Abstract: This study on Venezuelan migration to post-conflict Colombia aims to explain how the reconstruction from conflict and forced migration processes have impacted women. It poses the question of how reconstruction approaches of Colombian and other Latin American civil society groups of women apply to Venezuelan migrant women in the border. Colombia hosts roughly 2 million Venezuelan migrants who have stayed despite the persistent violence caused partially by the turmoil of its politics in the post- conflict aftermath. Using testimonial accounts, the dissertation examines the distinct experiences of Venezuelan migrant women in the borderlands of Colombia. It reveals a blending of crises as the source of support networks. The imminent need to provide humanitarian assistance transformed in the creation of a system that opens the way to integration. From the emergency declaration, addendums to the law for Venezuelans to access the health care system to the adaptation for economic dynamics, women migrants find in Colombia a space for restart. Feasible peace processes in the region have gendered roots. This study claims that despite the recrudescence of violence in Colombia, Venezuelan migrants have an immaterial connection based on historic social, cultural roots that make it their country of preference over other border countries. Findings demonstrate there was an empirical gap in identifying one of the major triggers of the migration crisis. The binational tensions of August 2015 marked the starting point of one of the largest diasporas of the 21st Century.

Abstract: This paper synthesizes a Cooperative Inquiry conducted in collaboration with Colombian Deaf women to question mainstream and monolithic definitions of Inclusion. Through facilitated dialogues and creative methodologies, the study aimed to explore alternatives and new understandings of inclusion that recognises different experiences of gender, disability, and Deafhood. Throughout six chapters, it addresses the question of how the notion of inclusion can better recognize and embrace the experiences of these Deaf women, delving simultaneously into unexpected findings concerning methodological considerations while conducting action research (AR) with this population. Overall, this process sheds light on experiences of intersectional exclusion and inclusion, while also discussing the effectiveness of AR methods employed to foster conscientisation within this population. Resumen: Este artículo sintetiza una Investigación Cooperativa llevada a cabo en colaboración con mujeres Sordas colombianas con el propósito de cuestionar definiciones convencionales y monolíticas de inclusión. A través de diálogos facilitados y metodologías creativas, este estudio tuvo como objetivo explorar concepciones nuevas y alternativas de la inclusión que reconozcan diversas experiencias de género, discapacidad y Sordedad. A lo largo de seis capítulos, aborda la pregunta de cómo la noción de inclusión puede reconocer y abrazar mejor las vivencias de estas mujeres, adentrándose al mismo tiempo en hallazgos inesperados relacionados con consideraciones metodológicas del llevar a cabo investigación-acción participativa (IAP) con esta población. Este proceso, resalta experiencias de exclusión e inclusión interseccional, a la vez que discute la efectividad de los métodos IAP empleados para fomentar la concientización dentro de esta población.

Abstract: This MA thesis researches collective memory and the way it is archived. Starting from the idea of Colombia as a country without memory, the inquiry questions history as a discipline that linearly presents events, leaving important realities aside, and explores folklore as a more complete alternative to remembering past knowledge. As a timeless, anonymous, and non-institutionalized form of cultural expression, folklore can be seen as a living archive of beliefs and memories. Its form of archiving knowledge and memory is presented as an embodied tool to access and keep passing on the history of a nation. Resumen: Esta tesis de maestría investiga la memoria colectiva y la forma en que es archivada. Partiendo de la idea de Colombia como un país sin memoria, en esta investigación se cuestiona la Historia como una disciplina que presenta linealmente los acontecimientos, dejando de lado realidades importantes, y explora el folclore como una alternativa más completa de reconocer conocimientos del pasado. Como forma de expresión cultural atemporal, anónima y no institucionalizada, el folclore puede verse como un archivo vivo de creencias y recuerdos. Su forma de recolectar y traspasar conocimiento y memoria se presenta como una herramienta encarnada para acceder y transmitir la historia de una nación.

