Push-pull conjugated polymers, consisting of electron donating and withdrawing units gained increased attention because of their narrow band gap and their response to the light absorption and emission. Accordingly, four monomers with an intrinsic push-pull effect were synthesized via a dually selective cross-coupling reaction under Stille conditions between two types of heterocycles. The dinucleophile type beared both a trimethyl stannyl group and either a pinacol boronate (3-n-hexylthiophene) or a magnesium chloride group (N-derivate pyrrole). The dielectrophilic type consisted of iodo-bromo heterocycle derivates (phenyl, pyridine and thienyl). For these monomers, the presence of a remaining metal (pinacol boronate or magnesium chloride group) and bromine allowed further polymerizations under Suzuki-Miyaura or Kumada conditions. In the case of the thienyl-phenyl and thienyl-pyridine type monomer, oligomers were formed. Their electroluminescence was successfully demonstrated by the implementation into OLED devices. Additionally, stannoles, which are tin analogues of cyclopentadienes, were studied as possible electron deficient systems in combination with thiophene derivates in organometallic push-pull monomers. The synthesis of stannoles is generally performed using the conditions of the well-known Fagan Nugent reaction of alkynes, where in the first step zirconacyclopentadienes are formed and secondly transmetalated with dichloro stannanes. This thesis focusses on the formation of zirconacyclopentadienes by comparing the synthetic reactions between Negishi’s and Rosenthal’s reagent with several alkynes. The Rosenthal’s reagent proved to give higher reaction rates as well as higher yields of zirconacyclopentadienes in those cases, in which functional groups as aryl-halides, trimethylstannyl and trimethylsilyl were present. Lastly, first attempts of cross-coupling reactions between stannoles with nucleophilic substituents in 2- and 5-positions and thiophene electrophilic derivates were done to obtain dimers, trimers or polymers containing different ratios of stannole and thienyl units.

Music unites us all as human beings, and this thesis project aims to use it as a tool to improve the deteriorated current condition of Wentworth Park. A deep urban analysis of the site showed that Wentworth Park, located in Sydney Australia, is an underdeveloped facility that lacks of character and sense of ownership from the communities of Ultimo and Glebe. By proposing a Music Vertical School, the project aims to improve this complex context by turning Wentworth Park into an Large Scale. Performance Park for the city of Sydney, with a looping bridge, that overcomes the existing urban barrier of Wattle Street while supplying the needed East – West connection between Glebe and the CBD, and a Music School that offers numerous performance venues in a highly creative and dynamic community. The design of this High Performance Building has three main components that guides the building brief space layout and urban dynamics of its users: 1. A Controlled Acoustic core where all the high acoustic performance spaces are located and all the theoretical teaching occurs, 2. A Free Acoustic Loop surrounding the core where the public and private domain coexists to stimulate both formal and informal musical learning, and 3. An Urban Parade that links Quarry and Wentworth park through the proposed looping bridge, fomenting a commercial and cultural path that serves as an open stage for informal artistic performances. Resumen: La Música nos une a todos como seres humanos, y este proyecto de tesis busca usarla como un catalizador urbano para mejorar al deteriorado Parque Wentworth, un parque de escala metropolitana ubicado en el centro de Sidney, Australia. Actualmente el parque es un equipamiento que desaprovecha su enorme potencial urbano al no ofrecer un uso recreativo y/o cultural claro a la ciudad y al no propiciar un sentido de apropiación por parte de la comunidad de Glebe y Ultimo, los barrios colindantes a este. Por medio de una Escuela Vertical de Música anexada al parque y un Plan Maestro, el proyecto busca dar respuesta a los problemas del contexto existente y a su vez propone la creación de un gran parque artístico metropolitano para la ciudad. El diseño urbano y arquitectónico está compuesto por tres conceptos que guían y organizan tanto los espacios físicos requeridos por el programa educativo, como las dinámicas y relaciones de los diferentes usuarios: 1. Un Núcleo de “Acústica Controlada” ubicado en el centro del edificio donde se organizan todos los espacios privados que requieren de un alto desempeño acústico como teatros, auditorios y salones de clase. 2. Una espiral de “Acústica Libre” rodeando el núcleo central permite la coexistencia de lo público y lo privado y a la vez estimula el aprendizaje formal e informal de todos los usuarios, 3. Un “Paseo Urbano” que conecta el centro empresarial con el parque y extiende el uso educativo, creativo y cultural del edificio hacia el exterior por medio de espacios de expresión artística callejera e informal.

