was very low-quality evidence for no effect of early surgery on postoperative pain.

The present investigation is a reconstruction of the theory of multiple modernities and an examination of the normative implications that can be drawn when reflecting upon the secular-religious relation within the context of modernity. The sociological innovation of Shmuel N. Eisenstadt and the philosophical insights of Jürgen Habermas are central to this enterprise, both because of the shared commitment to the study of modernity and for the potential contributions that comparative sociology could bring to normative discussions. They are the theoretical backbone of this thesis. The thesis explores specific contribution to the concept of rationality and reflexivity in Habermas from sociology and the problem or modernity. the first chapter constitutes a reconstruction of the theory of multiple modernities having as hermeneutical guidance the role of religion/tradition and the resulting conception of modernity which appears when the decoupling between secularization and modernity befalls. I ask: to what extent does Eisenstadt successfully explain this decoupling and what are the consequences of a civilizational comparative approach for the general narrative of modernity? In terms of literature, I will focus on his work after 2000 when the article Multiple Modernities was published in Daedalus. The second chapter carries the Eisenstadt´s thoughts to a normative ground the normative value of the multiple modernities vantage point can be initially aligned with the de-centralization of modernity from western European experiences, and the rejection of universalistic aspirations. I analyze the way he interprets the persistence and vitality of religion -and its consequences- in the context of Modernity and ask which are the normative implications of such post-secular societies for the general project of modernity.

Este es un trabajo elaborado desde la mirada museográfica al interior del Museo de Arte Miguel Urrutia (MAMU) del Banco de la República en Bogotá – Colombia, en donde en el año 2015, tuvo lugar la exposición de arte contemporáneo Nada está donde se cree… de la artista argentina Graciela Sacco (1956 – 2017), la cual se constituyó en el objeto de estudio de este trabajo para reflexionar sobre los retos espaciales que se presentaron durante el proceso fascinante de diseño, producción y montaje por lo cual se caracterizó esta exposición. Materializar todos sus componentes dentro del espacio para que el público pueda experimentar la exposición, es una labor que dentro del museo se encarga el área de museografía, o la arquitectura al servicio del arte. Se abordan y analizan principalmente cuatro temas espaciales de gran interés con sus respectivas complejidades y aprendizajes a través de la producción detallada de cuatro instalaciones artísticas presentadas en esta exposición y así mismo, se contextualiza la vigencia del legado de Sacco en la historiografía del arte latinoamericano a través del análisis de sus propuestas plásticas y conceptuales, heredadas en gran parte de la vanguardia argentina de finales de la década de los años sesenta. Abstract: This text is written from a museographic perspective inside Miguel Urrutia Museum of Art (MAMU) of the Bank of the Republic in Bogotá – Colombia. In this place in 2015, was the exhibition of contemporary art Nothing is where it seems... of the Argentine artist Graciela Sacco (1956 - 2017). This exhibition became the object of study to think about space challenges presented during the fascinating design, production and assembly process. The museography area (exhibition design) (architecture at the service of art), is responsible for materializing exhibition´s components within the space so thepublic can perceive it and experience it. Four spatial topics of great interest with their respective complexities and learnings are mainly addressed and analyzed through the detailed production of four artistic installations presented in this exhibition and likewise, the validity of Sacco's legacy in the historiography of Latin American art is contextualized through the analysis of her plastic and conceptual proposals, inherited in large part from the Argentine avant-garde of the late sixties.

