Video tutorial que surge como apoyo y resumen de los temas abordados en el laboratorio de realización audiovisual que se llevó a cabo en la Biblioteca Pública El Tunal Gabriel García Márquez, en el segundo semestre del 2019. ¿Te gusta la fotografía y estás iniciando en este campo? No te puedes perder este tutorial.

Master explosure. Take control of the light to capture stunning landscapes in any conditions. Gallery. Our pick of the best reader photos from around the world. Galaxy Quest. Website showcases amazing Milky Way starscapes.

Retrato de dos mujeres y un niño. Los tres se encuentran de rodillas, al parecer en un cementerio.

Nowadays, across the world, politic and economic models have been challenged. As part of the global agenda; urban discussions need to reposition towards enriching social and economic debates. In Bogota, Processes of urbanization have been shaped within profound conditions of inequity, rural migration and violence; generating a city socially and spatially segregated. Nevertheless, since last two decades, Bogota has been engaged in a process of transition towards the construction of more equalitarian and sustainable city. In this context, how to set up the agenda for further development strategies in the city? The aim of this thesis is to bring some ideas and questions into the debate about the construction of future models of urban development for Bogota. From the discussions and research presented we can derive some key points to have in account in terms of policies, planning and spatial strategies, and socio-economic dimensions; which can help to frame proposals about how Bogota can explore alternative strategies of urban revitalization.  Starting from acknowledging the fact that the built city is the result of multiple spatial, social and economic conditions; the concept of “Systemic revitalization”, is framed in how to introduce new uses, users and spaces, able to synergize with the existing forces and thus be able to trigger the revitalization of urban areas. Contrary to masterplanning, this model of development encourages time-based processes and multiple initiatives, done progressively whether by typological transformation or by insertion of new typologies and uses within the existing fabric.

This dissertation studies the Indigenous Guard, a non-violent strategy of survival of the CRIC Indigenous Movement of southern Colombia. It seeks to understand what has made the unarmed alternative of the Indigenous Guard viable in the midst of the Colombian armed conflict. Different approaches to non-violent action are discussed, and based in this discussion it is argued that a combined attention to changing conditions in the social field and internal community dynamics is needed to account for the viability of the Indigenous Guard. Thus, the case study is pursued through attention to two levels. Firstly, it approaches the broad framework in which the CRIC operates, in which the struggle for land and changing citizenship regimes are key explanatory factors. Secondly, and in order to approach internal community dynamics, participant observation and a series of interviews with members of the communities were carried out, the results of which are presented. It is concluded that the functioning of the Indigenous Guard is based in strong norms of reciprocity – duty towards each other- that are reinforced by external referents such as the FARC guerrilla and the Colombian state. Furthermore, it is suggested that this process affects how these communities face changing political opportunities.

CONTEXT: Equity-oriented policies based on social determinants of health (SDH) and intersectoral approaches have become a high level priority on the public sector agenda (Whitehead et al, 2006) and generated much research (Roberts, 2009). However, little is known on the conditions leading to successful implementation of these policies and the challenges facing decision-makers (PAHO, 2014, WHO, 2015). This study aimed to provide more evidence on these conditions and challenges by drawing on the experience of Cundinamarca-Colombia. RESOURCES AND METHODS: This study followed an exploratory qualitative approach. Key informant interviews method was used, with face-to-face semi-structure interviews conducted with public policy-making leaders at the national (Colombia) and subnational levels (Cundinamarca). Thirty interviews were conducted from February 26 to April 14, 2015. Thematic content analysis was carried out on the interviews and Governmental documents and secondary data sources were reviewed (published literature from 1985 - 2015). RESULTS: Among the key elements identified by the participants to work on the “determinants of health” and “transectoral” approaches was the “paradigm shift” from a “dominant health thinking” of the public policies to the adoption of more “inclusive concepts” such as the determinants of quality of life. The strengthening of “territorial planning” and sectoral competencies”, the interrelation of “synergistic approaches”, and the use of Information and Communication Technologies were also mentioned. Likewise, respondents reported on a number of challenges such as the State structure and the uneven development of sectors; and barriers related to “sectoral sovereignty”. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of the experience of Cundinamarca-Colombia has shown that emerging concepts such as “transectorality”, “Health Management Models”, and “Determinants of Quality of Life” along with considerations regarding the State structure and the role of subnational governments and communities should inform the implementation of equity-based policies. However, further work is needed to cover the full range of conditions to successful implementation and to better appraise the impact of these approaches on the population.

With increased demand and high prices for minerals and metals in recent years, many resource rich developing countries see mining sector as vital to develop their economies. Colombia is one of these nations. Non-renewable natural resource wealth is seen as an opportunity to obtain economic benefits that can be transformed into increased wellbeing for citizens. However, mining often involves a high environmental impact and the risk of causing, or exacerbating social problems and conflicts in mining areas is significant. This study addresses the issue of ‘How then can mining contribute to sustainable development?’ in the Colombian context. This issue is critical – with 44% of the population in poverty, and the territory considered one of the most biodiverse in the world. Views obtained from interviews with representatives of stakeholder groups from government, industry and civil society and the content of national mining policy documents were compared with a selection of industry best practice guidelines in order to identify key issues for mining and sustainable development in the country. Best practice guidelines were principally drawn from the Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Mineral, Metals and Sustainable Development policy framework and the Extractive Industries Value Chain approach. Eleven key issues were identified as important for informants: policy frameworks, institutional capacity, access to information, royalty and tax regimes, transparency, local socioeconomic development, stakeholder participation and responsibility, community trust and image, environmental performance, mine closure and illegal mining. The findings also suggest three principal gaps that need to be addressed with some priority. The focus of mining policies should be shifted from a principal focus on increased production towards sustainable development and poverty reduction objectives; better coordination between mining, environmental and national development policies and institutions towards sustainable development objectives is required; and improved technical and institutional capacity to provide an adequate assessment process and the information regarding whether the benefits from mining overcome its negative impacts ant national and local levels is needed.

