IMBOLIC is a collection of poems that was written for the Poetry 2 Assignment and for the final MA Dissertation. The work is divided into two sections: the first one, POETRYTMENT is a sequence of twelve poems where collage, verse, prose, lyricism and Spanish as a mother tongue work as a complete treatment to release pain and grab hope. In most of the pieces, there is a double reading that suggests a dialogue between a patient and some healers. Among them: Carol Watts, Mercedes Sosa (singer), William Butler Yeats, William Shakespeare, William Blake, Rosemary Tonks, Robert Frost, Alfonsina Storni, Sasha Moorsom and Pablo Neruda. The second one, THE SONG OF THE WOMB written for the final Dissertation addresses to transformation. It is a song that tunes with the voice of cycles, Nancy Gaffield, Patricia Debney, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, José Asunción Silva and Alfonsina Storni. In both pieces, there is a poetic product originated from some of the ideas that are registered as in Spanish as in English in “Truenos bajo la piel /Thunders under the skin” (http://claudiaorduz.blogspot.co.uk) since January 2014. For instance: Julio (Hide and Seek adaptation) and Invisible Stitches.

Abstract: A piracanjuba Brycon orbignyanus é um peixe da ordem Characiformes, nativo da América do Sul. As mudanças no curso do rio, urbanização, poluição e construção de hidrelétricas são algumas das razões pelas quais o B. orbignyanus está atualmente classificado como uma espécie ameaçada de extinção. A criopreservação de sêmen de peixes fornece uma ferramenta pela qual a reprodução é otimizada, melhorando os programas de conservação e melhoramento genético das espécies. Um meio de congelamento ideal deve evitar o início da motilidade espermática, durante o armazenamento. Objetivouse, neste trabalho, avaliar o efeito da composição e da osmolalidade do diluidor, na qualidade do sêmen criopreservado de B. orbignyanus. Os machos de B. orbignyanus foram selecionados em tanques de terra na Estação de Piscicultura da CEMIG, em Itutinga, durante o período reprodutivo (Dezembro a Fevereiro). Os machos receberam dose única de extrato pituitário de carpa e o sêmen foi coletado 8-10 horas depois. A osmolalidade do plasma seminal foi mensurada (249 mOsm kg-1). Oito diluidores compreendendo a combinação de duas composições (NaCl e Glicose) e quatro osmolalidades (285, 325, 365 e 405 mOsm kg-1) foram testados. O metilglicol foi usado como agente crioprotetor. O sêmen diluído foi envasado em palhetas de 0,25mL, congelado em botijão de vapor de nitrogênio (dry shipper) e armazenado em botijão de nitrogênio líquido. As palhetas foram descongeladas em banho- maria a 60°C por três segundos e o sêmen foi imediatamente avaliado quanto à taxa de motilidade e velocidades (curvilinear = VCL; linear = VSL e média de percuso= VAP), utilizando-se o sistema CASA. A composição e osmolalidade do diluidor afetaram a qualidade espermática pós-descongelamento. Em geral, o sêmen criopreservado em NaCl foi de melhor qualidade do que o sêmen criopreservado em glicose, e a 285 e 325 mOsm kg-1 melhor do que a 365 e 405 mOsm kg-1 . A maior qualidade pós-descongelamento foi observada apenas nas amostras congeladas em NaCl a 285 mOsm kg-1, com motilidade acima de 60% e VCL acima de 140 μm s-1. O sêmen de B. orbignyanus deve ser criopreservado em solução de NaCl preparada em uma osmolalidade superior a do plasma seminal e usado, tanto para fins de aquicultura, quanto para programas de conservação, uma vez que B. orbignyanus é uma espécie ameaçada. Resumen: La piracanjuba Brycon orbignyanus es un pez Del orden characiformes, nativo de América del Sur. Los cambios en el curso del rio, la urbanización, polución y construcción de hidroeléctricas son algunas de las razones por las cuales Brycon orbignyanus está actualmente clasificada como una especie amenazada de extinción. La criopreservación de semen de peces ofrece una herramienta por la cual la reproducción es optimizada, mejorando los programas de conservación y mejoramiento genético de las especies. Un medio de congelamiento ideal debe evitar el inicio de la movilidad espermática, durante el almacenamiento. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la composición y de la osmolalidad del diluidor, en la cualidad del semen criopreservado de B. orbignyanus. Los macho de B. orbignyanus fueron seleccionados en tanques de tierra en la Estación de Piscicultura de la CEMIG, en Itutinga, durante el periodo reproductivo (Diciembre a Febrero). Los machos recibieron dosis única de extracto pituitario de carpa y el semen fue colectado después de 8 – 10 horas. La osmolalidad del plasma seminal fue mensurada (249 mOsm kg-1). Ocho diluidores comprendiendo la combinación de dos composiciones (NaCl y Glucosa) y cuatro osmolalidades (285, 325, 365 e 405 mOsm kg-1) fueran evaluados. El metilglicol fue usado como agente crioprotector. El semen diluido fue envasado en pajillas de 0,25mL, congelado en tanque de vapor de nitrógeno (dry shipper) y almacenado en tanque de nitrógeno liquido. Las pajillas fueron descongeladas en baño maria a 60°C por tres segundos y el semen fue inmediatamente evaluado en cuanto a tasa de movilidad y velocidades (curvilinear = VCL; linear = VSL y media = VAP), utilizando el sistema CASA. La composición y osmolalidad del diluidor afectaron la calidad espermática pos descongelación. En general, el semen criopreservado en NaCl fue de mejor calidad que el semen criopreservado en glucosa, y a 285 y 325 mOsm kg-1 mejor que a 365 y 405 mOsm kg-1. La mayor calidad pos descongelación fue observada apenas en las muestras congeladas en NaCl a 285 mOsm kg-1,, con movilidad encima de 60% y VCL encima de 140 μm s-1. El semen de B. orbignyanus debe ser criopreservada en solución de NaCl preparada en una osmolalidad superior a la del plasma seminal y usando, tanto para fines de acuicultura como para programas de conservación, teniendo en cuenta que B. orbignyanus es una especie amenazada.

