Abstract: This research investigates how energy provision has been implemented in refugee settings. It develops a framework of analysis using concepts of linking relief rehabilitation and development and energy access (basic energy services, social infrastructures, productive uses and market based approach) to identify challenges, benefits and possibilities to improve energy provision with a long-term approach. It applies the framework to review programmes applied in mid to long-term refugee camps and recovers opinions of energy experts and official from humanitarian and development agencies. It concludes that programmes that take into account the interception between energy for social infrastructure and productive uses present opportunities for market development, long-term outcomes and possibilities for resilience among refugees and host communities. Resumen: Esta investigación investiga como la provision de energía en campos de refugiados ha sido implementada. Desarolla un marco conceptual de análisis, utilizando el concepto de vincular, la asistencia humanitaria, la rehabilitación y el desarrollo junto con aproximaciones al acceso a la energía ( servicios de energía básicos, infraestructuras sociales, usos productivos y abordaje basado en el Mercado). Mediante este marco, la investigación identifica retos, beneficios y posibilidades para mejorar la provision de energía con un enfoque de largo plazo. Aplica el marco de análisis para revisar una serie de programas implementados en campamentos de refugiados con duración de mediano a largo plazo. Además, recopila opinions de expertos en energía y oficiales de agencias humanitarias y de desarrollo. Concluye que los programas que toman en cuenta en su implementación la intersección entre proyectos de energía para infraestructura social y usos productivos son los que presentan más y mejores oportunidades para el desarrollo de un mercado, impactos de largo plazo y posibilidades para construir resiliencia entre los refugiados y las comunidades receptoras.

The research topic was about the responses of Gammarus pulex to chemical signals released from the predator fish, Leuciscus idus. The aim of this study is to compare the responses of individuals of G.pulex when these individuals are alone and in group. This research was done because there was lack of information about single and group responses of G.pulex to chemical signals released from predators. Three experiments (a pre-experiment, main experiment and a side experiment) were performed to compare the single and group responses of G.pulex to chemical stimuli. The first two experiments consisted in three treatments named Normal, Control and Fish water. The normal and control treatments were made by Dutch Standard Water whereas the fish water contained chemical cues of the predatory fish, L.idus. The side experiment included ammonium as a fourth treatment. The reason of the ammonium treatment was to compare the responses of G.pulex to ammonium and fish water to see if the responses of G.pulex could be stress responses to the ammonium rather than the fish cue contained in the fish water. In general, individuals and groups of G.pulex showed the lowest values of activity under the fish water treatment. In singles and groups of G.pulex, there were significant differences between the control and fish water and between the normal and fish water treatments indicating that the singles and groups respond to the fish water, which was the predator chemical source. Also, there were significant differences between the ammonium and fish water treatments suggesting that G.pulex distinguished between these two chemical sources. Generally, G.pulex tended to reduce activity in the presence of fish water, however, not all the individuals of G.pulex reduced the activity in the same manner, which suggested that there were variations in individual responses to the predator chemical source.

Kinesiology tape is commonly applied to enhance muscle functioning. The targeted improvement could be influenced by the neuromuscular stimulation acquired within the muscle and modulated by the mechanoreceptor after its application. The importance of the muscular facilitation effect that K-TAPE may produce within the muscle lies on the direct impact of this property on athletes’ performance, health promotion, injury- prevention and rehabilitations programs. This study seeks to investigate if the application of K-TAPE, from origin to insertion of the RF, significantly increase the motor unit firing within the muscle, after performing a MVC. More precisely, this study examines whether this application leads to a better muscle functioning or conversely, no significant differences on the electrical stimulation within the rectus femuris muscle when using K-TAPE after MVC. Based on an EMG experimental study and using pre-test/post-test designs, twenty healthy subjects were randomly allocated into experiment and control groups. Using regression analysis to compare pre-test and post-test EMG outputs, findings of this study confirm a significant improvement on the neuromuscular facilitation of the rectus femuris of 7% on average. This result is statistically significant at 5% confidence level. Additional tests show that the difference can be as high as 25% after the application of the K-tape. Further analysis on the control group could not reject the theory proved on the experiment group. The contribution made in this study proves that Kinesiology tape can be used to enhance the muscular functioning.

