The post-conflict in Colombia has started with the endorsement of the Final Agreement to End the Armed Conflict and Build a Stable and Lasting Peace signed between the Colombian Government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces guerrilla (FARC-EP) in November 2016. However, there have been critiques to the capacity of the Colombian Government to reach the rural isolated areas where the guerrilla was historically present and to consolidate its presence through the provision of public goods and services. Nevertheless, there is one experience where the Colombian Government did exactly that during the Peace Negotiation through the implementation of the Integral Intervention Strategy for Social and Territorial Development in Orejón. Therefore, this research project aims to explore this Strategy as a “practice of knowing” in order to draw upon key lessons that the implementers of the programs established in the Final Agreement can take into consideration. To do so, it will review the literature on the role of knowledge in public policy. Afterwards, it will describe the design and implementation of the Strategy in Orejón. Finally, it will explore how the design and implementation of the Strategy can be understood as a “practice of knowing” and draw upon key lessons. Resumen: El postconflicto en Colombia ha empezado con la refrendación del Acuerdo Final para la Terminación del conflicto y la Construcción de una paz estable y duradera firmado entre el Gobierno colombiano y la guerrilla Fuerzas Revolucionarias Armadas de Colombia (FARC-EP) en noviembre de 2016. Desde entonces se ha criticado la capacidad del Estado colombiano para consolidar su presencia a través de la provisión de bienes y servicios públicos en las áreas rurales aisladas donde la guerrilla ha tenido una presencia histórica. Sin embargo, existe una experiencia donde el Estado colombiano hizo exactamente esto durante las negociaciones de paz a través del diseño e implementación de la Estrategia de Intervención Integral para el Desarrollo Social y Territorial en Orejón. Por lo tanto, este proyecto de investigación busca explorar dicha Estrategia como una “práctica de conocer” con el fin de identificar lecciones claves que los implementadores de las políticas y los programas establecidos en el Acuerdo Final puedan tomar en consideración. Con este objetivo en mente, en el primer capítulo se desarrolla una revisión de la literatura con respecto al rol del conocimiento en política pública. En el segundo capítulo se describen los procesos de diseño e implementación de la Estrategia en Orejón. En el tercer capítulo se explora cómo el diseño e implementación de la Estrategia pueden ser entendidos como una “práctica de conocer” para, finalmente, identificar lecciones claves que puedan ser útiles para los implementadores de las políticas y los programas establecidos en el Acuerdo Final.

Background: There exists strong evidence for the correlation between socioeconomic disparities within society and their impact on the health of the population. People living in Latin-American countries experience huge inequalities related to the distribution of the most important social determinants of health (such as education, occupation, income). Elderly populations have shown to be particularly vulnerable to varying health events depending on these social determinants. For that reason, the aim of this study is to evaluate how the socioeconomic conditions inside of Colombia (one of the most unequal countries in the world) influence the prevalence, awareness and control of hypertension among elderly people. Methodology: The 2015 SABE (health, well-being and ageing) population survey was analysed, using the Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH) conceptual framework proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). This dissertation is a secondary analysis using the subsample of 5,760 individuals. A multivariate logistic regression model was applied to test the impact of social determinants on the prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension in the elderly population of Colombia. Results: Our results indicated that the presence of some structural determinants (such as poor educational level, minimum monthly income, lower socioeconomic position, and living in rural areas) and some intermediary determinants (a poor quality health care system, unhealthy diet and poor life satisfaction), were related to poor outcomes in the prevalence, awareness and control of hypertension among elderly Colombian people. Resumen. Antecedentes: Existe una fuerte evidencia de la correlación entre las disparidades socioeconómicas de una sociedad y su impacto en la salud de la población. Las personas que viven en países de América Latina experimentan enormes desigualdades relacionadas con la distribución de los determinantes sociales de la salud (como la educación, trabajo, ingresos). Las poblaciones de edad avanzada han demostrado ser particularmente vulnerables a éstas inequidades en salud. Por esa razón, el objetivo de este estudio es evaluar cómo las condiciones socioeconómicas dentro de Colombia (uno de los países más desiguales del mundo) influyen en la prevalencia, el reconocimiento y el control de la hipertensión arterial entre la población adulta mayor del país. Metodología: Se analizó la encuesta SABE (sobre salud/bienestar en el envejecimiento) realizada por el Ministerio de Salud en Colombia en el año 2015, teniendo como marco conceptual el modelo de los determinantes sociales en salud desarrollado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Esta tesis analizó una muestra de 5.760 individuos. Se aplicó un modelo de regresión logística multivariada para evaluar el impacto de los determinantes sociales en la prevalencia, la conciencia y el control de la hipertensión en la población adulta mayor de Colombia. Resultados: Nuestros resultados indicaron que la presencia de algunos determinantes estructurales como : bajo nivel educativo, bajo ingreso mensual, baja posición socioeconómica y vivir en zonas rurales de Colombia; así como también algunos determinantes intermedios : baja calidad de atención en el sistema de salud, una dieta poco saludable y poca satisfacción con la vida, se relacionaron con malos resultados en la prevalencia, conciencia y control de la hipertensión en personas mayores colombianas.

