Abstract: The idea for this project comes from the experiences I have acquired in different areas of musical practice. Colombian folk music is so extraordinarily rich that it is inevitable for any Colombian musician to be influenced by the local musical traditions. A clarinetist would not be the exception, considering the crucial role of the clarinet in many regional musical genres. My early experiences in traditional music led me to develop an interest in clarinet performance practice and the academic and technical study of the instrument, together with the study of the Western traditions and repertoire, the exploration of contemporary musical resources, and orchestral practice. Another important aspect that inspired this project is the practice of instrumental teaching. The experience of creating methodologies to overcome different technical aspects in performance practice reveals the lack of pedagogical material for approaching particular styles of music, in this case, Colombian traditional music. Additionally, the use of the rhythmic and melodic elements of Latin American music into the technical instrumental practice can be particularly useful for any player who is interest in exploring new sounds and resources into his or her personal practice. The Characteristic Etudes included in this document are a collection of etudes for clarinet carefully designed to add a new dimension of technical challenge for the player while using elements from the traditional Colombian musical genres. The idea is to capture in each etude the specific characteristics and challenges of each genre, while expanding the player’s performance capabilities. It is important to clarify that for this project I have used only four Colombian musical genres, although there are dozens of different genres in the country. The construction of these etudes relies on the intention of portraying the diversity and richness of these musical models while emphasizing specific characteristic features and elements that can be used for pedagogical purposes. The wide range of Colombian musical traditions is reflected in the different problematics that appear in every region and their specific cultural practices. For each geographical region into which Colombia is divided, we can find dozens of folk musical styles with particular instrumental, rhythmical, harmonic, and melodic components. The origins and roles of traditional music in the communities are also different and representative of each region. While traditional music in the Andean region has elements originating in the Spanish and Amerindian traditions, the music in the Pacific region is marked by African culture and the musical manifestations based on oral traditions. The vast diversity in Colombian traditional music is a formidable compositional source. The use of these elements in the creation of the Characteristic Etudes is not just an effort to preserve the identity and richness of the music, but it also fulfills the need of finding musical problems that affect the performance practice. In my time as clarinetist and pedagogue in Colombia, I have found in many traditional music players the genuine need for pedagogical material that is focused on their particular needs and challenges, not just because of its educational benefits, but also because of the evolution and development of this music. In the same way, clarinetists with academic and technical training also find difficulties approaching the traditional genres and its particular rhythmic complexities and harmonic, melodic and improvisational traits. Looking for solutions to these issues is what inspired the creation of the characteristic etudes. Their purpose is to bring the clarinet students closer to some of the most representative genres of the Colombian traditional music and contribute to the pedagogical sources of instrumental study while using the attractive elements of Latin music.

Abstract: Purpose: The aim of this study is to understand the role performed and the challenges faced by emergent groups and spontaneous volunteers during the response of Covid-19 emergency. Moreover, this study seeks to examine if structural social capital wealth is related or no with spontaneous volunteerism during Covid-19 outbreak. To be able to assess and compare if the variation between bonding, bridging and linking social networks from place to place impact volunteers´ management the study will be conducted in United Kingdom and Colombia. Design/methodology/approach: This study comprises of qualitative and quantitative methodological approaches. A comprehensive literature review was undertaken alongside an online survey with volunteers in Colombia and United Kingdom and online interview. Analyze survey results: Descriptive statistics, t-test and data visualization and qualitative data analysis were implemented to. Findings: Spontaneous volunteerism during Covid-19 was not relate with structural social capital wealth. A centralized management and communication sharing can improve emergency response and volunteers' performance. The more common volunteering activity was food distribution and the biggest challenge was fear of contagion. Practical implications: The author provide insights to improve spontaneous emergency response in the future. In addition, present the excellent opportunity that official organizations are facing to formally work and train spontaneous volunteers. Originality/value: The author introduces a different of social capital and volunteering relationship. Additionally, offer suggestions to improve volunteers´ management from the strengthening of structural social capital.