Abstract: The mountain and inland areas of the Italian peninsula offer forms of rural life deeply rooted in their topographic conformation. At the same time, today they are characterized by dynamics of strong marginalization, processes established starting from the economic boom after the Second World War, and which have not yet been reversed. The Tuscan-Emilian Apennines, and the specific case of Monte Cimone, are structured through a constellation of towns, villages, small hamlets, and borgate which for centuries have constituted their social-cultural, regional, and national backbone. The Apennines today would not exist, or they would remain a mere memory if the horizontal connections present between the plain and the mountain belt were missing. The underlying question during the entire research was: in these fragile contexts, what can and what should be the role of landscape architecture? And how can the physical design of a place be the means for the consolidation of sociocultural and economic dynamics capable of bringing out positive and sustainable development trends? In this sense, the thesis path tries to configure plausible possibilities in which communities support the landscape, and at the same time how the landscape can support the communities. The structure of the thesis brings out how it was developed. The composition started with the chapter Fragile Mountains, which includes the literature studied to support the research. Continuing, there is the Cartographic framework, which consists of the graphic designs developed for understanding the area under study and refers to the numerous site visits carried out over the last year through the construction of a photographic atlas. Then, the project definition of Communities supporting Landscape is developed, which contains the explanation of the project proposal defined through two pilot projects: Socio-Cultural Infrastructures and Re-Inhabited Heritage. Through the recognition and enhancement of the existing, the thesis project elaborates on the basic conditions for the consolidation of the habitability and infrastructure of the landscape of Monte Cimone. A research approach based on sustainable territorial regeneration is recognized. The developed scenario makes specific reference to the cooperative mountain community, a place for socio-cultural innovations. The intentions declared in the pilot projects answer in terms of the offer of services and new job opportunities. The strategies and motivations materialize in a punctual landscape project. The work carried out wants to be perceived as a starting point, research capable of generating indirect positive effects, both in the academic panorama and on the reference mountain communities.

Abstract: The objective of this thesis is to demonstrate that resilience is not a neutral and apolitical concept. For this, I focus on deconstructing the representations, values, meanings, rationalities, and references of desire embedded in discourses, images and development projects promoting resilience in the Cauca, Colombia. Based on ethnographic evidence, I argue that resilience is a discursive mechanism attached to a cultural project - modernity/coloniality- that seeks to maintain structures of power through the reproduction of colonial sociocultural hierarchies between those who are resilient, located in ‘developed’ countries, and those who are vulnerable, living in the poor periphery. Although the promotion of resilience capacities has been enhanced by the increasing feeling of risk exposure, I found that the Misak and Nasa communities have Other forms of understanding and facing crises. Based on their own cosmologies and worldviews, these communities developed the concept of pervivencia aiming to recognise their capacity and right to construct the conditions and strategies to face uncertainties and risks outside modern Eurocentric epistemology. Ignoring the existence of Other forms of thinking and being has lead development organisations to misinterpret how people face uncertainties and crises in rural areas of the Cauca. It is for this reason that I suggest that the concept of resilience does not offer the best analytical tool to analyse Misak and Nasa practices for facing risks as it cannot incorporate Other possible worlds and logics. Resumen: El objetivo de esta tesis es demostrar que la resiliencia no es un concepto neutro y apolítico. Para ello, me centro en deconstruir las representaciones, valores, significados, racionalidades y referentes del deseo incrustados en discursos, imágenes y proyectos de desarrollo que promueven la resiliencia en el Cauca, Colombia. Con base en evidencia etnográfica, sostengo que la resiliencia es un mecanismo discursivo adscrito a un proyecto cultural -modernidad/colonialidad- que busca mantener estructuras de poder a través de la reproducción de jerarquías socioculturales coloniales entre quienes son resilientes, ubicados en países ""desarrollados"", y quienes son vulnerables, que viven en la periferia pobre. Aunque la promoción de las capacidades de resiliencia se ha visto reforzada por la creciente sensación de exposición al riesgo, descubrí que las comunidades misak y nasa tienen otras formas de entender y afrontar las crisis. Basándose en sus propias cosmologías y cosmovisiones, estas comunidades desarrollaron el concepto de pervivencia con el objetivo de reconocer su capacidad y derecho a construir las condiciones y estrategias para afrontar las incertidumbres y los riesgos al margen de la epistemología eurocéntrica moderna. Ignorar la existencia de Otras formas de pensar y de ser ha llevado a las organizaciones de desarrollo a malinterpretar la forma como la gente enfrenta las incertidumbres y las crisis en las zonas rurales del Cauca. Es por esta razón que sugiero que el concepto de resiliencia no ofrece la mejor herramienta analítica para analizar las prácticas Misak y Nasa para enfrentar los riesgos, ya que no puede incorporar Otros mundos y lógicas posibles.