Pierre Jeanneret, a Swiss architect and furniture designer, began in Paris his housing research in 1921, which continued and concluded with the construction of the Indian city of Chandigarh. Through numerous projects, Jeanneret studies and proposes alternatives to the structure and conformation of the domestic space. From his projects in the atelier of the 35 Rue de Sèvres together with his cousin Le Corbusier to the industrial dwellings developed with Jean Prouvé, they were part of a reflection linked to the Zeitgeist of the moment that they were raised. His research culminates in the construction of more than twenty-seven types of government residences for the city of Chandigarh, which formed part of the city's vital body. His work was the response of a professional committed to an endemic problem in the construction of the city for the provision of housing after Independence and separation from India. It is also an exercise of responsibility with the less favoured populations, as his work focuses on the development of housing for the masses and the population with the lowest wage range, which starts from the conviction that housing is a factor of human development. In this way the present thesis, Pierre Jeanneret and Domestic Space: The government houses of Chandigarh, is presented as a means to analyze his contribution to housing research and above all to see his contribution to the construction of the capital of Punjab, Chandigarh. The twenty-seven residential cases presented seek to characterize Pierre Jeanneret's thinking on housing, and how this resulted in the construction of his domestic architecture in India. Organized in five chapters, which start from a biographical analysis up to the analysis of the constitutive elements of Pierre Jeanneret's domestic space. It is these ideas that lead us to define the method established by Pierre Jeanneret, in the construction of the Punjabi Capital, and his eloquence with which he managed to revolutionize the concept of inhabiting India, rethinking modern concepts and creating the characteristic image of the city. Resumen: Pierre Jeanneret, arquitecto y diseñador de muebles suizo, inició su investigación sobre la vivienda en París en 1921, que continuó y concluyó con la construcción de la ciudad india de Chandigarh. A través de numerosos proyectos, Jeanneret estudia y propone alternativas a la estructura y conformación del espacio doméstico. Desde sus proyectos en el taller de la Rue de Sèvres 35 junto con su primo Le Corbusier hasta las viviendas industriales desarrolladas con Jean Prouvé, formaron parte de una reflexión ligada al Zeitgeist del momento en que se proyectaron. Su investigación culmina con la construcción de más de veintisiete tipos de residencias gubernamentales para la ciudad de Chandigarh, que forman parte del cuerpo vital de la ciudad. Su trabajo fue la respuesta de un profesional comprometido con un problema endémico en la construcción de la ciudad para la provisión de viviendas después de la independencia y la separación de la India. También es un ejercicio de responsabilidad con las poblaciones menos favorecidas, ya que su trabajo se centra en el desarrollo de la vivienda para las masas y la población con los salarios más bajos, que parte de la convicción de que la vivienda es un factor de desarrollo humano. De esta manera la presente tesis, Pierre Jeanneret y el Espacio Domestico: Las casas gubernamentales de Chandigarh, se presenta como un medio para analizar su contribución a la investigación de la vivienda y sobre todo para ver su contribución a la construcción de la capital de Punjab, Chandigarh. Los veintisiete casos residenciales presentados buscan caracterizar el pensamiento de Pierre Jeanneret sobre la vivienda, y cómo ésta resultó en la construcción de su arquitectura doméstica en la India. Organizado en cinco capítulos, que parten de un análisis biográfico hasta el análisis de los elementos constitutivos del espacio doméstico de Pierre Jeanneret. Son estas ideas las que nos llevan a definir el método establecido por Pierre Jeanneret, en la construcción de la capital punjabí, y su elocuencia con la que logró revolucionar el concepto de habitar la India, repensando conceptos modernos y creando la imagen característica de la ciudad.