The aim of this report is to demonstrate and explore how the vernacular architecture and crafts of the Andean region of Colombia could inspire the creation of an interior installation that is designed to convey a personal interpretation of the tensions associated with the current internal conflict in Colombia and a sincere aspiration for sustainable peace. To approach this hypothesis, the perspectives of experts in those matters were imperative and guided the further research of alternative secondary methods that included books, journals, and official publications. The main structure of the report attempts to address three principal chapters. The first chapter intends to recognise and highlight the importance of Guadua to the vernacular architecture and crafts associated with the Andean region of Colombia. The second chapter focuses on the investigation of the current trends and science behind narrative design and the infinite possibilities of storytelling in exhibitions and set design. Finally, the third chapter explores the current internal conflict between the FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) and Colombia’s National Government, which in theory is being tried to be resolved from the study of peace agreements and new possibilities for both parts achieving justice and repair.Findings obtained throughout the research and analytical process show that Guadua’s characteristics as a construction material represent a new insight in the scenario of a sustainable world. Furthermore, Colombia’s ongoing conflict, although it depends on many factors, should be acknowledged globally and has the potential to be tackled from a new artistic perspective, where an interior installation encodes a sincere aspiration for sustainable peace.

This dissertation aims to discuss and analyse the images constructed of the Arabs in Latin America in the first half of the twentieth century. Based on mass media productions of the time, aspects of movie and novel narratives will be examined with the intention of forming an idea of what stereotypes Arabs had to deal with in their daily lives and how they overcame them. In order to understand the question of “How has the status of Arabs been represented in the Americas”, there will be a revision of what the main historical highlights of the Arab diaspora in Latin America are, and how historiography has approached Middle Eastern presence in the continent. I will examine the interplay between locals and Arab immigrants through the eyes of local stereotypes, and state discourses concerning immigration. Finally, I will argue that despite negative stereotypes, Arabs have managed to achieve very important professional goals in Latin America, and their contributions to society have been greater than what has been acknowledged so far in the continent. Esta tesis recibió una distinción meritoria.

Latin American countries have, since the colonization period, been strongly influenced by currents, cultural and sociological notions of Europe and North America. The process of introduction and assimilation of these aspects is slow and occurs in a very special way. This document relates this process of architecture and urban modernization in Latin American countries and more specifically in Colombia. To illustrate this process, the essay goes through the history of modernity in this country in relation to its specific socio political background and focusing in one of the most important architects of the past generation: Rogelio Salmona. Thedescription of Salmona’s architecture is done trough a research on his position as well as on the formal aspects of his oeuvre and the relation to the specific context of Bogota. Through a deep view on his notions, works and influences it is aimed to establish an importance of his oeuvre in the building of a constructive and social identity in a country with countless socio political and economical issues. Resumen: Los países latinoamericanos han conocido desde su colonización fuertes influencias de corrientes culturales y sociológicas provenientes de Europa y Norte América. El proceso de introducción y asimilación de estas ha sido lento y se ha producido en distintas formas. Este documento relata el proceso de modernización de la arquitectura y el urbanismo en países de América Latina y más específicamente en Colombia. Para ilustrar este proceso, el ensayo resume la historia del modernismo en arquitectura en Colombia, en relación con sus características sociales y políticas. Asimismo se enfoca en uno de los Arquitectos más importantes de la generación pasada: Rogelio Salmona. El recuento arquitectónico de Salmona es hecho a través de un análisis en su posición como arquitecto así como en los aspectos formales de su obra en relación con el contexto específico de la ciudad de Bogotá. A través de un análisis de sus nociones, trabajos e influencias se busca establecer la importancia de su obra en la construcción de una identidad social en un país con un sin número de problemas sociales, políticos y económicos.