Many multinational corporations find themselves frequently in the dichotomous question of whether to make or buy a given component; but when those companies are operating with a global purchasing strategy, oriented to high levels of centralization and  dealing simultaneously with the implications of purchasing and producing the same item, the approach to take the decision becomes difficult to find, even with the current literature and practitioners knowledge. This master thesis addresses in a comprehensive proposal the way to undertake this kind of make-or-buy decisions. Through the literature review done, regarding global purchasing strategy, purchasing models, supplier selection methods and make-or-buy frameworks; it was found a convenient model to merge those concepts with the empirical experiences of a single case study in the Italcementi Group, one of the largest Cement producers in the world. The model proposed considers both strategic and economic elements and is designed as an iterative algorithm that evaluates several alternatives in order to arrive to the best make-or-buy approach. The methodologies selected and combined to solve the problem are mostly quantitative, but keeping the importance of qualitative elements within the analysis. The outcome of the thesis is a contribution to academicians and practitioners aiming to turn the existing knowledge about make-or-buy decisions into practical solutions for business management.

Abstract: During the last decades prostitution in Bogotá, Colombia has dramatically increased. This work is the result of two months of ethnographic research in two brothels that are outside of the zone where prostitution can be legally exercised. At the site of the brothel, two illegal activities converge: illegal prostitution and drug trafficking. Using a gendered lens, this research interrogates the relation of these brothels to their surroundings. It argues that the brothels function as a medium through which male members of criminal groups express their control over local areas in the city. On the other hand, it states that the only possible way in which women who exercise prostitution can live a liveable life under the current political, economic and cultural national and global conditions, is to embody contradiction, for it is only by engaging in the illegal that they can become legitimate within society. Resumen: Durante las últimas décadas, la prostitución en Bogotá, Colombia ha aumentado dramáticamente. Este trabajo es el resultado de dos meses de investigación etnográfica en dos burdeles que se encuentran fuera de la Zona de Tolerancia. En el sitio del burdel, convergen dos actividades ilegales: prostitución ilegal y tráfico de drogas. Usando como lente la perspectiva de género, esta investigación interroga la relación de estos burdeles con su entorno. Argumenta que los burdeles funcionan como un medio a través del cual los miembros masculinos de los grupos criminales expresan su control sobre las áreas locales en la ciudad. Por otro lado, plantea que la única forma posible en que las mujeres que ejercen la prostitución pueden vivir una vida vivible conforme a las condiciones políticas, económicas y culturales actuales --nacionales y mundiales-- es encarnando la contradicción, puesto que solo mediante la incursión en la ilegalidad pueden ser consideradas como legítimas dentro de la sociedad.

Abstract: Cities have become the main centres of consumption and transformation of resources. As cities are still growing in terms of physical size, number of inhabitants and total energy consumption, unique challenges present themselves in order to safeguard a healthy urban living environment, while preventing resource shortages and pollution. The concept of urban metabolism may contribute to sustainable growth of cities as it can be used to understand emergent patterns in flows of energy and materials in the urban environment. The concept of urban metabolism draws upon an analogy with the biological meaning of metabolism, as it occurs in organisms and ecosystems. Here we present a review of the interpretation of urban metabolism in the context of urban energy dynamics and assess the validity of the proposed analogy with biology. Based on this analogy, we propose a conceptual framework for the role of urban metabolism in urban energy systems. Our review highlights that urban energy systems show a hierarchical organization comparable to ecological systems. However, the emergent patterns that result from the dynamics within urban systems differ from those occurring within ecological systems. We suggest that, in contrast to biological systems, urban energy systems lack energetic constraints at the lowest level of organisation that could enable the resource-efficient regulation of energy requirements at larger scales. The proposed framework highlights that low-level resource supply regulations may contribute to introduce scale-dependent relationships that increase energy use efficiency as cities grow. Resumen: Las ciudades han llegado a ser grandes centros de consumo y transformación de recursos. Debido a que las ciudades se mantienen en constante crecimiento en términos de tamaño físico, número de habitantes y consumo de energía, surge la necesidad de afrontar retos evidentes con el fin de salvaguardar el ambiente urbano, así como prevenir la escasez de recursos y el aumento de polución. El metabolismo urbano puede contribuir a explicar el crecimiento sostenible de las ciudades, ya que éste permite entender la emergencia de patrones en los flujos de energía y materiales en el ambiente urbano. Éste se basa en la analogía con el metabolismo en sistemas biológicos, el cual está presente tanto a nivel de organismos como de ecosistemas. En este artículo se plantea una revisión de la interpretación del metabolismo urbano en el contexto de sistemas energéticos urbanos. A partir de dicha revisión se plantea que los sitemas energéticos urbanos muestran una organización jerárquica comparable a la de los sistemas biológicos. No obstante, los patrones emergentes que resultan de la dinámica en los sistemas urbanos difieren de aquellos que ocurren en los sistemas biológicos. Nosotros sugerimos que, a diferencia de los sistemas biológicos, los sistemas urbanos no presentan limitaciones energéticas en los niveles inferiores de la organización, que trasciendan en una eficiente regulacion de los consumos energéticos en los niveles superiores del sistema. El marco conceptual propuesto en este artículo resalta que una regulación en el abastecimiento de recursos en los niveles inferiores, puede llegar a inducir relaciones de carácter alométrico que representen un aumento en la eficiencia energética en la medida que las ciudades continuan con su crecimiento.