Nowadays, the alert about global warming has concerned the society and has raised the interest for everyone to seek different solutions to mitigate and stop the deterioration of the world. Thus, this thesis focuses on one of the solutions that has been reached by environmental and management researchers, which is the transition from non-renewable to renewable energy in order to alleviate the global warming. The transition from fossil fuels utilization to its substitute, the renewable energy is imminent. The concerns are on how fast this transition could be, since the depletion of natural resources, in particular fossil oil, is becoming a fact. Then, such a change necessarily implies to overcome the hurdles that slow it down as the society needs a source of energy to continue its pattern of life, and the fossil fuels will truly reach its depletion point. Finally, from a supply chain management perspective this thesis aims at reviewing the literature that provides meaningful insights to boost the sector.

Following the end of a long-lasting armed conflict, Colombia created a peace and citizenship education course called Cátedra de la Paz, looking to promote a culture of peace in all schools in the country. However, teachers’ views about, practices in and responses to challenges of implementing the course remain unknown, as well as how they integrate data into their teaching practices. This study is focused on secondary school teachers’ understanding of Cátedra de la Paz, their instructional approaches and their views of the role of data in the course. To achieve this, 45 teachers participated in an online survey, from which 10 were selected for an interview. Findings show that teachers have complex views of the course, face several challenges to implement it and have a limited vision of data integration. These results highlight the need to provide context-oriented support that consider teachers way of understanding the course.

A significant increase of 50.5 percent in the national production of cocoa was registered between 2011 and 2015 in Colombia. Nevertheless, 5,890 tons were imported in 2015 to supply domestic demand. Unlike other crops, the production of cocoa has made a significant contribution to the income of approximately 38,000 families of which 90 percent are small farm-producers with very little capital. Facilitating credit for investment is one of the main strategies of the national government to increase cocoa productivity. Correspondingly, the impact of the credit for investment on the cocoa agricultural productivity and if those investments have a spillover effect is studied in 584 municipalities in Colombia. I use a yearly municipal agricultural assessment combined with municipality socioeconomic variables and georeferenced data from 2007 to 2017 to measure this impact and spatial interactions, based on a fixed effect and a spatial autoregressive model - SAR. Overall, the results suggest a positive relationship of credit for investment on agricultural productivity. Similarly, I found positive and significant agricultural productivity spillover. My results suggest that access to credit for investment is fundamental in cocoa agricultural productivity but the impact is larger when spatial interactions are accounted for, which provides a rationale for the national government to increase the offer of credit for investment for the development of a regional economic agglomeration.

An accurate understanding of the environment is key for a robot in order to execute tasks safe and efficiently. In the field of perception, after the introduction of deep learning, computer vision tasks have made big leaps, surpassing even the human inference capability. As a trade-off, big amounts of annotated data were required to train such algorithms. On its own, the collection of annotated dataset is a highly time consuming activity prone to human errors, setting a limit to the maximum achievable performance. In this sense, annotations (quality) and samples (quantity) bound the optimization of perception algorithms. One extra challenge encountered when training object detectors for robotics applications is that the sensor setup can be multi-modal, and vary significantly between robots. This work explores how to generate and use synthetic RGB-D training data from a near photo-realistic game engine to train modality-specific person detectors, and perform ablation studies on a challenging, real-world dataset recorded using a reference RGB-D sensor in different intralogistics environments. A virtual RGB-D camera was implemented, leveraging the underlying deferred rendering architecture. Multiple environments were tailored, exploring various data augmentation techniques and enabling the comparison between different types of synthetic data. Detection layers of a pre-trained object detector network have been trained from scratch for the RGB and depth modality, with the latter being transformed by applying a Jet-colormap. Compared to a pre-trained network, a domain gap of 5 mPA points was still present for RGB images. Meanwhile with synthetic (15k) and real (1.5k) depth images, it was already possible to train robust human detectors. Comparing simulation features against data preparation, filtering annotations had a major impact on performance than adopting an explicit time-of-flight sensor model.