Abstract: This dissertation examines an unusual case of policy transfer of Social Impact Bonds in Colombia, which on this occasion was at the forefront of adopting a social policy innovation in the Latin American region. The theoretical accounts of diffusion mechanisms, often used in the scholarship for explaining diffusion waves of social policies, are assessed to identify the causal mechanisms driving the adoption of this policy. The dissertation employed a within-case study method to trace the causal mechanisms and how they play out within the SIBs adoption process in Colombia. The dissertation finds that the adoption of this social policy for a recent innovator in the region was pushed by various causal mechanisms of external and normative pressures and bounded learning, where cognitive heuristics that shaped the diffusion of social policies in the region did not work as theorized. Moreover, to variable degrees, domestic interest groups' involvement is traced along these diffusion mechanisms. These organizations, therefore, can be agents of policy transfer by influencing and advocating policy choices, carrying out the learning process of social policy innovations, and influencing the design and delivery of social services linked to such innovations. Resumen: Esta disertación examina un caso inusual de transferencia de políticas de Bonos de Impacto Social en Colombia, que en esta ocasión estuvo a la vanguardia de la adopción de una innovación de política social en la región latinoamericana. Para identificar los mecanismos causales que impulsaron la adopción de esta política, se evalúan los relatos teóricos de los mecanismos de difusión, a menudo utilizados en el ámbito académico para explicar las olas de difusión de las políticas sociales. La tesis emplea un método de estudio de caso para rastrear los mecanismos causales y cómo se desarrollan en el proceso de adopción de los BIS en Colombia. La tesis concluye que la adopción de esta política social por un innovador reciente en la región se vio impulsada por varios mecanismos causales de presiones externas y normativas y aprendizaje limitado, en los que la heurística cognitiva que dio forma a la difusión de las políticas sociales en la región no funcionó como se había teorizado. Además, en grados variables, la participación de los grupos de interés nacionales se rastrea a lo largo de estos mecanismos de difusión. Estas organizaciones, por lo tanto, pueden ser agentes de transferencia de políticas al influir y defender las opciones políticas, llevar a cabo el proceso de aprendizaje de las innovaciones de política social e influir en el diseño y la prestación de los servicios sociales vinculados a dichas innovaciones.

Abstract: The 2030 Agenda guides sustainable development. Colombia played a pivotal role in shaping the Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs) as a global agenda by presenting the proposal alongside Guatemala at the 2012 UN Sustainable Development Conference (Pineda Escobar, 2019). While the SDGs receive praise for their holistic approach and well being indicators (Perea Hinestroza, 2019), they face criticism. Including their origins in promoting economic growth (Adelman, 2018), challenges in addressing environmental protection (Weber & Weber, 2020), and narratives portraying them as universally positive, despite corporate and political influences (Olwig, 2021). This paper employs a comprehensive methodology, encompassing critical analysis, historical context, literature review, theoretical frameworks, and case studies. It scrutinizes the SDGs through decolonial and post development perspectives, alongside the concept of the Pluriverse. The Pluriverse, inspired by the Zapatistas, emphasizes diverse practices and knowledge coexistence without imposing universality (Arora et al.,2020). The analysis delves into the concept of Colonial Modernity (CM) and its historical influence, particularly from Western Europe (Mignolo, 2017). It explores how non modern worlds in Colombia, including indigenous, Afro descendant, and peasant communities, challenge prevailing development paradigms and offer alternative sustainability pathways. It focuses on indigenous engagement with the S DGs. It highlights the alignment between indigenous values and the SDGs and the significance of recognizing historical marginalization and violence (Medina, 2019; Morales & Calvo, 2023). The paper concludes by reflecting on the contributions of these diverse perspectives to the discourse on sustainable development and ways of living. Resumen: La Agenda 2030 guía el desarrollo sostenible. Colombia desempeñó un papel fundamental en la configuración de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) como agenda mundial al presentar la propuesta junto con Guatemala en la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible de 2012 (Pineda Escobar, 2019). Si bien los ODS reciben elogios por su enfoque holístico y sus indicadores de bienestar (Perea Hinestroza, 2019), enfrentan críticas. Incluyendo sus orígenes en la promoción del crecimiento económico (Adelman, 2018), los desafíos para abordar la protección del medio ambiente (Weber & Weber, 2020), y las narrativas que los retratan como universalmente positivos, a pesar de las influencias corporativas y políticas (Olwig, 2021). Este documento emplea una metodología integral, que abarca el análisis crítico, el contexto histórico, la revisión de la literatura, los marcos teóricos y los estudios de caso. Analiza los ODS a través de perspectivas decoloniales y postdesarrollistas, junto con el concepto del Pluriverso. El Pluriverso, inspirado en los zapatistas, hace hincapié en la coexistencia de diversas prácticas y conocimientos sin imponer la universalidad (Arora et al., 2020). El análisis profundiza en el concepto de Modernidad Colonial (MC) y su influencia histórica, particularmente de Europa Occidental (Mignolo, 2017). Explora cómo los mundos no modernos en Colombia, incluidas las comunidades indígenas, afrodescendientes y campesinas, desafían los paradigmas de desarrollo imperantes y ofrecen vías alternativas de sostenibilidad. Se centra en el compromiso indígena con los ODS. Destaca la alineación entre los valores indígenas y los ODS y la importancia de reconocer la marginación histórica y la violencia (Medina, 2019; Morales & Calvo, 2023). El documento concluye reflexionando sobre las contribuciones de estas diversas perspectivas al discurso sobre el desarrollo sostenible y las formas de vida.