Abstract: Being liked or preferred by peers is important for human beings and more so for children. During preschool years the development of the ability to relate to peer groups takes place. At this age, being highly disliked by peers in a group may be a sign of the particular functioning of specific neurocognitive processes. This study thus explored how cognitive inhibitory control (CIC) and behavioral inhibition/behavioral activation systems (BIS/BAS) are associated with peer preference in preschool children. Twenty-nine 4-year-olds were tested with a neuropsychological measure of CIC (i.e. peg tapping task), and a neuropsychological (i.e. SPSRQ-C) and a neurophysiological (i.e. EEG frontal asymmetry) measure of BIS/BAS activity. Peer preference was measured with sociometric interviews. CIC was not associated with peer preference. In contrast, BIS was positively related with peer preference, while BAS was negatively related with peer preference. Specifically, the ‘fight/flight/freezing system’ factor of the BIS and the ‘drive’ factor of the BAS showed the significant correlation with peer preference. Furthermore, the BIS to BAS ratios proved useful to explain peer preference. No correlation was found between EEG frontal asymmetry and peer preference. The importance of considering both BIS and BAS scores is discussed. A major role of BIS/BAS, compared to CIC, in level of peer preference was concluded. Resumen: Ser querido o preferido por los pares es importante para los seres humanos y aún más para los niños. Durante los años preescolares toma lugar el desarrollo de la habilidad para relacionarse con grupos de pares. A esta edad, ser rechazado por pares puede ser signo del funcionamiento particular de ciertos procesos neurocognitivos. Este estudio exploró cómo el control inhibitorio cognitivo (CIC) y los sistemas de inhibición/activación comportamental (BIS/BAS) están asociados con la preferencia de pares en niños preescolares. 22 niños de 4 años de edad fueron evaluados con una medida neuropsicológica de control inhibitorio cognitivo (i.e., tarea de peg tapping) y una medida neuropsicológica y neurofisiológica (i.e., asimetría frontal electroencefalográfica) de la actividad de los sistemas de inhibición/activación, BIS/BAS. La preferencia de pares se midió con entrevistas sociométricas. El control inhibitorio cognitivo CIC no se encontró asociado a la preferencia de pares. En cambio, la escala BIS de inhibición y la escala BAS de activación comportamental se encontraron asociadas, de manera respectiva, positivamente y negativamente, con la preferencia de pares. Específicamente, el “sistema de lucha/escape/bloqueo” del BIS y el “impulso” del BAS fueron los factores que estuvieron significativamente relacionados con la preferencia de pares. Además, la relación BIS/BAS resultó útil al explicar la preferencia de pares. No se encontraron correlaciones entre la asimetría frontal electroencefalográfica y la preferencia de pares. Aquí se discutirá la importancia de considerar ambos puntajes en las escalas del BIS y el BAS. En este estudio se concluyó un papel fundamental de los sistemas de inhibición comportamental BIS/BAS, en contraste con el del control inhibitorio cognitivo, para qué tanto se es preferido por los pares en la edad preescolar.

Abstract: This paper identifies the determinants of housing tenure choice in Bogotá and its neighboring counties. Using the Multipurpose Survey 2014, we distinguish formal and informal housing and further disentangle the formal into two different tenure modes, renting and owning. We use two different econometric approaches: Multinomial Logit Model and Nested Logit Model, in order to report the magnitude of these effects. We found that people prefer be renter in Bogotá comparing with be renter in the near counties. This fact is explained by the increase in the price of land in the last years. Resumen: Este documento identifica los determinantes de la elección del tipo de vivienda en Bogotá y municipios aledaños. Usando la Encuesta Multipropósito de Bogotá 2014, se distingue entre vivienda formal e informal, separando la vivienda formal en dos diferentes modos de ocupación: arriendo y propietario. Se usan dos diferentes aproximaciones econométricas: el Modelo Logit Multinomial y el Modelo Logit Anidado, para reportar la magnitud de esos efectos. Se encuentra que se prefiere rentar en Bogotá, comparando con rentar en municipios aledaños. Este efecto es explicado por el incremento en el precio de la tierra en los últimos años.

