Abstract: The drinking water catchment of the city of Görlitz has been broadly studied to evaluate and predict its behavior in response to evolving challenges. For that reason, after reviewing existing groundwater flow models and identifying certain relevant deficiencies, it became essential to develop a reliable teady-state groundwater flow model for the periods spanning 2013 to 2017 and 2018 to 2020, enhancing the model’s hydrogeological characterization using bore-hole data analysis. These updates included the comprehensive review of the hydrogeological conceptual model, the modification of boundary conditions considering new available data from real observations of water levels, the calculation of natural recharge per land uses with a water balance approach and water table fluctuation method, the valuation of the artificial re-charge values using three different estimation rates based on previous studies, the assignation of corresponding pumping rates per period and the calculation of the river conductance parameters using Frisch (2023) methodology. Additionally, the involvement of the development of a script-based pre- and post-processing approach facilitated both model automation and model calibration using PEST. Subsequently, an assessment of parameter sensitivity was conducted to verify the changes in the general performance of the model regarding the variation of parameters. The newly developed groundwater flow model was calibrated for the time period from 2013 to 2017 and it provides a sum of squared error of 70.7 with 40 observations and a water budget of 12837.435 m3/d as total input and 12837.369 m3/d as total output, while the calibrated model performed for the time period from 2018 to 2020 a sum of squared error of 136.13 with 43 observations and a water budget of 16859.28 m3/d as input and 16861.87 m3/d as output. In both cases, the most important influx source was the west boundary followed by the river leakage and recharge. As a result of the parameter sensitivity assessment, the hydraulic conductivities emerged as the most sensitive to the model performance, followed by the natural recharge rates, artificial recharge, and river leakage. Descripción: La cuenca de captación de agua potable de la ciudad de Görlitz ha sido ampliamente estudiada para evaluar y predecir su comportamiento en respuesta a los desafíos cambiantes. Por esa razón, después de revisar los modelos de flujo de agua subterránea existentes e identificar ciertas deficiencias relevantes, se volvió esencial desarrollar un modelo confiable de flujo de agua subterránea en estado estacionario para los períodos que abarcan 2013 a 2017 y 2018 a 2020, mejorando la caracterización hidrogeológica del modelo mediante el análisis de datos de pozos. Estas actualizaciones incluyeron la revisión integral del modelo conceptual hidrogeológico, la modificación de las condiciones de contorno considerando nuevos datos disponibles a partir de observaciones reales de niveles de agua, el cálculo de la recarga natural por usos del suelo con un enfoque de balance hídrico y método de fluctuación del nivel freático, la valoración de los valores de recarga artificial utilizando tres tasas de estimación diferentes basadas en estudios previos, la asignación de tasas de bombeo correspondientes por período y el cálculo de los parámetros de conductancia del río utilizando la metodología de Frisch (2023). Además, la participación del desarrollo de un enfoque de preprocesamiento y posprocesamiento basado en scripts facilitó tanto la automatización como la calibración del modelo utilizando PEST. Posteriormente, se realizó una evaluación de la sensibilidad de los parámetros para verificar los cambios del desempeño general del modelo con respecto a la variación de los parámetros. El modelo de flujo de agua subterránea recientemente desarrollado se calibró para el período de 2013 a 2017 y proporciona una suma de error al cuadrado de 70,7 con 40 observaciones y un balance de agua de 12837,435 m3/d como entrada total y 12837,369 m3/d como salida total. mientras que el modelo calibrado realizó para el periodo de tiempo 2018 a 2020 una suma de error cuadrático de 136,13 con 43 observaciones y un balance hídrico de 16859,28 m3/d como entrada y 16861,87 m3/d como salida. En ambos casos, la fuente de afluencia más importante fue el límite oeste seguido por la fuga y recarga del río. Como resultado de la evaluación de sensibilidad de los parámetros, las conductividades hidráulicas emergieron como las más sensibles al desempeño del modelo, seguidas por las tasas de recarga natural, la recarga artificial y las fugas de ríos.