Introduction: The impact of poor oral health on the quality of life is of urgent importance for immigrants, refugees and asylum seekers, who are outside their habitual healthcare system, have limited financial resources, are living with reduced access to nutritious food and clean water, and have lost their social support network (Davison et al., 2007; WHO, 2018). Objectives: To describe the types and prevalence rates of oral health diseases, and to identify the risk factors associated with oral diseases in refugees and migrants in Europe. Methods: A methodology to develop a systematic review was used. The search strategy was based on original research of observational studies, which were reported between 1990 and 2018 in Medline (via PubMed). The study selection and data extraction was done using a standardised form based on the Cochrane data collection form for RCTs and NRS (Cochrane Airways, 2018). The risk of bias of the included studies was assessed using the AXIS tool for observational studies (Downes et al., 2016). Results: After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria to 118 articles, only 26 of them were selected. Overall, caries experience was higher in immigrants, refuges or asylum seekers than their natives peers in the studies. Gingivitis presented a higher trend in foreigners than in natives (Jacobson et al., 2011; Olerud et al., 2008), between 30-50% of the migrants presented gingival pockets (Olerud et al., 2008; Zimmerman et al., 1990, 1993). The immigrants and refugees were more susceptible to oral health diseases due to, poor oral hygiene status and habits, sugary based diet, lack of regular dental check-ups, limit knowledge and incorrect perceptions related to oral health, parental negative attitudes, and socio-economic risk factors such as the level of education of the parents and the income of the family. Conclusion: There was a clear correlation between immigrants, refugees, and higher trends of caries experience and periodontal conditions. In addition, the risk factors founded play an important role in the development of oral health diseases. Appropriate oral health preventive strategies are required in order to decrease the gap in oral health disease burden between the native population and the immigrants and refugees. Resumen. Introducción: Para los inmigrantes, refugiados y solicitantes de asilo, el impacto de una salud bucal deficiente en la calidad de vida es de urgente importancia, ya que, se encuentran fuera de su sistema de salud habitual, presentan recursos financieros limitados, viven con un acceso reducido a alimentos nutritivos y agua limpia, y han perdido su red de apoyo social (Davison et al., 2007; OMS, 2018). Objetivos: Describir los tipos y las tasas de prevalencia de las enfermedades de salud bucal e identificar los factores de riesgo asociados con las enfermedades bucales en refugiados y migrantes en Europa. Métodos: Se utilizó la metodología acorde para desarrollar una revisión sistemática. La estrategia de búsqueda se basó en estudios observacionales, que fueron reportados entre 1990 y 2018 en Medline (a través de PubMed). La selección de los estudios y la extracción de datos se realizaron mediante un formulario estandarizado basado en el formulario de recopilación de datos Cochrane para ECA y No-ECA (Cochrane Airways, 2018). El riesgo de sesgo de los estudios incluidos se evaluó mediante la herramienta AXIS para estudios observacionales (Downes et al., 2016). Resultados: Después de aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión a 118 artículos, 26 artículos fueron seleccionados. En general, la experiencia de caries fue mayor en inmigrantes, refugiados o solicitantes de asilo que sus pares nativos. La gingivitis presentó una tendencia más alta en los extranjeros que en los nativos (Jacobson et al., 2011; Olerud et al., 2008), entre el 30-50% de los migrantes presentaron bolsas gingivales (Olerud et al., 2008; Zimmerman et al., 1990, 1993). Los inmigrantes y refugiados eran más susceptibles a las enfermedades de salud bucal debido a malos hábitos y cuidados deficientes en la higiene bucal, una dieta azucarada, falta de controles dentales regulares, conocimiento limitado y percepciones incorrectas relacionadas con la salud bucal, actitudes negativas de los padres, y factores de riesgo socio-economicos como el nivel de educación de los padres y los ingresos de la familia. Conclusión: Hubo una clara correlación entre inmigrantes, refugiados, y más altas tendencias en la experiencia de caries y condiciones periodontales. Además, los factores de riesgo encontrados jugaron un papel importante en el desarrollo de las enfermedades de salud bucal. Por lo tanto, se requieren estrategias preventivas de salud bucal apropiadas para disminuir la brecha en la carga de enfermedades de salud bucal entre la población nativa, y los inmigrantes y refugiados.

