Esta investigación describe las características de las prácticas evaluativas de los docentes de las asignaturas de Higiene Industrial, pertenecientes al programa de Administración en Salud Ocupacional de la Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios. Inicialmente, se presenta el contexto del problema de investigación, los antecedentes, el concepto de evaluación, de prácticas evaluativas, los diferentes tipos de evaluación existentes y sus respectivos instrumentos. Se presenta una descripción de competencias, metodología virtual y a distancia y evaluación en la educación superior. Posteriormente, se aplican los instrumentos diseñados, como el diario de campo, la encuesta y el análisis documental, que permiten realizar la sistematización de la información recolectada en el aula presencial y virtual de cada uno de los docentes. Finalmente, se puede determinar que las características de las prácticas evaluativas de los docentes objeto de estudio de la presente investigación son variadas, no estandarizadas y son diseñadas e implementadas teniendo en cuenta el punto de vista del docente, además, no se encuentran alineadas con los parámetros establecidos por el microcurrículo de cada asignatura. Es por esto, que se proponen alternativas como oportunidad de mejora para los docentes, la coordinación del programa de Administración en Salud Ocupacional y los directivos de la Universidad.

El siguiente documento de investigación tuvo como objeto describir las concepciones y prácticas educativas de los docentes del ciclo I del Colegio San Francisco IED sobre formación integral, para esto, se aplicó una encuesta a los docentes, se observaron prácticas en el aula y se hizo un análisis documental a la propuesta curricular del ciclo. Los hallazgos indican que los docentes reconocer que el objeto de la educación es potenciar las dimensiones humanas para alcanzar la formación integral. Sin embargo, en las prácticas educativas de aula y en la propuesta curricular del ciclo se evidencia que se favorece la dimensión cognitiva y social por encima de las otras dimensiones. Se pudo determinar que los elementos hallados inciden en la propuesta curricular del ciclo y por lo tanto en los procesos de formación, dificultando que se propicie una formación integral con visión holística, biocéntrica y transdisciplinar que integre las dimensiones humanas y campos de conocimiento como: la espiritualidad, el arte, las humanidades y las tradiciones en los procesos de formación.

For more than seven years at the institution Orlando Fals Borda IED in the locality 5th into Usme zone UPZ 57, the teachers ofthe social studies area included in their cmTiculum the subject Chair Orlando Fals Borda (which from now will be called COFB), with the objective ofrelating the name ofthe institution and the pedagogical model to form students Sentipensantes of Humanist pro file. This chair is taught in cycles II, III and IV with a weekly class hour, usually directed by group directors with the aim of actively participating in the student training process. In general, what is expected ofthe COFB is that the students, educators and the educational community adopt the Philosophy Sentipensante: term coined by the fishermen ofthe Colombian coast that defines the balanced people who offer confidence and good intentions; As it acts by combining the heart, but using reason, a term that transcends the experiences of sociologist Orlando Fals Borda as a transforming action of being with the goal of achieving an education centered on the person and respect for their dignity , that students feel the others looking for equality to be fully human. In the development ofthe COFB classes it is not clear how teachers evaluate learning in the context ofRAP; Therefore, it is complex to know if the students are learning or are effectively appropriating the concepts developed in the COFB, so it is necessary to review from the cycle II how they understand and what are the evaluation practices of the Teachers in the framework ofthe pedagogical model and the COFB.

This research characterizes the conceptions and practices of values from the second semester students from Universidad Escuela Colombiana de Carreras Industriales (ECCI) in Bogotá. Through the direct participation of students through exercises developed in the classroom, also designed to reach the objectives of this research, it was shown that participants identify responsibility, honesty and respect as the most relevant values in the human being. In addition, this research contributes to give continuity to other possible studies in the a rea of education in values in Higher Education. lt also demonstrates the inconsistency between the awareness of the existence of human values in students and their practices into the classroom.

The objective of this thesis is to identify the approach given to the thematic of the armed conflict and the post-conflict in Colombia, in the teaching of school social studies. This analysis is carried out with the intention of generating a contribution for the construction of a culture of peace in the context of the post agreement, signed between the government of Juan Manuel Santos and the ex-combatants of the Farc. For this, the need arises, theoretically, to develop what the Colombian armed conflict is, what the post-conflict is and how these issues are approached from the main referents of educational public policy, particularly the laws and official documents that stipulate the teaching of social studies in school in the period of government 2010-2018 throughout the technique of documentary analysis.