Resumen: El mundo actual vive muchos cambios que retan la educación. La formación docente y el desarrollo profesional continuo son ubicados como elementos centrales de los programas de mejora de los sistemas educativos. Al respecto, la investigación ha demostrado que la reflexión sobre la docencia y, concretamente, sobre las situaciones de la práctica, permite al profesorado desarrollar nuevos conocimientos para enfrentar la realidad docente. Desde este punto de vista, el objetivo general del presente estudio es comprender cómo profesorado experto de educación secundaria reflexiona individual y con otros/as compañeros/as, para clarificar cuestionamientos de situaciones concretas de su práctica. La reflexión se estudia desde una perspectiva sociocultural que considera que el aprendizaje se da como un proceso mediado social y culturalmente. Metodológicamente, el trabajo desarrolla un estudio exploratorio de carácter cualitativo en el que participaron 30 profesores, 15 del área académica y 15 del área técnica, de la Escuela Tecnológica Instituto Técnico Central, ubicada en Bogotá (Colombia). La recolección de datos se realizó a través de los siguientes instrumentos y procedimientos: entrevistas semiestructuradas, narrativas escritas, registro audiovisual de sesiones de reflexión conjunta del profesorado en dos grupos de 5 profesores/as cada uno, y grupos de discusión de valoración de las sesiones de reflexión conjunta y de valoración final de todo el proceso de reflexión individual y reflexión conjunta desarrollado. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados, esencialmente, a través de análisis temático y del modelo de análisis de la interactividad. Los principales resultados en cuanto a la reflexión individual y la reflexión conjunta evidencian que dialogar sobre las situaciones inciertas de la práctica facilita el proceso reflexivo que favorece el desarrollo y la formación docente. Se encontraron diferencias en la reflexión de los profesores académicos y técnicos, aspectos que son necesarios profundizar ampliando la investigación. Abstract: Today's world is undergoing many changes that challenge education. Teacher training and continuous professional development are placed as central elements in the improvement programs of educational systems. In this regard, research has shown that reflection on teaching and, specifically, on practice situations, allows teachers to develop new knowledge to face the teaching reality. From this point of view, the general objective of the present study is to understand how expert secondary education teachers reflect individually and with other colleagues, in order to clarify questions about specific situations in their practice. Reflection is studied from a sociocultural perspective that considers learning as a socially and culturally mediated process. Methodologically, the work develops an exploratory study of qualitative nature in which 30 teachers participated, 15 from the academic area and 15 from the technical area, from the Escuela Tecnológica Instituto Técnico Central, located in Bogotá (Colombia). The data collection was carried out through the following instruments and procedures: semi-structured interviews, written narratives, audiovisual record of joint reflection sessions of the teaching staff in two groups of 5 teachers each, and discussion groups of evaluation of the joint reflection sessions and final evaluation of the whole process of individual reflection and joint reflection developed. The data obtained were analyzed, essentially, through thematic analysis and the interactivity analysis model. The main results regarding individual reflection and joint reflection show that dialoguing about uncertain situations of practice facilitates the reflective process that favors teacher development and training. Differences were found in the reflection of academic and technical teachers, aspects that need to be deepened by expanding the research.

Abstract: Reconciliation is a phenomenon explored in the recent literature on conflict and postconflict and in public policies in several ways. However, there is no agreement about the factors that create better conditions for reconciliation. Therefore, this research seeks to explore how different state and non-state actors affect the subnational dynamics that allow the creation of conditions for reconciliation, providing evidence from Colombia. In this post-conflict country, the analysis of those conditions is very relevant. The dissertation contains three chapters analysing the factors and conditions that shape reconciliation, providing quantitative and qualitative evidence. The second chapter analyses the relations between foreign aid and the creation of conditions for reconciliation by exploring the European Union interventions and their effect on the local conditions for reconciliation at the subnational level in Colombia, observing differences in the victimisation levels behaviour between the municipalities intervened and not intervened by the European Union. This chapter concludes by finding that municipalities intervened by the European Union show lower levels of victimisation than municipalities that did not intervene, creating better conditions for reconciliation when fostering community capacity building. The third chapter analyses the relations between armed actors’ repertoires and the likelihood of victim mobilisation for reconciliation, finding that victims are more likely to mobilise for reconciliation when armed actors attack civilians rather than official targets. This is because the first repertoire has a positive effect on social cohesion. The final chapter assesses beneficiaries’ satisfaction with foreign aid interventions for peacebuilding and reconciliation, finding that top-down approaches perform better long-term results and the highest level of satisfaction because it promotes recognition and community integration. The research concludes by stating the main findings, the discussion of the research and its methodological implications, the respective policy implications, as well as the limitations and suggestions for future research derived from the research findings and limitations.