Resumen: La tesis busca indagar acerca de la implementación de medidas no pecuniarias en el ámbito del derecho de la responsabilidad civil extracontractual, como parte del derecho privado. En ese orden, se enfoca en proveer una justificación ante lo que puede ser su aplicación después de causado el daño y antes. Así, el trabajo analiza las medidas consistentes en la restitución, rehabilitación, satisfacción y las garantías de no repetición, y ofrece una interpretación de ellas que permita su implementación en el derecho privado. Así mismo, en la segunda parte se analizan las medidas preventivas que se pueden implementar antes del daño y se presenta una posible justificación de ellas en el ámbito de la responsabilidad civil. Abstract: The thesis seeks to inquire about the implementation of non-pecuniary measures in the field of tort law, as part of private law. In that order, it focuses on providing a justification for what its application may be after causing the harm and before. Thus, the work analyzes the measures consisting of restitution, rehabilitation, satisfaction and guarantees of nonrepetition, and offers an interpretation of them that allows their implementation in private law. Likewise, in the second part, the preventive measures that can be implemented before the harm occurs are analyzed and a possible justification for them in the field of civil liability is exposed.

Abstract: What some practitioners coyly called Industrial Revolution 4.0 some years ago is now a reality, and it is drastically changing the way businesses are done in many industries worldwide. The European Union is no exception. Despite being a powerful region, but with conservative, traditional industries, many of these have found it necessary to implement changes in their business models to survive the digital changes. Therefore, the European Commission has prioritized the digital development of the region and the growth of all industries leveraged on the information technologies that can have the most significant impact. As the literature indicates, business models and competitive advantage are complex systems that require essential elements to function synchronously and thus generate value. Hence, cutting-edge technologies play a unique role because they become elements that transform markets and complement the current capabilities of industries and take them to a new stage of development. Therefore, it is essential to know how the adoption of different technologies is related to the economic growth of industries, which technologies generate the most value, and what is needed to drive this growth. This study makes a theoretical review of the impact of ICTs on the European economy, the actions that the European Commission has taken to promote the digital transformation. Finally, it exposes which technologies indeed positively correlate with industries' added value.

Abstract: This dissertation studies the historical dimension that underpins the literary works of renowned Colombian writer and Nobel Prize winner, Gabriel García Márquez (1927-2014). In particular, I analyse the Macondo Cycle, comprised by the following novels and short stories: La hojarasca (1955), El coronel no tiene quien le escriba (1961), La mala hora (1962), ‘Los funerales de la Mamá Grande’ (1962), ‘Un día después del sábado’ (1962), ‘La viuda de Montiel’ (1962), ‘La siesta del martes’ (1962), ‘En este pueblo no hay ladrones’ (1962), Cien años de soledad (1967), and ‘Monólogo de Isabel viendo llover en Macondo’ (1968). Drifting away from Magical Realism, this thesis looks into the recurring historical references in García-Márquez’s Macondo cycle, the purpose behind them, and the reflection on Colombian history they convey. Throughout its four sections, I demonstrate that García Márquez's Macondo-set fictions embody a crítical attitude and constitute a literary response to traditional national histories written during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries through a reassessment of historical events and characters. These range from critical allusions towards historians and traditional histories on nineteenth-century civil wars, the silences surrounding official accounts of the Massacre at the banana plantations in Ciénaga, as well as its reception by contemporary historians. Overall, I seek to unveil the problems and limitations that García-Márquez attributes to traditional historiography, as well as the arguments and literary strategies he uses to do so. Resumen: En esta tesis analizo la dimensión histórica que contiene la obra literaria del conocido escritor colombiano y premio Nobel, Gabriel García Márquez 1927-2014. En especial, estudio el ciclo Macondo compuesto por las siguientes novelas y cuentos: La hojarasca (1955), El coronel no tiene quien le escriba (1961), La mala hora (1962), ‘Los funerales de la Mamá Grande’ (1962), ‘Un día después del sábado’ (1962), ‘La viuda de Montiel’ (1962), ‘La siesta del martes’ (1962), ‘En este pueblo no hay ladrones’ (1962), Cien años de soledad (1967), and ‘Monólogo de Isabel viendo llover en Macondo’ (1968). Esta tesis, toma distancia del Realismo Mágico por el que es reconocida su obra y se centra en el estudio de las alusiones históricas que aparecen de manera recurrente en el ciclo Macondo del autor, su propósito y la reflexión histórica a la que invitan. A partir de la reinterpretación literaria que hace García Márquez de personajes y eventos históricos demuestro que su ciclo Macondiano se erige como una respuesta crítica a la interpretación histórica fijada por historias tradicionales escritas durante el siglo XIX y principios del XX. En cuatro secciones analizo alusiones históricas directas e indirectas dirigidas a historiadores e historias de las guerras civiles decimonónicas, a los silencios evidentes en la versiones oficiales de la matanza de las bananeras en Ciénaga, y la recepción crítica que ha tenido su obra en círculos historiadores contemporáneos. Así pues, me propongo exponer las limitaciones y problemas que García Márquez percibe en la historiografía, y los argumentos y estrategias literarias que usa para enfatizarlos.