El tema propuesto es el análisis de la situación de las instalaciones zoológicas y del paradigma en su concesión. En el transcurrir del tiempo estas instalaciones han pasado de un interés netamente como colección de animales y su exposición a concebirse como diferentes programas de conservación ex situ de especies exóticas. Este objetivo ha exigido una mayor atención por un lado de las modalidades de mantenimiento de los animales y por otro a la ambientación del paisaje circundante. Con ese propósito y del análisis de los casos se evidenciaron grandes problemas y con frecuencia la ausencia de soporte normativo para este tipo de instalaciones. La evidencia más notoria es sin lugar a duda la ausencia de indicaciones especificas en los instrumentos de planeación que permiten a las entidades gestoras de los jardines zoológicos interpretar la norma a conveniencia sin ninguna clase de control paisajístico – ambiental. El tratamiento del tema propuesto requirió el análisis de documentos de diversos tipos incluyendo las leyes y las normativas europeas generales hasta las normativas nacionales italianas y españolas; aunque no se encontró biografía de referencia al tema de la reglamentación urbanística. Después de un análisis teórico de la evolución histórica y de los análisis normativos y la comparación de los casos de estudio en Torino y en Barcelona se encontraron diferencias y similitudes entre los proyectos para jardines zoológicos. En el desarrollo surgieron preguntas como: ¿sería oportuno establecer algún tipo de requisitos urbanos para obtener la licencia de funcionamiento para el zoológico? ¿Ya que aún no está establecido esto como requisito, hay necesidad de un estudio paisajístico y ambiental para este tipo de proyectos?

Résumé: Cette recherche est axée sur les concepts d’art inclusif, du soin, des effets positifs de l’art, du processus de création et de médiation culturelle. Elle questionne également le rôle de l’art-thérapeute dans ses capacités à créer des dispositifs pour faciliter l’accès à l’art aux publics en situation de handicap au sein des lieux culturels. Le rôle des institutions culturelles et artistiques ne doit pas être oublié car elles garantissent la démocratisation de l’art et ses effets sur l’humain. Resumen: Esta investigación esta basada en los conceptos de arte inclusivo, de la atención, de los efectos positivos del arte, del proceso de creación y la mediación cultural. Este estudio interroga el rol del arte-terapeuta y su habilidad en la creación de talleres dedicados al publico con discapacidad que acogen museos, galerías o cualquier espacio relacionado con el arte y la cultura. El rol que las instituciones culturales tienen en nuestra sociedad no debe ser olvidado, ya que estas garantizan la democratización del arte y sus efectos positivos en el ser humano. Abstract: This research is based on the concepts of inclusive art, healthcare, positives effects of art, creation process and cultural projects. This study also interrogates the role of the art-therapist in his/her ability to create workshops dedicated to a public with disabilities at museums, galleries or any places related to art or culture. The role that cultural institutions have in society should not be forgotten, as they guarantee the democratization of art and its positives effects in human beings.