Resumen: Tras una cirugía de reemplazo articular, la presencia del material protésico, la intervención quirúrgica y los factores de riesgo del paciente predisponen la aparición de una infección protésica. En general las tasas de infección rondan el 1,5% en las prótesis de cadera y el 2,5% en las de rodilla. Los protocolos de tratamiento consisten en una combinación de medidas quirúrgicas junto con un tratamiento farmacológico sistémico de rifampicina y fluoroquinolonas en monoterapia o en combinación durante al menos 3-9 meses. El desarrollo de nanopartículas cargadas con antibióticos permite la administración selectiva en el lugar de la infección, reduciendo los efectos adversos sistémicos del antibiótico y logrando la liberación controlada del mismo. Por ello, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue el desarrollo de una formulación de nanopartículas poliméricas de ciprofloxacino por el método de doble emulsión (W/O/W) extracción-evaporación del solvente para su administración local en el tratamiento de infecciones protésicas. Para el desarrollo y optimización de las formulaciones se ha empleado el diseño experimental. Se ha realizado un diseño factorial completo (L12) de dos niveles para evaluar y determinar el grado de influencia de diversos parámetros del proceso de elaboración en las características de estos nanosistemas. Gracias a este diseño se determinó que la hidrofobicidad del polímero y la cantidad de ciprofloxacino fueron los únicos factores que mostraron una influencia estadísticamente significativa en el tamaño de partícula y carga de antibiótico de las nanopartículas, respectivamente. Por último, se ha estudiado el perfil de liberación del ciprofloxacino en las formulaciones seleccionadas. Con el fin de garantizar las condiciones sink, previamente se evaluó la solubilidad del fármaco en tampón fosfato a distintos valores de pH. Este estudio demostró que el ciprofloxacino presenta baja solubilidad a pH >6 y forma soluciones sobresaturadas metaestables a pH 6 y 5.5. La formulación elaborada con PLGA-502, 15mg de ciprofloxacino y NaCl en la fase externa acuosa, se seleccionó como la formulación más adecuada, mostrando un tamaño de partícula de 307 nm, un PDI de 0.28, una eficacia de encapsulación de 62.46% y una liberación controlada del ciprofloxacino durante al menos 7 días.

Abstract: By analysing the Global Engineering Network Model in a particular case study of a company, in the Colombian shipbuilding industry, the aim in this dissertation is to compare the evolution of the company from the last five years, in regards to its value creation mechanisms, its capabilities and its organizational features. At the same time this will increasingly underline the importance of engineering management in relation to engineering value chain. The study of this shipbuilding company contributes as a comparative study in the field of operations management in an emerging economy. This study also seeks to clarify the effects of using a global network from the perspective of operations management, a study that is considered important not only as a contribution to academic knowledge but also to that of managers in the company, thereby contributing both to the overall research in this field and to current practice seeking for continuous improvement to effectively create and deliver value for customers and thus increase the overall competitiveness of the firm while emphasizing the development of the capabilities suggested within the Global Engineering Network framework. Resumen: Mediante el análisis del Modelo de Red Global de Ingeniería en un caso particular de estudio de una empresa, en la industria naval colombiana, el objetivo en esta disertación es comparar la evolución de la empresa de los últimos cinco años, en cuanto a sus mecanismos de creación de valor, sus capacidades y sus características organizacionales. Al mismo tiempo, se resaltará cada vez más la importancia de la gestión de la ingeniería en relación con la cadena de valor. El estudio de esta empresa de construcción naval contribuye como estudio comparativo en el ámbito de la gestión de operaciones en una economía emergente. Este estudio también pretende aclarar los efectos de la utilización de una red global desde la perspectiva de la gestión de operaciones, un estudio que se considera importante no sólo como contribución al conocimiento académico sino también al de los directivos de empresa, contribuyendo así tanto a la investigación global en este campo como a la práctica actual que busca la mejora continua para crear y ofrecer valor a los clientes de forma eficaz y aumentar así la competitividad global de la empresa, al tiempo que se hace hincapié en el desarrollo de las capacidades sugeridas en el marco de la red global de ingeniería.