A Strong type is a class of a bounded equivalence relation (i.e. the quotient is a proper set) on tuples of the monster model of a complete theory T. Today, there are three different notions of strong types: a Shelah’s strong type is a class under the smallest definable equivalence relation on the monster model C with finite classes; a Kim-Pillay strong type is a class of the least bounded type-definable equivalence relation kp, in fact, this type may be characterized as the finest notion of strong type for which the corresponding quotient is a compact Hausdorff space when it is equipped with the so-called logic topology; finally, a Lascar strong type is simply a class of the smallest equivalence relation ls, which is bounded and invariant under automorphisms. For some years, it was an open problem to find an example of a theory for which the Kim-Pillay and the Lascar strong type do not coincide. After finding such example, it was suggested that Lascar strong types could be described from the point of view of Decriptive Set Theory, in particular of quotient of Polish spaces by Borel equivalence relations. Furthermore, it was conjectured that for every tuple a of the monster model, if [a]ls = [a]kp, then [a]kp restricted to [a]ls is nonsmooth, using the so-called Silver dichotomy. Despite the Stone space is not always Polish, the authors proved such conjecture distinguishing the case when the theory is countable -in which case for any countable model M of T, S(M) is Polish- and when it is not. My Master’s thesis consists in filling up all the details for both cases, specially for the case when T is countable. Given a complete first order theory T, its monster model C has none topological structure. Nevertheless, given a model M of T, the Stone space S(M) has it, this is, it is well known that it is Hausdorff, that given any formula ', the set of [ ] determines a basis of clopens, etc.

This thesis offers an account of how the Colombian Army recovered from a series of humiliating defeats inflicted upon it by illegal armed groups led by the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) in the 1990s. It explains how a combination of internally generated, bottom-up and top-down organizational innovations, U.S. security assistance, and dynamic management from President Alvaro Uribe and a civilianized Ministry of Defense was able to restore Colombian Army morale, and to restructure and reorganize the military into an offensive force able to gain battlefield dominance and restore government authority over a greater part of the national territory.