The intervention proposal in the classroom was implemented in Santa Martha headquarters of the El Carmen Departmental Educational Institution in the municipality of Guasca, Cundinamarca with a rural character where the Escuela Nueva methodology is used, with 15 children from the transition, first and second grade grades , which were between 4 and 9 years old. Starting from the base that showed the results in the Saber tests, the children did not have a good performance related to the aspects of progress and school environment, likewise, in the aspect of language in relation to written communicative competences, in the syntactic component the performance was Very Weak. For this reason the proposal was designed with the aim of developing communication skills, 1eading, listening, understanding, speaking and writing, through the creation of a school station, with children from the transition, first and second grades of multigrade school, propitiating a pleasant environment that favored the teaching-learning process. The proposal was divided into eight sessions in which they worked together in the first three giving priority to quality, in these the project was presented, the students, knew the operation of a station and assembled theirs. From the fourth session, we worked in three groups each consisting of five students from the focused grades, with whom the work of textual production and publication of writings was carried out through this means of communication.

The research carried out in the following document is a study of the curricular component of the Educational Institution, where some needs are detected regarding curricular meshes, class planning and evaluation. By continuing with the process of strengthening these needs, meshes are updated and then planning is proposed according to the constructivist model of the institution, taking into account an evaluation matrix. After applying the proposal and the instruments. the collected data is analyzed and activities are proposed to project the positive points that the investigation showed

Abstract: This thesis advances the understanding of brand polarization, a nascent concept in the marketing and branding academic literature. Brand polarization is defined as an affective phenomenon that involves passionate positive and negative feelings and offers a new analytical lens to the consumer-brand relationship knowledge. The current thesis addresses the nature, drivers and outcomes of the brand polarization phenomenon and answers three research questions. To better understand brand polarization, the theoretical development involves a systematic literature review of five related concepts (polarization in political science and social psychology, brand rivalry, brand love and brand hate) and lie foundation for the development of a new conceptual model. The empirical analysis adopts a sequential mixed-methods research design, where data is first collected via 22 semistructured interviews, followed by a survey of 1,238 lovers and haters of polarizing brands in three different product categories. The qualitative study utilises semi-structured interviews to identify the key antecedents and outcomes of brand polarization, and these preliminary insights inform the confirm the relationships hypothesised in the conceptual model. The findings show the multidimensional nature of brand polarization, (brand passion, self-brand benchmarking, intra-group identification and inter-group dissociation), and offer a new measurement for the phenomenon. The results also identify five drivers of brand polarization, namely brand strength, brand uniqueness, association with important issues, ideological compatibility/incompatibility and sense of community. Finally, the evidence supports the role of brand polarization in pairs of oppositional concepts including complimenting and complaining behaviours; brand loyalty and disloyalty; using pro and anti-brand merchandise; participation in a brand and anti-brand community; forgiveness and retaliation behaviours; positive and negative WoM; and defending and attacking the brand. The research offers theoretical, methodological and managerial implications. Resumen: Esta tesis avanza en la comprensión de la polarización de marca, un concepto naciente en la literatura académica de marketing y branding. La polarización de la marca se define como un fenómeno afectivo que involucra sentimientos apasionados positivos y negativos y ofrece una nueva visión analítica al conocimiento de la relación consumidor-marca. La presente tesis aborda la naturaleza, los antecedentes y las consecuencias del fenómeno de polarización de la marca. Para comprender mejor la polarización de marcas, el desarrollo teórico implica una revisión sistemática de la literatura de cinco conceptos relacionados (polarización en ciencias políticas, polarización en psicología social, rivalidad de marcas, amor y odio de marcas) y sentar las bases para el desarrollo de un nuevo modelo conceptual. El análisis empírico adopta un diseño de investigación secuencial de métodos mixtos con un estudio cualitativo y cuantitativo. El estudio cualitativo utiliza entrevistas semiestructuradas para identificar los antecedentes y resultados clave de la polarización de marca, y estos conocimientos preliminares informan la dimensionalidad del fenómeno y el modelo conceptual. La investigación cuantitativa confirma las relaciones planteadas en el modelo conceptual. Los hallazgos de la tesis muestran la naturaleza multidimensional del fenómeno (pasión por la marca, evaluación comparativa del consumidor con la marca, identificación intragrupo y disociación intergrupal). Los resultados también identifican cinco antecedentes de la polarización de la marca. Finalmente, la evidencia respalda el papel de la polarización de la marca en siete pares de conceptos opuestos. La investigación ofrece varias implicaciones teóricas, metodológicas y de gestión.