Abstract: The thesis analyzes the legal framework of foreign investment, the electricity market, the required environmental and community permits for energy generation projects and the legal incentives and challenges of wind energy projects in Colombia. The aim of the paper is to provide a clear legal framework for anyone wishing to invest in renewable wind energy projects in Colombia. It also analyzes some decisions taken by recent administrations and challenges their effectiveness in facilitating an energy transition to renewable energies.

Abstract: In recent years, a number of prominent Husserl scholars have taken a renewed interest in the contributions that Edmund Husserl made to the theories of self-identity and personhood throughout his oeuvre. Several of these theories have engaged with the problem from subjectivist points of view, framing the problem in a manner that only considers subjective conditions for the constitution of the personal identity. These methodological choices have meant insufficient research of the roles that sociality and ethics play in the constitution of the notions of person, as well as of the co-constitutional character of personalities of different orders, i.e., individual persons and communal persons. In this paper, I start from drawing on the scholarly developments of the phenomenological structures of personality. By focusing on the notion of active position-taking I then situate the subject in its concrete environment, as a subject for its surrounding world and develop this account to understand what the contributions that ethical position-takings make to the constitution of the personal identity are. Finally, I introduce the notions of the alter-Ego and empathy to flesh out the characteristics of the engagement to the surrounding world and the Egoic ethical striving within a surrounding world that is share with others. I conclude that by virtue of its positional relation to the common surrounding world, the personal identity of the Ego is always undergoing alter-Egoic influences that call for its modification. And that, at the same time, in this world-relation the Ego sets certain ethical goals for itself that lead them to accept or reject these influences and to exercise influence of its own in its social and communal surroundings. Resumen: En los últimos años, varios destacados estudiosos de Husserl han mostrado un renovado interés en las contribuciones que Edmund Husserl hizo a las teorías de la identidad y la personalidad a lo largo de su obra. Varias de estas teorías han abordado el problema desde puntos de vista subjetivos, enmarcando la cuestión de una manera que solo considera las condiciones subjetivas para la constitución de la identidad personal. Estas elecciones metodológicas han significado una investigación insuficiente de los roles que desempeñan la sociabilidad y la ética en la constitución de las nociones de persona, así como del carácter co-constitutivo de las personalidades de diferentes órdenes, es decir, personas individuales y personas comunitarias. En este artículo, parto de aprovechar los desarrollos académicos de las estructuras fenomenológicas de la personalidad. Al centrarme en la noción de toma activa de posición, sitúo luego al sujeto en su entorno concreto, como un sujeto para su mundo circundante, y desarrollo este enfoque para comprender cuáles son las contribuciones que las tomas éticas de posición hacen a la constitución de la identidad personal. Finalmente, introduzco las nociones del alter-ego y la empatía para detallar las características del compromiso con el mundo circundante y el esfuerzo ético del ego dentro de un mundo circundante compartido con otros. Concluyo que, en virtud de su relación posicional con el mundo circundante común, la identidad personal del ego siempre está siendo influenciada por alteregos que llaman a su modificación. Y que, al mismo tiempo, en esta relación con el mundo, el ego establece ciertos objetivos éticos para sí mismo que lo llevan a aceptar o rechazar estas influencias y a ejercer su propia influencia en sus entornos sociales y comunitarios.

