The thesis focuses the topic of squatter settlements located along borders in twin cities on the Amazon context. The study claims that Twin Cities are integrated by informality, in this case by squatter settlements along borders. In addition to the integration, these squatter settlements are transforming the border from a limit towards a social spatial construction of their territory. Based on that, the study looks for a cross border approach which can be developed by local governments of twin cities in order to manage squatter settlements along borders as a shared and common problem. In order to develop the research, the study has been done in the case of Leticia (Colombia) and Tabatinga (Brazil) twin cities in the Amazon. The thesis is focused in a natural space which has been the border between these twin cities the San Antonio ravine. Along this “natural” limit between Colombia and Brazil has been taken place an occupation of squatter settlements that has transformed the international limit into an “informal” urban space. The thesis developed two approaches in order to study the mentioned case of squatter settlements located along borders in twin cities. First, the study developed a bottom up approach analysing socioeconomic and physical characteristics of squatter settlements inhabitants and comparing both squatter settlements based on fieldwork findings. The comparative study looks for symmetric and asymmetric issues between both squatter settlements which are a key output towards a cross border approach between the twin cities based on needs and characteristics of squatter settlements inhabitants in the Amazon context. On the other hand, the study developed a review of urban policies of Colombia and Brazil looking for aspects that can be taking into account for local government of Leticia and Tabatinga in their local policies for managing squatter settlements on flood prone lands located on the border’s fringe. In addition, the study made a review of the current frontiers policies of both countries in order to find key elements that can used by local government for developing a cross border cooperation for managing squatter settlements in a cooperation and integration framework.Finally, the study looks for a short and long term appropriate approach for managing these two squatter settlements located along the border between the Leticia and Tabatinga twin cities. The recommendations for both terms can be useful input for future housing policies, and urban planning and management instruments in the twin cities based on Amazon characteristics. Moreover, the research methodology developed in the study can be an appropriate research procedure for further urban studies in Leticia and Tabatinga twin cities, especially on squatter settlements along border’s fringe.

In order to receive the title of Master of Science in Industrial Engineering and Management, the author Juan Pablo Rolón Paz, developed the current Master Thesis, which by the hand of the Dutch company ASML Holding, identified, described and analysed strategies to service generations of machines developed by ASML, now referred as platforms, during the decline stage and post Product Life Cycle (PLC). ASML is a company that designs, develops, integrates, markets and services machines to create chips that power electronic, communications, and information technology products. The services provided by ASML include spare parts, tooling and labour. ASML is characterised to offer perpetual support for their products. They service their recently released equipment, to the ones developed over the life of the company. In this light, ASML wants to identify strategies to service their platforms during the decline stage of product life cycle. This means, strategies to service their aged platforms. ASML is interested in identifying the criteria for deciding whether to stop offering their service products or not, and in the situation they agree to stop offering their service products, what approaches to take regarding post PLC.  To identify strategies to service platforms in the decline stage and post PLC, we decided to do a literature and benchmarking study, to get the best practices in service management, service parts management and service parts logistics for aged products. We met with people within ASML, and people of other companies in The Netherlands, and the United States of America. The results were triangulated with the information gathered through the literature research, meetings with experts on product life cycle and spare parts management, and having feedback from managerial people of ASML. In the next chapter, we define the research, developing the research statement, objectives, questions, scope, delineation, deliverables, method and structure.

Over the last decade, the Latin American Cross-Border M&A activity experienced a significant increase in terms of volume, value, and complexity. Between 2002 and 2011, 1483 M&A announcements involving Latin American bidders were found in this study. From this sample 344 were targeting companies in a foreign country. With the purpose of measuring to what extent CB-M&A can be a catalyst of value creation or destruction for the bidder in the short-term, the event study methodology was employed in a sample of 47 observations. I found that on average, the market reaction is positive after the announcement, leading to the short-term value creation for the Latin American acquirers. Regarding the allocation of investments in terms of geographies, the outcome shows that bidders tend to favor countries with similar cultural values and geographically close. The Hofstede’s cultural dimensions along with additional factors such as language, legal origins, and religion were analyzed in order to evaluate to what degree cultural differences affect cross-border acquisitions. However much the results are not statistically significant, it appears that cultural differences tend to have a negative effect on the bidder’s short-term performance.

Since the creation of the Old Age Pension scheme (Algemene Ouderdomswet, henceforth; AOW) in 1957 some important changes in its regulation have taken place. The purpose of this study is to analyse the redistribution of income for different individuals in the AOW taking into account these changes in regulation and different groups of individuals according to their gender, civil status and income. This comparison is made by using the Generational Accounts approach, initially presented by Auerbach (1991), in which the Net Present Value of the pension benefits received by every individual from the system is subtracted from the Net Present Value of the contributions paid to the system. In this study the database IPO, Documentatierapport Inkomenspanelonderzoek from CBS, Statistics Netherlands, has been used for some specific years after 1977. For the data of 2008 onwards the future contributions and benefits of the individuals will be projected according to the forecasts of the wage increases and pension benefits. A sensitivity analysis is also performed in order to check the changes in the Generational Accounts of the individuals with different discount rates and including the effects of the New Pension Contract.

