Informe general de la economía departamental de Tolima para el año 2009. A lo largo del documento se mencionan variaciones en los índices de desempleo, exportaciones e importaciones, actividades financieras, construcción de infraestructura y sacrificio de ganado con respecto al periodo anterior.

Informe general de la economía departamental de Sucre para el segundo trimestre del año 2001. A lo largo del documento se mencionan variaciones en los índices de desempleo, exportaciones e importaciones, actividades financieras, construcción de infraestructura y sacrificio de ganado con respecto al periodo anterior.

This research presents the way in which photography can affect the estimated capacity of length measurements in a group of tenth grade students of the Tesoro de la Cumbre School, using it as a learing tool. The investigation is structured in five chapters. In general, chapters one and two include the research problem and the theoretical framework, while chapter three describes the methodology used; in chapter four the data is analyzed and results are extracted, to end with chapter five where conclusions of the research, contributions and recommendations are presented. The development of this research demonstrated that photography as a learning tool of estimation constitutes a training field for the management of concepts and skills related to the magnitude and its measurement (perception and comparison), at the same time as it constitutes a field of work that allows to detect basic conceptual and procedural deficiencies (conversion of measures, recognition of the international system, estimation in calculation) coinciding in the ideas of those researchers who see estimation as a useful tool for the teaching of other concepts (Bright, 1976; Segovia et al., 1989; Whitin, 2004).

This research identifies aspects of the leadership of the teaching director that contribute to effective school management. arises from the analysis of the leadership of teaching managers of three schools, comparing the results of management. The main theoretical bases are the conceptualizations of Bolivar (2012), Maureira (2015) on school leadership, UNESCO (2014), among others: Bass and Avolio (1993), on the theme of leadership styles such as transformational and Transactional, MEN documents Guides 34 and 31. Synthesis of the importance of leadership in the results of school processes is made, a description of the school leadership background in Latin America. The concept of educational institution and school management and the role of managers are specified. Information gathering instruments were applied to the participants; as a semi-structured interview, survey and documentary review within the institutions. The research is evaluative, with a qualitative approach. applying the respondent model of Robert Stake. The categories of analysis are Management Directive, School Leadership and Leadership in Management. Triangulation was carried out to answer the research question regarding the relationship of the leadership of the managers in terms of effective school management.

Memorias del senador Joaquín Restrepo en las que propone la manumisión y abolición de la esclavitud y el tráfico de personas. En este proyecto, que fue sancionado el 21 de julio de 1821, se discutieron tres elementos: primero, la tranquilidad pública de la sociedad; segundo, los debates en torno a la propiedad legal y la posesión de sirvientes como bienes y, tercero, el impacto que sobre las rentas de la nación tiene la ley de libertad de partos y manumisión de esclavos.

Libelo que contiene noticias sobre las labores militares del coronel del ejército venezolano, Juan Toro de Ibarra, entre 1810 y 1824. En ella se toma como referencia las noticias de prensa colombiana del siglo XIX para narrar el desarrollo de batallas y eventos relacionados con el militar.

Impreso que contiene una serie de acusaciones que Ramón Santodomingo y Diego Alejandro Jácome hacen sobre la gestión gubernamental de Agustín Núñez, mientras ejerció como gobernador de Ocaña. Al final del documento se anexan las pruebas que les permiten sostener las acusaciones.