Abstract: In a country where direct, structural, and cultural violence dates back to the Spanish conquest, Feminist pedagogies in historical memory as a tool for transformative peacebuilding in Colombia is a small-scale qualitative study aiming to increase the understanding of how gender is reflected in Colombia's collective and historical memory and how feminist pedagogies can be used for transformative peacebuilding. Thus, the following question is answered: What role does gender play in Colombia's historical and collective memory of the conflict? This study uses transformative peacebuilding and empowerment as the main theoretical frameworks to address the research question. On the other hand, since it adopts an interpretive approach, it applies three methodologies for the data collection to triangulate the information: document analysis, a scoping review of the literature, and five semi-structured interviews. After a detailed and thorough analysis, my dissertation highlights the value of looking at history from a gender perspective to better understand what happened after centuries of violence and discrimination. This finding correlates to developing new tools that allow direct dialogue with victims without going through institutional filters. It also demonstrates the importance of the pedagogy of memory and the appropriation of feminist pedagogies as tools for social and cultural transformation. Finally, it states that the current status quo on empowerment in the country affects the process of transformative peacebuilding, as it limits the actions employed by citizens to construct historical and collective memory.

Abstract: At the present time, climate change and antimicrobial resistance are considered as the most critical threats, affecting human, animal, plant, and environmental health. Although these terms may initially appear different, they are interconnected and share similarities in their causes (human interventions and natural cycles), health, and societal consequences. Climate change is associated through direct and indirect pathways with an increase in infectious diseases. Nonetheless, the association between global warming and antimicrobial resistance requires a comprehensive summary of evidence exploring it. Methods: A literature review was conducted to identify and describe the association between climate change and the rapid emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. The search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Epistemonikos, and Google Scholar. The search period was restricted to articles published from January 2010 to June 2021. Additionally, a snowballing approach was conducted to identify any additional papers. Data extraction included study location, weather factors, environmental elements, antibiotics, and bacteria analysed, as well as the results. Results: 29 articles were included (ten literature or systematic reviews, eight experimental, six ecological, four observational, and one quasi-experimental). In terms of location, all the studies were conducted in countries between 35° and 75° north latitude. The results suggested some evidence of the effects of climate change (alterations in temperature, precipitation, and humidity) on the emergence and rapid spread of antimicrobial resistance in different environments (water, soil, cryosphere, and air). Temperature was described as a main effect of climate change that had effects on antibiotic resistance (increasing bacteria growth, altering metabolism, inducing crossprotection, and facilitating horizontal gene transfer between bacteria). Additionally, results also described the association between altered rain patterns and humidity and antimicrobial resistance, through the runoff of antibiotic molecules or the transport of antibiotic resistance mechanisms to other areas. Conclusions: This literature review has underscored the association between climate change and antimicrobial resistance. According to the results shown in the selected studies, the alterations in weather factors resulting from climate change have varying effects on the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. However, further research is imperative to decipher the complex interactions between other environmental processes, pollutants, patterns of antibiotic consumption, wastewater, animal migration, and regions below the latitudes covered in this literature review.

Abstract: The following document is a proposal to enhance and improve the way in which the Colombian craft sector exposes and sells its products, through a unified platform in which stories, craftsmen, creative professionals, and products converge in a dynamic and simplified way. Here they may show the modern, fresh, high aesthetic and professional face of the Colombian craft sector, always having as a horizon the new global dynamics of digitalization and virtualization of everyday life. In this process, the Association Artesanías de Colombia is taken as the main reference, being the main channel that groups and manages the national artisan activity, the platform is formulated as the future tool for the management of the artisan sector. Facing problems that the artisans manifest, punctually the lack of visibility and participation in new markets, the physical limitations that they have to exhibit and sell their products, followed by the low participation in exhibitions and fairs. In order to face these inconveniences, which overwhelm Colombian artisans on a daily basis, the document begins by reviewing the artisan sector as such, identifying its principles and values. This is followed by the evaluation of initiatives and programs that have been and are still in place, focusing on the digital development of the sector, and reviewing interesting national and international case studies of collaborations between the artisan sector and the creative industries, highlighting the importance of these joint ventures for obtaining results that combine contemporaneity with tradition. Finally, the thesis closes with a proposal for the design of a system that simplifies the essential components of the craft sector, enhancing the relationship between craftsman and designer, giving special emphasis to the way in which products are displayed digitally using 3d scanner methods, thus raising the level and homogeneity of the platform. Link to the website prototype: https://www.figma.com/proto/zpEVy5JmhPjY7lfvWqjFMB/Artesanias?node-id=1-6&scaling=minzoom&page-id=0%3A1&starting-point-node-id=1%3A6