When complying with anti-money laundering (AML) regulation, financial institutions faced some problems reflected in the form of risks and costs. In some cases, those problems have legal solutions but, in other cases, place banks in the position to decide between two risks – one being less harmful than the other. The aim of this dissertation is to provide an analysis of such risks and costs handled by financial entities, presenting some solutions provided by courts, but also identifying the gap between regulation and reality. Chapter I includes a general overview of money laundering; it makes reference to Financial Action Task recommendations in this matter and at the end the regulatory context of the crime in United Kingdom (UK). In Chapter II, each subsection refers to the risks banks may have when complying with money laundering regulations; the duality between the risk of being involved in a money laundering offence against the risk of being sued as a constructive trustee, the problem between reporting suspicious transactions against the tipping off offence, the dilemma of whether compliance with AML requirements and breaching contractual duties with customers, and an analysis of how legislation has partially solved the dilemma regarding confidentiality duty. Then, I shall discuss the costs that banks have to assume in implementing the AML system and the perception of the bankers regarding AML regulation.

In this project, the aim is the experimentation and further development of a new composite material made out of plywood, fiber glass and resin. It proposes a fabrication logic to design large continuous double skin, self structural and performative surfaces. The project introduces a step forward in the manipulation of plywood panels, pre-stressing them in a form finding process to achieve curvatures; thus, developing large structures. Through a reinforcing construction process necessity of big mandrels is avoided. Digital simulations and physical experiments were implemented in the research in order to achieve real possible geometries, to reduce weight and to simplify the structure. THE OBSESSION WITH A SURFACE The project gets the interest of producing one continuous surface based on the material behavior just as Dieste explored deeply in his research where he recognized that the surface offered a realm formal exploration that in turn, could solve structural problems. The surface is the result of environmental, structural and architectural necessities. Its efficiency responds to the optimization process. Therefore form and expression, fabrication and structural efficiency led the development of a new language of building. The optimization process determines the final shape. The shells are the material with certain thickness, but the shape is still more fundamental as it contains the space and the quality of itself.

Documento en el que el entonces senador Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera, informa a los miembros del Congreso Nacional sobre los resultados de la investigación que adelantó la comisión creada para estudiar la pertinencia de sancionar la Ley de crédito nacional en 1856. Al final del documento, que conserva la ortografía de la época, aparecen cuadros sobre el estado general de la deuda nacional, decretos sancionados por el Congreso sobre deudas públicas y una copia del proyecto de ley sobre crédito nacional.

Informe presentado por el abogado Aparicio Posada, en el que solicita a los jurados que adelantan la investigación en contra del sacerdote Tomás Escobar, que antes de pronunciar una sentencia final, tengan en cuenta la defensa presentada. A lo largo del documento Posada presenta varios argumentos a favor de la honra y buen nombre de Escobar y, en la última parte, adjunta los testimonios de varias personas que conocen al sacerdote y dan cuenta de su trayectoria y actuación religiosa. Asimismo, Posada condena la actitud del demandante José María Vargas Vila, por haber promovido injurias y juicios equívocos sobre el religioso.

Documento en el que se compilan tres alegatos y una opinión externa, respecto a la demanda que instauró Felipe Ramírez, agente de servicios de correos de la Compañía del Canal, en contra de la Compañía del Ferrocarril de Panamá, luego de haber sido agredido por parte del conductor C. Smith, quien lo expulsó violentamente del tren en movimiento, causando varios daños físicos. En el primer informe de alegatos, Francisco Ardila, en calidad de abogado de la compañía férrea, señala que la demanda de Ramírez no debe ser en contra de la compañía y califica sus declaraciones de injurias sin justificación. En el segundo, Ardila realiza varias aclaraciones de conceptos del derecho, con el fin de mostrar que la decisión de primera instancia, que favorece a Ramírez, está mal fundamentada. La tercera parte contiene los alegatos en segunda instancia de Pablo Arosemena, representante de la compañía férrea, en los que solicita que se retiren los cargos a la empresa, bajo el argumento de que la responsabilidad de los hechos era de C. Smith. Finalmente, la última parte, contiene las opiniones de Nicolás Esguerra sobre el caso, en las que menciona estar de acuerdo con el alegato de Arosemena y también justifica el accionar de C. Smith.