The Green and Blue Network (GBN), also known as Green Infrastructure (GI) or Ecological Main Structure, is a strategically planned network of natural and semi-natural areas (including terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems) that have location, extension, connections, health condition and multiple functions; designed and managed to provide a wide range of ecosystem services (ES) in urban and rural settings. The Metropolitan Area of Lyon, France and the Region of Hanover, Germany have both integrated the GBN in their planning documents and are currently in the phase of implementation. The comparison of these case studies shows that GBN, along with a territorial governance scheme, gives higher importance to biodiversity and nature conservation in a development strategy and moves planning discussions towards climate change adaptation and mitigation using nature. However, results of implementation so far, in terms of protection level and functionalities are not enough to guarantee sustainable development. Likewise, climate change, an important threat to our ecosystems, is not yet clearly adopted in the planning documents, nor in the planners’ discourse. The reasons are found in the design and implementation steps where the concepts of ES, landscape functions and principles of GI play a key role. All in all, this paper provides lessons to encourage and guide GBN implementation by planners worldwide. La Red Verde y Azul (GBN), también conocida como Infraestructura Verde (GI) o Estructura Principal Ecológica, es una red planificada estratégicamente de áreas naturales y seminaturales (incluidos los ecosistemas terrestres y acuáticos) que tienen ubicación, extensión, conexiones, salud condición y múltiples funciones; diseñado y gestionado para proporcionar una amplia gama de servicios ecosistémicos (ES) en entornos urbanos y rurales. El Área Metropolitana de Lyon, Francia y la Región de Hannover, Alemania, han integrado la GBN en sus documentos de planificación y actualmente se encuentran en la fase de implementación. La comparación de estos estudios de caso muestra que GBN, junto con un esquema de gobernanza territorial, otorga mayor importancia a la biodiversidad y la conservación de la naturaleza en una estrategia de desarrollo y mueve las discusiones de planificación hacia la adaptación y mitigación del cambio climático utilizando la naturaleza. Sin embargo, los resultados de la implementación hasta el momento, en términos de nivel de protección y funcionalidades, no son suficientes para garantizar el desarrollo sostenible. Asimismo, el cambio climático, una amenaza importante para nuestros ecosistemas, aún no se adopta claramente en los documentos de planificación ni en el discurso de los planificadores. Las razones se encuentran en los pasos de diseño e implementación donde los conceptos de ES, funciones de paisaje y principios de IG desempeñan un papel clave. En general, este documento proporciona lecciones para alentar y guiar la implementación de GBN por parte de planificadores de todo el mundo.

Le Poème de l’angle droit es un livre de peintre, realizado por Le Corbusier entre 1947 y 1953, y publicado en París en 1955, como parte de la colección Grands livres manuscrits et illustrés par les artistes producida por Tériade Éditeur. Esta tesis busca demostrar que este libro es una obra-manifiesto de su arquitectura en la que, mediante el diálogo recíproco entre poeta y pintor, plasma los principios que establecen la relación entre su obra pictórica y arquitectónica. En este diálogo es posible reconocer tres principios: el proceso de investigación paciente, el trabajo paralelo entre oficios y la búsqueda de la unidad. La importancia de estudiar esta obra está determinada por el valor que Le Corbusier mismo le otorga, al señalar que en él condensa la prolífica y extensa exploración que desarrolla entorno a la arquitectura y, así mismo, sintetiza dicha experiencia mediante el uso mesurado de imágenes y textos capaces de producir sucesivas interpretaciones, en torno a la compleja relación reunida bajo un breve enunciado: el ángulo recto. Salvo recientes reediciones, la obra original aún reclama mayor estudio. En profundidad, es posible reconocer el complejo entramado de dibujos y pinturas, que –de modo análogo a un proyecto arquitectónico, permiten evidenciar los diversos senderos que lo configuran y los trazos que establecen puntos de referencia en la inmensidad de la constelación que constituye la obra de Le Corbusier. En otras palabras, el estudio de este texto fundamenta esta tesis, no como un complicado ejercicio criptográfico, sino que es necesario leerlo como un proyecto mismo, con las consecuentes decisiones proyectuales. Es necesario subrayar que la obra de Le Corbusier no establece límites disciplinares, ni rupturas de orden temporal, no hay que olvidar que su arquitectura proviene del estudio del pasado y del presente, para abrir camino a la experiencia del futuro. Por lo anterior, el proceso de investigación inicia con el análisis del objeto de estudio en cuestión: el poema. Es un proceso que indaga desde lo particular hacia lo universal y en el cual, la unidad es descompuesta en partes como la escena de un crimen para ser analizada científicamente, para luego recomponerla. Tres preguntas generales determinan la estructura