"The dissertation is an analytical review of the available literature on marine protected areas (MPAs) to propose some governance, and spatial management mechanisms in the Colombian CaribbeanAbstract: The family Culicidae contains approximately 3,500 species of mosquitoes distributed over a diverse range of habitats around the world. Mosquito identification has been traditionally conducted with morphological features; however, the development of molecular techniques, such as DNA-barcoding, provides opportunities for gaining higher resolution in species determination. Colombia, one of the world's megadiverse countries, has a highly diverse mosquito fauna and a high prevalence of mosquito-borne diseases. In order to provide relevant information about the diversity and taxonomy of mosquito species in Colombia, this research tests the usefulness of combining adult morphology and barcode sequences to identify and describe mosquito species collected over different gradients in the Departments of Antioquia and Caldas. A total of 22 different mosquito species from eight genera were identified. One of the species, Wyeomyia luteoventralis, is the first record for Colombia. A total of 77 barcode sequences were generated with 16 species submitted as new records for public databases. These sequences were compared with the identification systems of existing DNA barcode databases (BOLD and GenBank through BLAST), to evaluate performance to discriminate mosquito specimens. We also validated the usefulness of DNA barcodes across a greater geographical area by compiling 1,292 sequences of mosquito species listed for the Neotropics and using two tree-based methods (neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood). Both methodologies provided similar results by showing 105 of 133 total species of mosquitoes separated into distinct clusters. Additionally, to provide the most up-to-date list of mosquito species for Colombia, a systematic review was complied which includes 329 species from 28 genera. This work shows the importance of combining and integrating methodologies to accurately identify diversity of mosquitoes. Resumen: La familia Culicidae contiene aproximadamente 3.500 especies de mosquitos distribuidas en una amplia gama de hábitats en todo el mundo. Tradicionalmente, la identificación de mosquitos se ha llevado a cabo con características morfológicas; sin embargo, el desarrollo de técnicas moleculares, como los códigos de barras de ADN, brinda la oportunidad de obtener una mayor resolución en la determinación de especies. Colombia, uno de los países megadiversos del mundo, tiene una diversa fauna de mosquitos y una alta prevalencia de enfermedades transmitidas por mosquitos. Con el fin de proporcionar información relevante sobre la diversidad y taxonomía de las especies de mosquitos en Colombia, esta investigación prueba la utilidad de combinar la morfología adulta y las secuencias de códigos de barras para identificar y describir las especies de mosquitos recolectados en diferentes gradientes en los departamentos de Antioquia y Caldas. En total, se identificaron 22 especies diferentes de mosquitos de ocho géneros. Una de las especies, Wyeomyia luteoventralis, es el primer registro para Colombia. Se generaron un total de 77 secuencias de códigos de barras con 16 especies presentadas como nuevos registros para bases de datos públicas. Estas secuencias se compararon con los sistemas de identificación de las bases de datos de códigos de barras de ADN existentes (BOLD y GenBank a través de BLAST), para evaluar el rendimiento para discriminar especímenes de mosquitos. También validamos la utilidad de los códigos de barras de ADN en un área geográfica mayor al compilar 1.292 secuencias de especies de mosquitos reportadas para el neotrópico y el uso de dos métodos basados en árboles (NJ y ML). Ambas metodologías proporcionaron resultados similares al mostrar 105 de 133 especies de mosquitos separadas en grupos distintos. Además, para proporcionar la lista más actualizada de especies de mosquitos para Colombia, se cumplió una revisión sistemática que incluye 329 especies de 28 géneros. Este trabajo muestra la importancia de combinar e integrar metodologías para identificar con precisión la diversidad de mosquitos. Sea, particularly in the Seaflower MPA. The Seaflower MPA is facing several challenges regarding political issues of boundary disputes and also adverse impacts on the marine environment from the increase in shipping activities. This is largely due to the expansion of the Panama Canal and the possible Nicaragua Canal, which is increasing the maritime traffic of international shipping to almost double that of today. In addition, the increase in seabed activities is also a threat to the ecosystems within it. This research describes the Colombian framework of MPAs, and it also shows the issues that face the Seaflower MPA today. The aim is to propose and to recommend some governance and management measures based on the ecosystem-based approach to establish a transboundary agreement keeping the integrity of the MPA and giving regional relevance for the protection of the unique ecosystems. Furthermore, to address the issues of negative impacts from shipping, some protective measures have to be taken to protect the ecosystems and safe navigation guaranteeing long-term sustainable development. "

En el marco del Bicentenario, celebrado en 2010, el Ministerio de Cultura publicó la colección "Biblioteca Básica de los Pueblos Indígenas de Colombia"; que, a su vez, impulsó una sana discusión en torno a la interculturalidad y la diversidad etnolingüística de la nación. Esta colección contribuyó al reconocimiento del patrimonio de los pueblos indígenas, así como a la visibilización de sus expresiones culturales y conocimientos tradicionales. La colección está compuesta por siete volúmenes y un manual introductorio, en los que se presentan las narrativas, la historia, la tradición oral y la poesía contemporánea de estas comunidades; De ahí que se incluyan muestras sobre la historia de los movimientos indígenas, antologías de literatura de la región atlántica, mitología de los Uitotos y algunas expresiones de poesía contemporánea en edición bilingüe, es decir, en el idioma original y su correspondiente traducción al español."

Estas son literaturas orales, de composición anónima y colectiva, realizadas desde fechas sin registro. Pertenecen a los siguientes doce pueblos: Inga, Camentsá, Guambiano, Nasa, Pasto, Yanacona, Pijao, Muisca, Uwa, Kogui, Wiwa e Iku. Están conectadas con formas de escritura familiares a otros objetos, seres y espacios, como los tejidos, las vasijas de barro, las figuras de oro y tumbaga, las pinturas y relieves rupestres, los animales, las plantas, las piedras, las montañas, los ríos...todos ellos "libros" en que se lee su cultura y conocimiento. Se trata pues de historias, canciones, poemas, cuentos, narraciones tradicionales, relatos ancestrales, leyendas y lenguaje ceremonial, que poseen valores literarios especiales. Más que memorias, son rememoraciones y recreaciones a las que es importante dejar de ver como "cosas del pasado", y que se refieren a un momento relacionado con nuestra humanidad: el amanecer. El poeta Jorge Miguel Cocom Pech señala en el prólogo: "es quizá el afianzamiento del sentido de pertenencia de los hombres, sean cuales fueren sus orígenes, lo que más se percibe al leer los maravillosos relatos de la obra; porque un hombre sin el conocimiento y el aprecio de sus raíces originarias carece de morada cultural, y sin ésta estará condenado a convertirse en un ágrafo de su historia, sepulcro anónimo en donde se han extraviado los hombres y pueblos".