ITALIANO La città colombiana di Santiago di Cali è stata catalogata come zona di alta pericolosità sismica. Diversi scuotimento di alti livelli di intensità nel passato hanno registrato effetti significativi sull’infrastruttura della città. In conseguenza, uno studio di pericolosità sismica è stato fatto dall’Istituto Geologico e di Mine Colombiano (INGEOMINAS), dove diverse zone di comportamento dinamico omogeneo sono state caratterizzate. Per migliorarne la conoscenza sulla risposta del sottosuolo, Otálvaro et al., (2010) hanno sviluppato diverse prove geofisiche nel campus della Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ Cali), localizzata nella zona omogenea 4e. Come risultato delle prove e dell’analisi di informazione indiretta (pozzi di estrazione nelle vicinanze), un profilo sismo-geotecnico tipico è stato proposto. L’obiettivo della presente ricerca è stato la determinazione della pericolosità in superficie, in termini di Spettro di Risposta a Pericolosità Uniforme (UHS) per la PUJ Cali, conoscendo la pericolosità di base dall’Analisi Probabilistica della Pericolosità Sismica (PSHA) e valutando la Risposta Sismica Locale (RSL) del deposito di terreno. La metodologia seguita per la definizione dello spettro UHS in superficie intende, prima, la determinazione di un numero sufficiente di accelerogrammi rappresentativi della pericolosità di base per l’analisi del comportamento sismico del deposito di terreno in PUJ Cali, tramite RSL. I risultati dalla RSL si presentano in termini di funzioni di amplificazione, ovvero l’entità dell’amplificazione subita dal profilo di terreno per diversi periodi spettrali, in funzione del livello di scuotimento. Come ultimo passaggio, bisogna integrare tali funzioni con lo spettro UHS in condizioni di riferimento (roccia), dalla PSHA. La strada scelta per questa operazione è stata il Metodo della Convoluzione (Bazzurro & Cornell, 2004b), un metodo consistente con la natura probabilistica della PSHA che intende superare le limitazioni dei “Metodi Ibridi”, dove la PSHA si integra con la RSL semplicemente tramite moltiplicazione periodo a periodo dell’UHS in roccia per dei valori deterministici di amplificazione. Inoltre, la variabilità nel profilo delle velocità delle onde di taglio (Vs) è stata introdotta tramite simulazioni Monte Carlo. I risultati per il presente caso di studio, in termini di UHS per periodi di ritorno di 475 e 1000 anni, segnalano come il metodo della convoluzione, contrario a quanto riportato in letteratura, prevede accelerazioni spettrali consistentemente minori di quelle in corrispondenza dei metodi ibridi. Tale differenza è ancora più significativa all’aumentare del periodo di ritorno. Inoltre, è stato evidenziato come l’effetto della variabilità nel profilo di Vs si tradurre in minori amplificazioni per quasi tutti i periodi spettrali, questo dovuto al fatto della non-linearità indotta nei profili randomizzati meno rigidi. Tuttavia, in termini di UHS, l’inclusione dell’incertezza genera uno spettro più conservativo dello spettro nel caso deterministico poiché il metodo della convoluzione tiene in conto della deviazione standard delle funzioni di amplificazione, significativamente maggiore considerando randomizzazione. Finalmente, è da notare come lo spettro UHS in superficie proposto per PUJ Cali in questo elaborato prevede accelerazioni spettrali minori di quelle corrispondenti agli spettri riportati da INGEOMINAS (2005a) e Otálvaro et al., (2010) sapendo che tali spettri sono inviluppi e non risposte medie. ENGLISH Colombian city Cali has been classified as a high seismic hazard zone. Several recorded ground motions have registered significant effects on the city’s infrastructure. In consequence, a seismic hazard analysis was developed by the Institute of Geology and Mines in Colombia (INGEOMINAS), where dynamically homogeneous zones were characterized. To improve the knowledge regarding the seismic response from the soil, Otálvaro et al., (2010) performed a number of geophysical surveys on the campus of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ Cali), located on the homogenous zone 4e in Cali. The outcome from the tests and some indirect information was a proposed typical soil profile. This study aims to determine the hazard in surface, in terms of Uniform Hazard Spectrum (UHS) for PUJ Cali, knowing the UHS for rock conditions from the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) and evaluating the soil’s Local Seismic Response (RSL). The methodology followed to define the UHS in surface consists in first determining enough ground motions coherent with the base hazard for then performing the seismic behavior analysis for the subsoil, by RSL. Results from RSL are presented as amplification functions, that is, the entity of the amplification suffered by the soil for diverse spectral periods, as a function of the level of strain induced. The last step consists in merging said functions with the PSHA. For this operation, the Convolution Method (Bazzurro & Cornell, 2004b) was chosen, a method consistent with the probabilistic nature from the PSHA which aims to overcome the limitations from “Hybrid Methods”, where PSHA is merged with RSL by a simple multiplication, period by period, of UHS in rock and deterministic values for amplification. Furthermore, the soil’s profile variability is accounted as uncertainty in the shear-wave velocity (Vs) profile, implementing Monte Carlo simulations. Results, in terms of UHS for return periods of 475 and 1000 years, show how spectral accelerations from the convolution method, contrary as reported in literature, are consistently lower than those corresponding to hybrid methods. This difference becomes more significant as return period increases. Discussing the effect of uncertainty in Vs, it is noted how lower amplifications are experienced for most periods when considering a stochastic situation, this because of non-linearity induced in less rigid randomized profiles. Nevertheless, the UHS considering Vs variability is more conservative than the UHS from the deterministic profile due to the inclusion of standard deviation of amplification functions in the convolution method, significantly higher than those corresponding to the base profile. Finally, it is noted how the UHS proposed for PUJ Cali for this study predicts lower spectral accelerations than those spectrums reported from INGEOMINAS (2005a) and Otálvaro et al., (2010), acknowledging that these last spectrums are envelopes and do not represent a median response.