de la tesis: el qué, el cómo y el para qué. El qué corresponde al objeto de estudio y el contexto histórico y teórico que rodean su realización. Es un livre de peintre realizado y publicado durante la posguerra de la segunda Guerra Mundial. Es un periodo en el que las discusiones sobre el arte, la arquitectura y la ciudad están determinadas por el concepto de síntesis de las artes y el espíritu de la reconstrucción. El cómo corresponde al proceso que constituye la realización y las decisiones proyectuales, las cuales determinan la construcción conceptual y material de la obra. Es el proceso en el que las ideas son materializadas en dibujos, textos preparatorios y maquetas. La reconstrucción del proceso de materialización permite verificar cómo la obra de Le Corbusier está fundamentada en la idea de una investigación paciente, en la que sus investigaciones son recogidas, sintetizadas y reelaboradas, en la medida en la que se enfrenta a la realización de un nuevo proyecto. En este proceso es posible demostrar que cada uno de los temas que componen Le Poème de l’angle droit son el resultado de investigaciones previas. El para qué, constituye la razón de ser de este libro e investigación. Es la búsqueda del propósito y de su aplicación. Le Poème de l’angle droit está estructurado y ordenado de forma sistemática, el cual revela principios puntuales que a la vez son parte de una verdad mayor: la búsqueda de la unidad y una estructura de acciones que permitan la generación de la emoción arquitectónica a través de la obra; es decir, una emoción poética. Abstract: Le Poème de l’angle droit is a livre de peintre, carried out by Le Corbusier, between 1947 and 1953 and published in Paris in 1955, as part of the collection named Grands livres manuscrits et illustrés par les artistes produced by Táriade Éditeur. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate that this book is a manifesto of his architecture, by which he expresses, through a reciprocal dialogue between poetry and painting, the principles that establish the relationship between his pictorial work and his architecture. There are three principles that can be identifying in this reciprocal dialogue: the processes of “recherche patient”, the parallel creations in his different craftworks and the search for unity. The importance of studying this book is determined by the value given by Le Corbusier, when he states that in it, he condenses his prolific and extensive research in architecture, and he synthesizes such experience through a moderate use of images and texts that gathered together can produce consecutive interpretations around the complex relationship brought together in a brief principle: the right angle. Except for recent re-editions, the original art book still claims greater study. In-depth, it is possible to identify the complex network of drawings and paintings that, analogously to an architectural project, evidences the diverse paths and the traces that establish points of reference in the big picture of the constellation that Le Corbusier’s work embodies. In other words, the analysis of this book is the fundament of this thesis, not as a complex cryptographic exercise, but as to be read as an architectural project itself, with the consequent projecting decisions. It must be underlined that Le Corbusier’s work does not establishes disciplinary limits or ruptures in time. It is fundamental to remember that his architecture comes from the study of the past and present, to give way to future experience. Therefore, the research process of this thesis begins with the analysis of the object to be studied: The Poem. It is an inquiry process that goes from the particular to the universal, and in which the unit is decomposed into parts as a crime scene, to be analyzed scientifically, and to be recomposed afterwards. The structure this thesis is determined by three general questions: What, How and What for? (What?), corresponds to the object to be studied and the historical and theoretical context in which it was produced. It is a livre de peintre made and published during the postwar of World War Two. It is a period of time in which the discussions about art, architecture and city planning were determined by the concept of synthesis of the arts and the spirit of the reconstruction. (How?), corresponds to the process of “the making” and the creative decisions which establish the conceptual and the material construction of the work. It is the process in which the ideas are materialized in preparatory drawings, texts and models. Reconstructing the making process allows to verify how Le Corbusier’s work is founded on the idea of a patient research, in which his investigations are gathered, synthetized and re-elaborated every time he faces a new project. In this process, it can be evidenced that each one of the themes compiled in Le Poème de l’angle droit, are the result of previous investigations. (What for?), is the underlying reason for this research and the book. It is the search for its purpose and its application. Le Poème de l’angle droit is structured in a systemic ordered in which it reveals specific principles which are in turn, part of a greater truth: the search for unity and a structure of actions that allow an architectural emotion throughout the work: meaning, a poetic emotion.