Public space is a crucial component of cities, both in its physical and social aspects, for it is where social cohesion is formed and where sense of belonging is born. For a public space to achieve these, it must foster social interactions or urban encounters between strangers in the city. Bogotá’s history of public space is interesting, for some of its initiatives have been innovative both in social and physical terms. It seems like the city has understood the importance of the public realm in society, yet not a lot of what is understood is applied to the measurement, design, and planning of the spaces themselves. This thesis has the purpose of showcasing how Bogota has failed to produce public spaces that foster interactions because the lens of analysis and design of these responds mostly to quantity and not quality. The five main components of the thesis are: understanding the importance of public space as a place for interaction; the various ways in which public space has been analyzed in terms of the physical and the social components; a review of how Bogota has understood, produced, and analyzed the “success” of public space; propose new methodologies Bogota should be applying to address public space; and analyze several public spaces in Bogota to showcase how these new methodologies can reveal insights into producing public space that encourages interactions and thus fosters social cohesion and sense of belonging to the city. Resumen: El espacio público es un componente crucial en las ciudades, tanto por sus aspectos físicos como sociales, es allí donde se genera cohesión social y donde se fortalece el sentido de pertenencia. Para que el espacio público tenga ese efecto, debe promover las interacciones sociales o los encuentros urbanos casuales entre ciudadanos. La historia urbanística de los espacios públicos de Bogotá es compleja e interesante ya que algunas de sus iniciativas han sido innovadoras incluso repetidas en la región. Aparentemente, existe la noción de la importancia del dominio público en la sociedad, pero esto no se ve reflejado al momento de medir, diseñar y planear los espacios mismos. El propósito de esta tesis es demostrar cómo Bogotá ha fallado al no producir espacios públicos que fomenten las interacciones como resultado de un enfoque cuantitativo y no cualitativo. Los cinco componentes principales de esta tesis son: comprender la importancia del espacio público como espacio de interacción; entender las diferentes formas en que se ha analizado el espacio público en términos de los componentes físicos y sociales; realizar una revisión de cómo Bogotá ha entendido, producido y analizado el “éxito” del espacio público; proponer nuevas metodologías mediante las cuales Bogotá debería abordar el espacio público; y analizar varios espacios públicos en Bogotá para demostrar cómo estas nuevas metodologías pueden revelar nuevas perspectivas para la producción de espacios públicos que potencien las interacciones y que por lo tanto fomenten la cohesión social y el sentido de pertenencia hacia la ciudad.