Abstract: The representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 of the the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) indicates that if anthropogenic carbon emissions follow dramatic increasing trends, in the next ~200-300 years mean global temperatures can be ~5-10 ?C higher than today. This temperature increase may generate climate conditions similar to those of the late Paleoceneearly Eocene (~58-52 Ma), which recorded the highest temperatures in the last ~60 Ma. Late Paleocene-early Eocene climates were characterized by a series of light carbon injections that produced major global warming/ocean acidification events called hyperthermals, and other smaller carbon cycle perturbations. Although late Paleocene-early Eocene geological records offer a possibility to identify global warming impacts under the worst anthropogenic-driven climatic scenario, important aspects related to the triggers and environmental responses of late Paleocene-early Eocene carbon cycle perturbations remain elusive. Here, two major scientific problems of late Paleocene-early Eocene carbon cycle perturbations are addressed. Initially, new chemical datasets are presented to clarify the origins of the largest Paleocene-Eocene carbon cycle perturbation, the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). Early Eocene carbon cycle perturbations have been interpreted to be orbitally forced events; however, the influence of orbital controls on PETM triggering remains controversial. New probabilistic-based approaches are used to indicate that the PETM was at least partially triggered by an orbitally controlled mechanism, which contrasts with previous studies that restricted PETM triggering to volcanic activity. Secondly, probabilistic-based age models and statistical assessments are presented to refine poorly studied carbon sequestration timescales following Paleocene-Eocene light carbon injections. New temporal constraints reveal that carbon sequestration following Paleocene-Eocene light carbon injections was accelerated in proportion to the size of the initial perturbation. Optimized carbon removal was partially related to accelerated chemical weathering. This process also ended ocean acidification induced by Paleocene-Eocene carbon cycle perturbations, and reestablished predominant calcium carbonate sedimentation in the oceans. However, chemical weathering was not the only optimized carbon sequestration mechanism following Paleocene-Eocene light carbon injections. Temperature variations associated with Paleocene-Eocene carbon cycle perturbations exerted controls on oxygen levels. Reduced oxygen levels associated with higher temperatures may have accelerated export production and oceanic biological pump, which also promoted enhanced carbon removal. The findings presented in this thesis represent significant advances for our knowledge of origins and carbon cycle feedbacks associated with global warming events; furthermore, this thesis emphasizes that probabilistic-based approaches and statistical assessments can provide a better understanding of paleoclimate records.

When Minerva of Saber Tooth sadistically thrashes Lucy to within an inch of her life, Fairy Tail vows vengeance! Their chance comes at the climax of the fourth day's events. It's Natsu and Gajeel vs. Sting and Rogue, the old dragon slayers against the new! Can the stadium contain the sheer power of these wizards' fire and iron?

Abstract: The case studies of Sudan and Venezuela, in light of the existing literature on diasporas, provide an insight into the role diaspora organisations play in assisting their countries of origin during humanitarian crises. Through a comparative exercise it is shown how they collaborate, coordinate and distribute different types of resources in protracted situations where humanitarian aid is clearly needed but often limited. It is how the performed analysis makes it possible to establish both strengths and weaknesses of these diasporas’ involvement, something that should be carefully considered in terms of the impact on the overall well-being of affected and vulnerable communities in their homelands. Which, in turn, paves the way for more research to be done on diasporas as legitimate humanitarian actors in the international system, as well as highlights the necessity for establishing mutually beneficial relationships with traditional international actors.