This research is focused on the Colombian Government’s flagship post-conflict and statebuilding policy from 2009 to 2015, known as the “Consolidation Policy”. The Government’s policy aimed to transform the governance in post-conflict regions from a social order functional to the armed conflict to such a social order that would promote good governance and inclusive governmental institutions. The analysis sheds light on the limitations and achievements of the policy on the control of corruption and examines the extent to which it shaped the governance order of post-conflict regions in the short term using a mixed methods approach including a differences-in-differences estimation and semi-structured interviews. The analysis is based in the Equilibrium Theory of Control of Corruption, which identifies policy-actionable variables that promote good governance and the control of corruption. This theory was operationalized in the context of post-conflict Colombia. This research determined the changes produced by the Government policy on the control of corruption by comparing control and intervention municipalities. The analysis revealed a mixed effect on the control of corruption where the intervention occurred. The results showed that the Consolidation Policy was associated with more civil society collective actions, at least in a group of municipalities, and an increase in local government accountability to citizens. On the contrary, there seems to be no association of the policy with increments in local government procurement transparency, or disciplinary sanctions to local civil servants by the Office of the Inspector General, one of the state control agencies. The research identifies the main issues that limited the Consolidation Policy’s mixed effect on the control of corruption. First, instead of a quick-impact approach, this research recommends a gradualist, long-term approach that combines insecurity reduction and empowering citizen group’s to keep corruption in check. Second, given the limitations of the Colombian State to regulate governance in conflict affected areas, civil society should be a central partner in the initiatives of good governance promotion.

Knowledge about forests undergoing restoration across the world is becoming increasingly essential due to the benefits of restoring forest for ecosystem functions related to water, such as water infiltration. Although there is a growing literature regarding the biodiversity and some ecosystem functions in forest undergoing restoration, soil responses in these forests remain virtually unknown. Moreover, few works have analyzed the effects on soil of different restoration approaches (e.g., planting of native species and natural regeneration). In this context, the main objective of this work was to evaluate and gain a better understanding of the effects of different forest restoration methodologies on the recovery of soil physical and hydraulic properties, more specifically on water infiltration. In the first part of this study (Chapter 2) was conducted a systematic review of scientific literature, reporting and discussing the infiltration measures in tropical forests undergoing restoration by tree planting. The results of this review indicated that infiltration was likely to increase after tree planting; that infiltration recovery was faster when agriculture was the prior land use; that clayey soils (>30% clay) tended to exhibit greater increases in infiltration after tree planting; and that restored forests after 10 years evidenced more similar infiltration values with the pre-disturbance soil conditions (e.g., natural reference forest). The following two parts of the thesis (Chapter 3 and 4) were based on a restoration program using a high-diversity mix of native plantings in the county of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. In the Chapter 3 was investigated the effect of forest restoration on saturated soil hydraulic conductivity (Ks), verifying the Ks recovery to the pre-disturbance soil conditions. We sampled field Ks under three land-cover types: (i) a pasture; (ii) a restored forest of 9 years of age; and (iii) a remnant forest patch. Our results showed that Ks recovery differ markedly among the forests undergoing restoration; and that soil attributes and Ks recovery are influenced by the duration and intensity of land use prior to forest restoration. In the Chapter 4 we assessed the effects of land use history on the recovery of Ks, soil and vegetation attributes, comparing active vs. passive restoration (e.g., assisted restoration). In these chapters we conclude that forest restoration actions may improve soil physical and hydraulic properties, but in some cases a complete recovery to reference levels can be difficult, especially when land use was more intense prior to forest restoration actions. It is very important to understand soil recovery in forests undergoing restoration on different climate, forest and soil types. Thereby, in future research long-term studies are essential, which should focus in the water movement through the soil profile and aiming to understand how the forest restoration can recover the infiltration process, also including landscape scale (e.g., watershed).

This paper concentrates specifically on the reintegration process of female ex-combatants and their role as peacebuilders in the aftermath of war. By privileging the personal experience of two female ex-combatants of guerrilla groups in Colombia, this thesis aims to explorer what are the main obstacles faced by these women in their process of reintegration into civilian life and how to strengthen the role of female ex-combatants as peacebuilders. I argue that DDR processes and reintegration programs are only one dimension of post-conflict reconstruction and rehabilitation. Notwithstanding, the real challenge is to demilitarize all aspects of social life including the people’s mind, the community, and the state with its hegemonic notions of security. Likewise, a reintegration process designed and implemented from a gender-sensitive approach can be an example of a practical and emancipatory project that brings more equitable relations between men and women in the aftermath of the war. Therefore, women's role as peacebuilders can be strengthened through a political reintegration process that emphasizes their transformative potential as influential citizens in the decision-making processes of their community in terms of reconciliation and national rehabilitation.