Mudejar Art, the architectural style that emerged in Spain during the Reconquista, is relatively common in Spanish Colonial architecture in America, but it was merely an echo of the contemporary buildings constructed in Spain during the years of the colony. The presence of completely Islamic structures, however, such as the Mosque-type chapels, defy that observation, because the hypostyle plan had not been used in Spain for at least a hundred years. This research compares five chapels built in Mexico during the sixteenth century that follow a hypostyle plan, which resemble mosques in almost every aspect. It also proposes that these Mosque-type churches were a creative solution to accommodate the indigenous population, their patterns of worship and their number during the early years of the colony. These Islamic-inspired designs precede the open-air chapels, which became a common feature in sixteenth century Mexican architecture. An additional transcultural element given by the main users and builders of these chapels enrich the panorama of Mudejar art, mixing Native American religion and culture with an already rich Spanish Mudejar taste.

This paper examines how certain structural factors can hinder policy learning. Public management scholars have found that learning has an important role in shaping policy, that learning plays a role in shaping the types of policy solutions that policy actors devise, that learning is a desirable goal for policy analysis and even that learning is a foundation for improving policy-making. A developing literature argues that there are several factors influencing policy learning such as structural factors (differentiated functions, decentralized structures of decision-making, leaders, etc.), social dynamics (trust, tolerance, level of conflict, etc.), technological factors (ambiguity of the technical domain, adequacy of information systems, etc.), and other exogenous factors (political, social and economic changes). However, little is known about the precise role of bureaucrats and organizational structures as facilitators or inhibitors of policy learning in the public sector. Moreover, studies on policy learning in certain policy areas, such as transport policy, are yet to be completed. This paper therefore analyses how two structural factors (centralised structures of decision- making restricting the dissemination of information and high staff turnover) hindered policy learning in three generations of road concession programmes implemented in Colombia. The author argues that in formal institutional settings in which decision-makers permanently receive an updated evaluation of the programmes that are being implemented, centralised structures of decision-making (undermining the dissemination of information) and high turnover of top civil servants (negatively affecting the role of leaders) can impede policy learning. Hence, inflexible configurations of bureaucracy in the structures of decisionmaking and high turnover of top civil servants are important enemies of policy learning and good friends of policy failure. Este documento examina cómo algunos factores estructurales pueden afectar el aprendizaje en materia de políticas públicas. Los estudios académicos en gerencia pública han encontrado que el aprendizaje tiene un importante protagonismo en la forma de diseñar políticas públicas, que el aprendizaje juega un papel esencial en definir los tipos de soluciones que los actores observan sobre las problemáticas que afrontan las políticas públicas, que el aprendizaje es un objetivo deseable para el análisis de las políticas públicas, e incluso, que el aprendizaje es un elemento básico para mejorar la forma en la que se hacen las políticas públicas. Recientemente se venido desarrollando una línea de estudios académicos bajo la que se argumenta que existen numerosos factores que influencian el aprendizaje en materia de políticas públicas, tales como factores estructurales (funciones diferenciadas, estructuras descentralizadas para la toma de decisiones, el papel de los líderes, etc.), dinámicas sociales (niveles de confianza, niveles de tolerancia, niveles de conflicto, etc.), factores tecnológicos (ambigüedades en el ámbito técnico, idoneidad de los sistemas de información, etc.) y otros factores externos (cambios políticos, sociales y económicos). Sin embargo, muy poco se conoce sobre el papel específico que juegan los burócratas (servidores públicos, etc.) y las estructuras organizacionales como facilitadores o inhibidores de los procesos de aprendizaje en materia de políticas públicas en el sector público. Adicionalmente, los estudios sobre el aprendizaje en materia de políticas públicas realizados en relación con áreas específicas (ej. políticas públicas en temas de transporte) están en proceso de completarse y son aún objeto de investigación. Por lo tanto, esta tesis analiza cómo dos factores estructurales (estructuras centralizadas en la toma de decisiones que restringen la trasferencia de información y la alta rotación de personal) afectaron los procesos de aprendizaje en materia de políticas públicas en tres generaciones de concesiones viales implementadas en Colombia. El autor sostiene que en un contexto institucional formal, en el que quienes toman las decisiones reciben información permanente y actualizada sobre la evaluación de los programas implementados, la adopción de estructuras centralizadas para la toma de decisiones (que afectan la trasferencia de información) y unas altas tasas de rotación en los servidores públicos de mayor jerarquía (que afecta negativamente el papel de los líderes) pueden impedir los procesos de aprendizaje en materia de políticas públicas. Así, configuraciones inflexibles de la burocracia en las estructuras de toma de decisiones y las altas tasas de rotación en los servidores públicos de mayor jerarquía son importantes enemigos del aprendizaje y buenos amigos del fracaso de las políticas públicas.