Abstract: “How can we say that a river is a thing when its constitutive elements, water molecules, keep changing and will be found here, elsewhere in the river…We should see ourselves not as things, perhaps, but as processes. The common-sense definition of individuals as things, and even of things in general, seems, after all, to be illusory, the result of a naïve perception of the world.” (Hillier, 2007). This research is developed from the premise that urban rivers are ecological structures that distinguish a territory, accentuating the socio-spatial differentiation of river cities along their continuum. Therefore, this study aims to describe the relationship between urban rivers and the morphological inequality at their edges. By inequality, this study refers to the spatial distribution of resources and opportunities for accessibility to them in relation to the population in a territory. It also measures the degree of spatial division and separation communities have among themselves to strengthen their sociocultural fabric. Some of these communities are segregated from urban centres’ social and active integration, which may be associated with spatial aspects that accentuate a poor integration with the social structure. Explosive population growth, the concentration of poverty, unemployment, forced displacement, and limited opportunities for access to educational and cultural recreational facilities and public space are some of the consequences of this socio-spatial segregation evident in communities around the world and constituting significant targets of the global urban agenda. For river cities, it is commonly associated that the dividing structure of rivers highlights such socio-spatial consequences. In many cases, due to accessibility of public services and resources across the length of this natural structure or even to the unplanned extension of the urban grid at scoping the river edges. Therefore, the result of such socio-spatial differentiation can be described in this study as spatial inequality in urban rivers, as it relates the physical aspect of rivers to the unequal social configuration along them. That is, how rivers as natural structures allow reading societies’ evolution and development processes in their territories. In order to address the term spatial inequality, this study attempts to distinguish between unequal and inequitable urban spaces. The former refers to the spatial morphological differences of the urban space and what it can offer within its physical-spatial and social possibilities. The second seeks to balance social needs by understanding its spatial morphological differences and physicalspatial conditions. Under this theoretical basis, this study sets out first to describe the spatial syntactic characteristics that comprise urban rivers. Secondly, to articulate the socioeconomic characteristics mapped within the urban rivers’ riparian area. This is in order to obtain a socio-spatial coding of inequality in urban rivers. Accordingly, the goal of this dissertation is first to open a critical query about the strength of urban river inequalities, as well as to display a socio-spatial configurational analysis of urban rivers that can enlighten the unequal diversification that these networks provide to the city. The findings of this study aim to frame morphological differences in urban rivers as the natural process of societies’ movement along them and comprehend that by strengthening differences and diversity, it is possible to approach more socially and spatially equitable cities.

Abstract: Not having an environmental liabilities regime in Colombia has created a complex contamination scenario that poses a risk to its biodiversity. Even if environmental authorities and the judiciary try their best to hold parties accountable and thus carry out the liabilities cleanup process, the lack of a binding regulation renders these efforts null and void. A solution to this complicated issue could be replicating in the Colombian context some of the provisions included in the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act applicable in the United States. Resumen: No contar con un régimen de pasivos ambientales en Colombia ha creado un escenario de contaminación complejo que pone en riesgo su biodiversidad. Incluso si las autoridades ambientales y el poder judicial hacen todo lo posible para responsabilizar a las partes y así llevar a cabo el proceso de limpieza de pasivos, la falta de una regulación vinculante hace que estos esfuerzos sean nulos y sin efecto. Una solución a este complicado tema podría ser replicar en el contexto colombiano algunas de las disposiciones incluidas en la Ley de Respuesta, Compensación y Responsabilidad Ambiental Integral aplicable en Estados Unidos.