Résumé Adopté le 12 décembre 2015 et ratifié moins d’un an après, le 4 novembre 2016, ayant accompli le seuil de ratification exigé de 55 États représentant 55 % des émissions de GES, il n’y a aucun doute par rapport au fait que l’Accord de Paris constitue un immense succès diplomatique dans le cadre des négociations internationales du climat et constitue le début d’une nouvelle ère de diplomatique climatique. C’est pour cette raison que ce mémoire vise à analyser le texte de l’Accord mais aussi les perspectives à venir et les défis de sa mise en œuvre. Dans ce contexte, ce mémoire analyse sa portée historique et sa place dans le régime international du climat ainsi que vise à effectuer un bilan général de l’Accord et d’identifier les défis à venir pour sa mise en œuvre. Les éléments novateurs prévus dans l’Accord sont essentiellement l’introduction des contributions prévues déterminées au niveau national comme une nouvelle technique pour la réduction des émissions de GES, et l’évolution des rapports entre États par le biais de l´adoption d´un accord global et d´une approche Bottom-Up. Ce mémoire analyse la nature juridique ainsi que le contenu des CPDN caractérisées par la formulation d’engagements flexibles et volontaires à niveau national en matière d’atténuation et d’adaptation, ainsi que par l´adoption des mécanismes de coopération et assistance qui prévoient des engagements des pays développés envers les pays en voie de développement. En ce qui concerne les mécanismes et les défis relatifs à la mise en œuvre de l’Accord, ce mémoire vise à analyser son effectivité qui doit être garantie par les mécanismes de surveillance, vérification et transparence et qui est strictement liée à sa force contraignante à travers des questions liées à sa nature juridique, ainsi qu’au rôle du juge interne et des acteurs non-étatiques dans l’application de l’Accord. Parallèlement pour conclure ce mémoire, ont été envisagés les défis à venir pour la mise en place de ce nouveau régime dans la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique. Ce mémoire analyse les avancées effectuées au sein de la COP22 mais présente aussi les points critiques qui devront être développés dans les conférences à venir. Une fois l´analyse de l´Accord a été effectué, on arrive à la conclusion que les bases de la nouvelle architecture du climat ont été posées, plusieurs nouveautés ont été introduites, en effet l’Accord a réalisé une mobilisation sans précédentes de la communauté internationale mais aussi de la société civile et envisage des objectifs ambitieux qui peuvent aussi toucher le paradigme économique actuel pour conduire les États à adopter une économie verte zéro carbone. Resumen Adoptado el 12 de Diciembre de 2015 y ratificado en menos de un año, el 4 de Noviembre de 2016, una vez alcanzado el umbral de ratificación exigido constituido por 55 Estados que representen el 55 % de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, no hay duda de que el Acuerdo de París constituye un suceso diplomático sin precedentes en el contexto de las negociaciones internacionales sobre el cambio climático y el comienzo de una nueva era de diplomacia climática. Por esta razón, esta tesis busca analizar el texto del Acuerdo, así como sus perspectivas y los desafíos en su implementación. En este contexto, esta tesis analiza el aporte histórico del Acuerdo y su rol en el régimen internacional de lucha contra el cambio climático y de igual manera busca efectuar un balance general de este y de identificar los eventuales desafíos en su implementación. Los elementos innovadores del Acuerdo son principalmente la introducción de las contribuciones previstas y determinadas a nivel nacional como una nueva técnica para la reducción de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y la evolución de las relaciones entre los Estados a través de la adopción de un acuerdo global y de un enfoque Bottom-Up. Esta tesis analiza la naturaleza jurídica y el contenido de las contribuciones previstas y determinadas a nivel nacional que constituyen compromisos flexibles y voluntarios a nivel nacional en materia de adaptación y mitigación, así como la adopción de mecanismos de cooperación y asistencia que establecen compromisos por parte de los países desarrollados a favor de los países en vía de desarrollo. En lo referido a los mecanismos y a los desafíos de la implementación del Acuerdo, esta tesis busca analizar su efectividad por medio del análisis de los mecanismos de monitoreo, verificación y transparencia que se relacionan directamente con su carácter vinculante cuyo estudio se centra en la naturaleza jurídica del Acuerdo, así como en el rol de los jueces nacionales y la participación de los actores no estatales en la aplicación del mismo. Para concluir, esta tesis visualiza los desafíos que deberán ser enfrentados para alcanzar la consolidación del nuevo régimen de lucha contra el cambio climático. Esta tesis analiza los avances efectuados por la COP22, pero a su vez presenta los puntos críticos que deberían ser tratados en las próximas conferencias de las Partes. Una vez analizado el Acuerdo de París, la tesis llega a la conclusión según la cual se han introducido las bases de la nueva arquitectura sobre el cambio climático, teniendo en cuenta que el Acuerdo de París ocasionó una movilización sin precedentes de la comunidad internacional, así como de la sociedad civil y contempla objetivos ambiciosos que son susceptibles de alterar el paradigma económico actual induciendo a los Estados a adoptar una economía verde baja en carbono.