This dissertation contends that social movements who advocate for Food Sovereignty (FS) can influence rural policy changes and counter the Corporate Food Regime by using strategic three-dimensional alliances with civil society, State and international actors to defend autonomous methods of production and bottom-up ways of knowing in front of agricultural neoliberal policies. The Agrarian Strike of 2013 in Colombia shows that these movements can have influence even in contexts of violence and historic neglect of peasants as political subjects. The FS advocacy around the world is composed of autonomous networks that undertake their own strategies of influence according to the political and historical context in which they live. The Agrarian Summit which resulted from the strike challenged Resolution 970 of 2010 because it was part of the failed development promise of the New Green Revolution, which ended up threatening farmers’ livelihoods and their autonomy over their own food production system. The implementation of the resolution was an opportunity as threat because it was the tipping point for the peasantry to revolt against the country’s development model and join other ethnic forces to pressure the government to recognise the peasant as an autonomous cultural category with differentiated rights. This case study shows that cultural recognition has the potential to advance FS ideas on domestic and international spaces of rural policy deliberation. Resumen: En esta tesis se argumenta que los movimientos sociales que luchan por la soberanía alimentaria pueden influenciar cambios en las políticas rurales y confrontar el régimen alimentario corporativo, por medio de alianzas tridimensionales con la sociedad civil, el Estado y actores internacionales, para defender métodos autónomos de producción y saberes desde la base, ante políticas neoliberales de agricultura. El Paro Nacional Agrario del 2013 en Colombia, muestra que estos movimientos pueden tener influencia, incluso en contextos de violencia y rechazo histórico hacia los campesinos como sujetos politicos. La lucha por la soberanía alimentaria alrededor del mundo se compone por redes autónomas que llevan a cabo sus propias estrategias de influencia, de acuerdo al contexto histórico y politico en el que viven. La Cumbre Agraria, que resultó del paro, retó la Resolución 970 del 2010, porque esta fue parte de la fallida promesa de desarrollo de la llamada Nueva Revolución Verde que terminó amenazando el sustento de vida y la autonomía de los campesinos sobre su propio sistema de producción de alimentos. La impelementación de la resolución terminó siendo una “oportunidad como amenaza” porque provocó que el campesinado colombiano se revelara en contra del modelo de desarrollo del país y convocaron diversas fuerzas étnicas para presionar a que el Gobierno reconociera al campesino como una categoría cultural con derechos diferenciados. Este estudio de caso muestra que el reconocimiento cultural tiene el potencial de avanzar las ideas de soberanía alimentaria en espacios locales e internacionales de deliberación de políticas rurales.

Insulin hormone is produced by pancreatic beta-cells and its biosynthesis, secretion, and intracellular degradation is tightly regulated. Newly formed SGs are preferentially released upon glucose stimulation while aged SGs are less competitive to be released and are more prompt to degradation mainly within lysosomes. The most assumed mechanism leading aged SGs to lysosome is autophagy, a degradation system for altered proteins and damaged organelles. The autophagic marker LC3 has facilitated the detection of autophagy through LC3-based biochemical and microscopic assays, as well as the possibility to experimentally manipulate the autophagy pathway. Here, we intended to establish a model for the further study of mechanism that target aged Ins-SNAPTMR-Star+ SGs to GFP-LC3+ autophagosomes in INS-1 cells by using three different approaches. Our results show that in INS-1 cells, modulation of autophagy with chemical agents can be detected by western blot. Likewise, TIRF Microscopy allowed for the detection of positive GFP-LC3+ aged Ins-SNAPTMR-Star+ objects in the cortical region of INS-1 cells. Additionally, we implemented SIM microscopy to gain more detail in the morphological aspect of autophagosomes vesicles. Despite some hints about the autophagosomal structures were uncovered through these approaches, further experiments should be performed to complement and confirm our findings. Thus, establishment of a suitable model for the study of autophagy, will allow us to further study the mechanisms behind the targeting process of aged SGs and to better understand how impairment of autophagy contributes to deterioration of pancreatic beta-cell function and subsequent onset of type 2 diabetes.