Financial inclusion helps poor households to improve their consumption levels, protect against risks and significantly reduce the need to sell assets to meet basic needs. With access to savings, credit, insurance, and other financial services, poor people take advantage of economic opportunities, are more resilient and better able to cope with the everyday crises they face. Thus, the use of financial services is associated with improvements in household economic welfare and enterprise stability or growth. By reducing vulnerability and increasing earnings and savings, financial services allow poor households to make the transformation from ‘every-day survival’ to ‘planning for the future’ (Kiva-Organization). Microfinance is even more than providing a fundamental economic basis for planning and expanding business activities. By supporting women's economic participation, microfinance helps to empower women, thus promoting gender-equity and greater investment in their children's education. Also, increased earnings from financial services lead to better nutrition and better living conditions, which translates into a lower incidence of illness. With more money, poor people may seek out and pay for health care services when needed, rather than go without or wait until their health seriously deteriorates. The availability of credit for entrepreneurs is likely to lead to economic diversification and wealth creation in the community, which might support the development of health-related infrastructure such as sanitation and medical facilities (UNCDF Microfinance). Many different studies have shown that poor people who participate in microfinance programs that had access to financial services have better economic conditions than those who did not have access to financial services (Nawaz, 2010). While this empirical evidence seems almost to be done, we looked for a field that is nearly unexplored. Instead of understanding the determinants of financial inclusion or exclusion, this study will focus on the outcomes of interest that are shaped by financial exclusion. One such outcome is individual health. To start with, individual health (and mostly mental rather than physical health) is lower the larger the uncertainty individuals face, for a given level of income. As long as financial inclusion provides insurance against many possible shocks, and allows a better planning of one's life, we should expect a positive effect of financial inclusion on individual health. Also, it seems that in most impoverished communities, financial inclusion serves to raise the level of general sanitation, which also improves individual health. With research data from Columbia, this study considers if there is any statistical significance for the linkage between financial inclusion and health. The organization of this study is the following. In Section 2 we describe the principals of financial inclusion, determinants of health and the current linkage between microfinance and health. After the theoretical part, Section 3 offers the data collection process, explains the basic survey and gives an analysis of the descriptive statistics. Section 4 includes the definition of the relevant variables as well as the regression of the models we used. The empirical findings are shown in Section 5, while the evaluation and the discussion of the results are shown in Section 6. Finally, Section 7 presents some conclusions.

Abstract: This dissertation studies the effect of scientific discoveries, regulation, and changes in market access on the American and Japanese brewing industries over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Breweries adapted to these shocks by switching to new technologies, products, and geographical markets. In the long run, this adaptation process shaped the structure of the brewing industry and introduced competition and new production techniques in the soft-drink and biotechnology industries. Using detailed data at the brewery-level, coupled with natural experiments, I study the repercussions of this adaptation mechanism across industries and over time. Resumen: Esta tesis estudia el efecto de descubrimientos científicos, regulación y cambios en acceso a mercados en las industrias cerveceras de Estados Unidos y Japón durante los siglos diecinueve y veinte. Las cerveceras se adaptaron a estos cambios modificando su mezcla de tecnologías, productos y mercados geográficos. En el largo plazo, este proceso de adaptación cambió la estructura de la industria cervecera e introdujo competencia y nuevas técnicas de producción en las industrias de la gaseosa y la biotecnología. Usando datos detallados al nivel de cervecera, junto con experimentos naturales, estudio las consecuencias de este proceso de adaptación a través de industrias y a lo largo del tiempo.

“Lavion en papier” est une méthode pour l’enseignement du français langue étrangère (FLE) auprès des enfants. Cette démarche méthodologique pour l’enseignement du FLE aux enfants en situation de handicap mental a été créée dans le but d’identifier et mettre en place des stratégies didactiques pour promouvoir une vraie inclusion pédagogique dès la classe de français à l’école IED Villemar el Carmen à Bogota. Lors de cette recherche - action, on a suivi cinq étapes fondamentales: - Tout d’abord, on a fait une exploration du contexte éducatif à l’aide de deux enquêtes ayant pour objectif de connaître des caractéristiques spécifiques de l’école et des apprenants. - Ensuite, on a fait des observations de tous les cours de l’éducation spéciale pendant la classe de langue maternelle afin de reconnaitre des éléments remarquables concernant les stratégies méthodologiques et des situations d’interaction (Élèves - Enseignants) - La troisième étape comporte une révision des notions théoriques par rapport à trois sujets essentiels pour la promotion de l’inclusion éducative à partir du cours du FLE : la pédagogie de l’inclusion, le développement cognitif des enfants et des processus d’enseignement – apprentissage des langues auprès des enfants voire ceux en situation de handicap mental. - L’étape suivante fait rappel à la conception et création d’une démarche méthodologique en prenant compte du programme de l’éducation spéciale en tant que point de référence. La dernière étape est consacrée à l’expérimentation de la méthode «L’avion en papier » auprès de deux groupes de l’éducation spéciale, ceux de la deuxième et de la troisième. Tout au long de ce processus, on est arrivée à la création du manuel pour les élèves et d’une guide pédagogique pour orienter des enseignants à mieux utiliser cette méthode. Finalement, des points forts et de possibles remédiations pour la méthode sont considérés à partir des 300 heures d’enseignement.