The conflict between the State and insurgent guerrillas in Colombia has endured for more than 50 years. Marquetalia is the place whose attack in 1964 by the State, caused the organization and creation of the FARC guerrilla – known as the biggest guerrilla in the country-. This research intends to explore the site of Marquetalia from a multidisciplinary approach that considers memory, material culture, archaeology, anthropology, and heritage studies, in order to propose a first exploration of the multidimensionality of the site. With this kind of research, the aim is to unveil silenced narratives of local farmer inhabitants of the area, whose lives have been shifted and affected by conflict either directly or indirectly. Understanding how current communities relate to memories, materialities and heritage dynamics of conflict, is important because it reveals how a contested past ‘is being produced’ in the present for the future. Resumen: El conflicto entre el Estado y las guerrillas insurgentes en Colombia ha durado por más de cincuenta años. Los ataques al sitio de Marquetalia, en el sur del departamento del Tolima durante 1964, tuvieron como consecuencia directa la organización y creación de la guerrilla de las FARC – que se conoció como la guerrilla más poderosa del país-. En la actualidad, Marquetalia cuenta con evidencias de la fundación de esta guerrilla así como del desarrollo del conflicto en Colombia. Esta investigación se aproxima al sitio de Marquetalia desde una perspectiva multidisciplinaria que considera estudios de memoria, arqueología, antropología y patrimonio, con el fin de proponer una primera exploración a la multidimensionalidad del sitio. Con este tipo de investigación, el objetivo es desenterrar narrativas silenciadas de campesinos locales que habitan en el área, cuyas vidas han visto afectadas indirecta o directamente por el conflicto. Entender cómo estas comunidades actuales se relacionan con las memorias, materialidades y dinámicas del patrimonio del conflicto, es clave para comenzar a entender cómo un pasado es “producido” en el presente para el futuro.

El desgaste por empatía es un concepto relativamente reciente y en evolución que ha captado el interés de los profesionales sanitarios debido a que el trabajo en el ámbito de la salud implica un coste emocional que repercute en la misma salud del trabajador y en su labor profesional. Según la literatura revisada, los programas en prevención en todos los niveles de este tipo de estrés son escasos, por lo tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo es proponer un programa de prevención del desgaste por empatía en profesionales sanitarios de una unidad de diálisis de hospital. La idea surgió de la necesidad manifiesta por la Unidad de Diálisis del Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía (HUIS), hacia la Unidad de Salud Mental del mismo Hospital y de la confianza depositada en la investigación académica, relacionada con la dificultad en el afrontamiento a la muerte de pacientes de la Unidad, por parte del personal asistencial. El propósito es entonces entrenar a los profesionales en estrategias de regulación emocional del desgaste por empatía, con el fin de disminuir los niveles de este tipo de estrés y prevenir su futura aparición, por medio del desarrollo de 6 módulos, que se llevarán a cabo a través de diferentes ciclos y que puede tener continuidad a través de una modalidad de Formación Continuada. Se ha diseñado una evaluación estandarizada con el fin de medir la presunta efectividad del programa para prevenir el desgaste por empatía. Se realiza una valoración sobre los resultados esperados, las conclusiones del diseño de la propuesta del programa, así como de sus limitaciones y sobre futuras líneas de investigación. Abstract: The compassion fatigue is a relatively recent and evolving concept that has captured the interest of health professionals because working in health implies an emotional cost that affects the health and the worker performance. According to the revised literature, prevention programs at all levels of this kind of stress are scarce, therefore, the objective of this work is to propose a program of prevention of compassion fatigue in healthcare professionals of a dialysis unit of a hospital. The idea came up from the necessity exposed by the Dialysis Unit of the Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofia (HUIS), towards the Mental Health Unit of the same Hospital and from the confidence placed in the academic research, related to the difficulty of facing death of patients of the unit, by the assistance personnel. The purpose is then to train professionals in strategies of emotional regulation of compassion fatigue, in order to reduce the levels of this type of stress and prevent its future emergence, through the development of 6 modules, which will be carried out through different cycles and that can have continuity through a continuous training modality. A standardized assessment has been designed to measure the presumed effectiveness of the program to prevent the compassion fatigue. An assessment is made of the expected results, the conclusions of the design of the program proposal, as well as its limitations and future lines of research.