Abstract: Bill, around 30, is an African American lower middle class living in Los Angeles. Bill is deeply in love with his girlfriend Claudia,30, a Mexican immigrant who has illegal visa status in the United States. Bill really wants to know her family and her hometown Guanajuato but that is difficult because she sacrificed a lot of things to get into the United States and she can’t simply go back for a while. After she suddenly dies, Bill experiences a reflexive and introspective moment, he feels deep loneliness and is totally breaking down and empty. One night his friend Kevin comes to visit and Bill shares all the difficulties he went through after she died. Because he was the only responsible, he had to manage all the cremation process and his inability to speak Spanish complicated giving the tragic news to her family. After finally getting a random translator in the street that can explain all to her family. His melancholia is giving him a very bad time trying to sleep and he decides to take with small urns to Mexico for her family.

Abstract: This thesis explores how interventions based on changing social norms can transform the behaviour of people and contribute to tackle social and policy challenges in real-world contexts. Specifically, it focuses on how a policy experience that had important and enduring effects in a large city (the civic culture interventions of Antanas Mockus in Bogotá, Colombia), could inform the application of more effective and sustainable than those that are typically applied in the academic literature. To do this, three studies were conducted to explore: (i) the intervention strategies and mechanisms that social norm interventions apply to achieve behavioural change (through a systematic review of over 90 field studies), (ii) the narratives through which different policy actors interpret and disseminate intervention messages (through narratives from citizens, the press and designers about Mockus’ most iconic intervention), and (iii) the way in which interventions that leverage social norms can reconfigure the physical, psychological and social layers of local installations (through two long-term experimental interventions to change driving behaviours among truck drivers). While typical social norm interventions in the academic literature tend to use easy-toimplement one-size-fits-all mechanisms (based mostly on giving group summary information to students remotely), our results illustrate the need and the potential of applying social norm interventions that: - Use strategically a wider range of intervention mechanisms that are closer to where behaviour actually happens and leverage social interactions. - Reconfigure the local physical, psychological, and social determinants of behaviour in a way that is tailored to the target contexts and behaviours, creating collective selfreflections on participants and giving them tools for social regulation and change. - Create engaging narratives around the behaviours and social expectations that must change, reframing social challenges and the agency of different actors around them. Our findings offer indications of a valuable and cost-effective approach to behavioural and social norm change that promotes collective reflection, engagement and action (rather than boring instructions, prohibitions, punishments or automatic nudging), and that thus has a higher potential of achieving enduring large-scale transformations in complex challenges than other approaches that are common in policy and organizational settings. By offering insights into the orientation and practical techniques of these interventions, as well as discussing implications for both researchers and practitioners, we hope to inform more effective and sustainable interventions to tackle social challenges in the real world. Resumen: Esta tesis explora cómo las intervenciones basadas en el cambio de normas sociales pueden transformar el comportamiento de las personas y contribuir a enfrentar retos sociales y de política en contextos reales. En concreto, se centra en cómo una experiencia de política que tuvo efectos importantes y duraderos en una ciudad grande (las intervenciones de cultura ciudadana de Antanas Mockus en Bogotá, Colombia), pueden informar la aplicación de intervenciones más efectivas y sostenibles que las que se suelen aplicar en la literatura académica. Para ello, se llevaron a cabo tres estudios para explorar: (i) las estrategias y mecanismos de intervención que se aplican en las intervenciones de normas sociales para transformar comportamientos (a través de una revisión sistemática de más de 90 estudios de campo), (ii) las narrativas a través de las cuales los diferentes actores de política interpretan y difunden mensajes sobre la intervención (a través de las narrativas de los ciudadanos, la prensa y los diseñadores de la intervención más emblemática de Mockus), y (iii) el modo en que las intervenciones de normas sociales pueden reconfigurar las capas físicas, psicológicas y sociales de las instalaciones locales (a través de dos intervenciones experimentales para cambiar comportamientos de conducción entre conductores de carga). Mientras que las intervenciones típicas de normas sociales en la literatura académica tienden a utilizar mecanismos simples y estandarizados (basados sobre todo en dar información a distancia con un resumen de las opiniones de un grupo de estudiantes), nuestros resultados ilustran la necesidad y el potencial de aplicar intervenciones sobre normas sociales que: - Utilicen estratégicamente un conjunto más amplio de mecanismos de intervención que de acerquen mas a donde se producen realmente los comportamientos y que aprovechen las interacciones sociales. - Reconfiguren los determinantes físicos, psicológicos y sociales de los comportamientos de una manera que se adapte a los contextos y comportamientos objetivo, creando autorreflexiones colectivas en los participantes y dándoles herramientas para la regulación y el cambio social. - Creen narrativas atractivas en torno a los comportamientos y las expectativas sociales que deben cambiar. Nuestros hallazgos ofrecen indicios de un enfoque valioso y costo-efectivo para el cambio de comportamientos y normas sociales que promueve la reflexión, el compromiso y la acción colectiva (en lugar de instrucciones aburridas, prohibiciones, castigos o "nudges" automáticos), y que, por tanto, tiene un mayor potencial de lograr transformaciones duraderas a gran escala para retos complejos comparado con otros enfoques que ordinariamente se utilizan en los entornos política y en las organizaciones. Al ofrecer información sobre el enfoque y las técnicas prácticas de estas intervenciones, así como debatir las implicaciones para investigadores y profesionales, esperamos informar intervenciones más eficaces y sostenibles para enfrentar los retos sociales en contextos reales.