Changing the soundscape in a translation of a film is not a usual practice. The main reason why dubbing companies avoid modifying the soundscape is because the acoustic aspects of an audiovisual product can deeply affect how it is read and interpreted. From1960 until 2000, however, it was common for dubbing companies to hire a composer to re-score and localize (adapt the product to the local culture) the soundscapes of Japanese animations. Miyasaki’s film Majo No Takkyubin [Kiki’s Delivery Service] is an excellent case study of this phenomenon since it has an English dubbed version released by Disney in 1998 and another one released in 2010. The use of an interdisciplinary approach between translation studies, musicology and film studies in the analysis and comparison of the soundscapes of the original film and its dubs evidence the correlation between the norms and convention that dictated the localization of the script and the acoustic aspects of the soundscape (music cues and sound effects). The first section of the dissertation delves into theoretical concepts of translation studies and audiovisual translation studies while the following section explains the conventions and norms that influenced the translation of animes in the U.S. The last section applies the concepts explained in the previous sections to the analysis of the study case as an example of the benefits that introducing a translation framework can bring to the understanding of how extra-musical and extra-textual cultural conventions can influence the composing and recomposing of audiovisual soundscapes. Resumen:Modificar las bandas sonoras en las traducciones de las películas no es una práctica usual. La principal razón por la que las compañías de doblaje evitan modificar las bandas sonoras se debe a que los aspectos acústicos de un producto audiovisual pueden afectar profundamente su lectura e interpretación. Aun así, desde el año 1960 hasta el 2000 era usual que las compañías de doblaje contrataran nuevos compositores para que crearan una nueva banda sonora que localizara (adaptara el producto a la cultura local) las películas y series de animación japonesa. Un excelente ejemplo de esto es la película de Miyasaki "El servicio de entregas de Kiki" ya que Disney hizo un doblaje en inglés en 1998 y otro en el 2010. El uso de un acercamiento interdisciplinario entre estudios de traducción, musicología y estudios de audiovisuales en el análisis y comparación de las bandas sonoras de las version original y sus doblajes, evidencia la correlación entre las normas y convenciones usadas en la localización de la traducción del libreto y aquellas usadas para modificar los aspectos acústicos de la banda sonora (pistas musicales y efectos de sonido). La primera parte de esta tesis ahonda en los conceptos teóricos de los estudios de traducción y traducción de audiovisuales, mientras que la siguiente sección explica las convenciones y normas que influenciaron la traducción de los animes en Estados Unidos. La última sección aplica los conceptos explicados en la sección previa, en el análisis del caso de estudio como un ejemplo de los beneficios que la introducción del marco teórico de los estudios de traducción puede traer al proceso de entender como las convenciones culturales extra musicales y extratextuales pueden influenciar la composición y re-composición de bandas sonoras para audiovisuales.

Nature-based Solutions (NBS) offer unique opportunities for the private sector to innovate, from green walls to urban gardens, planting trees next to the roads or wetlands in the city. To understand, replicate and scale up successful NBS business models, it is imperative to analyze the existing business models. This master thesis analyzes the value flow of six business models related to Nature-based Solutions through an analysis of the value proposition, value creation and delivery, value capture, and value uncaptured. The latter is performed with a holistic approach that includes various stakeholders, including the environment and society and through the recognition of value destroyed, missed, surplus, and absence. This facilitates the identification of opportunities to innovate in the business model and strategies to fulfill the purpose of NBS. Nature-based Solutions aim to solve societal and environmental issues that cannot be fully addressed from the usual business model perspective, therefore an immersion in the specificities of the NBS business models provides unique possibilities to understand the relationship between environmental, social, and economic benefits and the different business models arisen from Nature-based solutions.

Acrocomia ssp. is a native palm tree in Latin America which grows wildly and produces rich oil-bearing fruits traditionally used as food and fodder. Oils from pulp and kernel have applications in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics and bioenergy sectors. Husk, endocarp and pressed cakes are by-products with manifold applications. This multipurpose characteristic of Acrocomia suits the concept of bioeconomy. Agronomic aspects, cultivation, breeding, crop management and further applications are progressively studied. Paraguay is a natural habitat of Acrocomia, which gained economic importance by mid of the 20th century with the emergence of vegetable oil industry. It is considered as an alternative crop to diversify income sources for peasant and smallholder family farmers. They represent 90% of farms in Paraguay and increasingly face multiple challenges associated to agribusiness activities. Using the approach of biomass value web, this research aims to analyse the existing Acrocomia value chains in Paraguay, identifying opportunities and constraints for inclusive upgrading. Complementary, a bottom-up Acrocomia initiative in the region of San Pedro del Paraná (Itapúa) is studied, which focus on small-scale cultivation and processing of Acrocomia fruits.

Este texto pretende analizar el proceso creativo en el cine de Agnès Varda, con el fin de descubrir las conexiones vitales que subyacen entre el gesto autobiográfico y la presencia de imágenes de casas y familias en sus películas. Se buscará comprender a la familia como un elemento preponderante que invita a descubrir nuevas formas de presencia de la cineasta dentro de su cine; prestando especial atención a la imagen de la casa como un espacio sobre el que se imprime la experiencia de la autora, y, sobre el que a su vez se presentan diferentes imaginarios de familias. La casa como dialéctica del gesto autobiográfico y de las historias de familia, y como vehiculización del quehacer cinematográfico, considerando la presencia de la propia familia de Varda dentro de su cine y la mítica casa en la Rue Daguerre en París, como instrumento para leer la Historia.