Resumen: Un acercamiento y comparación de los métodos usados para la evaluación y participación de comunidades afectadas por la ejecución de obras de infraestructura de interés nacional respecto de los métodos o reglamentos alemanes vigentes a la fecha en los dos países. Como producto de esta tesis se generó un borrador de reglamento que integra los métodos colombianos con los alemanes en los casos de éxito.

Abstract: The rapid and ongoing process of urbanisation in Bogota has brought about significant socio-spatial segregation between city-dwellers. Such segregation is becoming increasingly complex as patterns of fragmentation are evolving towards a more ‘cellular’ differentiation between rich and poor –urban segregation which changes in terms of scale: from macro (neighbourhoods) to micro scales (blocks, streets). Urban segregation has been associated as a barrier for disadvantaged communities, especially when it becomes an intensifier of inequalities. Unequal access to services, availability of local employment, urban facilities, opportunities and supportive social relationships are examples of how segregation affects the distribution of quality of life, undermines attempts for social inclusion and, ultimately, creates unjust geographies. Alongside this context, public policy and measurements of quality of life have frequently overlooked spatial contexts of inequalities since a utility-based definition of well-being is often taken for granted. With the city of Bogota as a testing ground, this thesis analyses how and to what extent new patterns of urban segregation affect the distribution of capabilities and quality of life among young adults. Based on a capability place-based approach to wellbeing, this research will attempt to conceptualise urban quality of life, look at how patterns of urban segregation affect urban functionings, and quantify to what extent microsegregation explains differentials in capability achievement of quality of life among young adults in Bogota.

Abstract: In order to re-envision the Royal Melbourne Hospital and the Parkville Medical Precinct, it is begun by drawing key points of interest from the research conducted on hospitals and the healthcare system. The chapter will synthesize the learnings from research conducted on: the ageing population, new medical technologies, hospital logistics, campus types, and healthcare delivery models. From each area of research, it is established the key points of interest and how they may be applied in the field of design medical infrastructure. These points allowed consider the possible design opportunities within the Parkville medical precinct. From this research method, it is able to gain a further understanding of the logistics of a hospital, and what elements can be incorporated into the design of the precinct. Most importantly, by undertaking this exercise, we were able to uncover relationships that were not evident from a top-down site simplified site analysis perspective. Design as a research tool opens a wide range of opportunities for urban design that reaches across many different disciplines and cross them, providing unexpected creative outcomes.