Descriptive research that identifies the internal and external factors that influence the failure of students in the third and fourth grades of the Rural Quiba high school. It is made up of five chapters; the problem arises from an initial inquiry to teachers. At the same time that the research work is being developed, the field work is also being developed, where the formulation of the research question and the objectives that guided the study arise. The conceptual and normative. Framework from which the categories and subcategories arise is consulted and constructed, instruments defined by the need of research are applied to parents, students, teachers and teaching directors, and validated by an expert, the instruments are applied and this information is triangulated and some Findings are collected that account for the objectives and the categories, the information is interpreted through tables and matrices where it is organized by categories; ethical considerations are taken into account to safeguard the integrity of the participants and finally conclusions are made and recommendations are presented to the institution in order to mitigate or eliminate the phenomenon of school failure in the institution. In addition, the limitations of the study are presented.

El presente estudio se trazó como objetivo implementar el uso de las herramientas digitales dentro de la programación planeada en el aula de clase, para mejorar el aprendizaje de los estudiantes de 1 a 5 de primaria en el área de las Matemáticas. Se tuvo en cuenta el concepto de los números naturales y su relación con los temas y dificultades que presentaban los niños, entre los que se resalta la ubicación posicional, secuencia numérica, realización de las operaciones básicas, y resolución de problemas. Dentro de las herramientas aplicadas se destaca Monsters Numbers, mundo Primaria.com, El Rey de las Matemáticas, estas aplicaciones son bajadas de internet, y se les guarda en los computadores para el trabajo de los niños, consisten en ofrecer al usuario temas de diferentes asignaturas en este caso matemáticas, los niños operan con los números naturales y cuentan rápidamente y deben colocar la respuesta y el mismo sistema le dice si lo hizo bien o mal, igualmente con los diferentes temas. Esta investigación aporta al aula por ser un trabajo motivante y enriquecedor.

Abstract: Claystone degradation under the effect of freezing and thaw cycles represents a key aspect in the production of erodible material in mountain ranges. Erosion processes have numerous potential consequences such as dam filling, increment in slope instability, increase of badlands, among others. Due to the possible effects related to erosion, numerous research processes have been carried out following primarily experimental approaches based on both soil physical characteristics and mechanical properties. However, these have been based on a macroscopic scale. This document presents the development of a research process based on the implementation of numerical models aimed at representing the processes involved in freezing and thawing phenomena on porous media and their effect on potential changes in soil microfabric. A calibration and validation process of the proposed numerical models was carried out based on experimental measurements of the thermal behavior of soil samples subjected to freezing and thawing cycles. Using the numerical relationships found, a methodology for determining the soil water retention curve (SWRC) was established (as a first approximation) based on a quick and relatively simple freezing and thawing test under undrained conditions. Simultaneously, and following the main objective of the research, the microfabric state during cyclic freezing and thawing was established following the relationship between SWRC and pore size distribution (PSD), as well as the possible hysteresis between freezing and thawing processes. The significant effect of these thermodynamic processes on the state of the terrain, was identified particularly in regard to increased erodibility. One possible cause for particle detachment necessary for erosion processes to occur lies in the development of macroporosity along with the existence of gaps between pore families in the PSD. This behavior was observed through the developed numerical processes. The combined effect of freezing and thawing cycles leads to an increase in soil erodibility. Finally, though a constitutive model-based approach, the cryogenic suction paths associated with freezing and thawing processes under the modification of the soil’s microstructure were established. A final perspective to soil's mechanical degradation is presented in terms of the hydraulic work associated with the cryogenic suction paths developed within the soil mass. Both the progressive evolution of the microstructure (through PSD) and the values of hydraulic work associated with each cycle show an attenuation in the incremental change as the cycles continue. Due to the numerical nature of the approximations and the trends found, further cyclical laboratory tests should be carried out. However, these represent a novel approach to the degradation phenomenon as well as the effects associated with the soil water retention curve.

Abstract: An economic model, the Colombian Forest Sector Model (CFSM), was created to analyze Colombia's commercial forest plantation policy spanning from 2018 to 2038 (PFCm policy). The CFSM is an econometric model that uses neoclassical theory to predict quantities and prices in Colombia's forest product markets. Phase I of the CFSM, detailed in this study, includes a growth and yield simulator for Colombian forest plantations and two market submodels: one for Unprocessed Wood and another for Manufactured Wood Products. Using the CFSM-I, two PFCm policy objectives were simulated to reveal their impacts on the Colombian forest sector. Simulations of expanding Colombia's forest plantation area from 0.3 million hectares in December 2015 to 1.5 million hectares by 2025 showed a fivefold increase in the volume of industrial wood available in plantations from 2015 to 2047, averaging 20.8 million cubic meters of underbark roundwood annually. This expansion would significantly affect the unprocessed wood market, multiplying wood supply and exports by 2.5 and 14.5 times, respectively, while reducing the supply price by an average of 24% compared to a scenario without plantation expansion. Simulations of a 5.5-fold expansion in Colombia's manufactured wood forest product industry's current (2022) production capacity from 2023 to 2038 indicated an average 8% increase in the consumption of unprocessed wood and manufactured wood products by the pulp and paper industry over the next 25 years, compared to a no-expansion scenario. Additionally, imports of these products and manufactured furniture industry products would decrease by 35% and 25%, respectively. Simulations of alternative plantation area expansion policies enriched the information available for policymakers and other stakeholders in preparation for the first round of the PFCm policy evaluation, scheduled for 2023 after the initial implementation period ended in December 2022. Resumen: Se creó un modelo económico, el MFSC, para el sector forestal de Colombia, con el propósito de analizar la política de plantaciones forestales comerciales en Colombia para el período 2018-2038 (PFCm). Este modelo, basado en la teoría neoclásica de mercados competitivos, proyecta cantidades y precios en los mercados de productos forestales colombianos. La Fase I del modelo, denominada CFSM-I, se enfoca en el crecimiento de plantaciones forestales y dos submodelos de mercado: madera sin procesar y productos manufacturados de madera. Las simulaciones muestran que una expansión de las plantaciones de 0,3 a 1,5 millones de hectáreas para 2025 incrementaría la disponibilidad de madera industrial en Colombia cinco veces, con un promedio anual de 20,8 millones de metros cúbicos de madera sin corteza. Esta expansión impactaría significativamente el mercado de madera sin procesar, multiplicando la oferta y las exportaciones por 2,5 y 14,5 veces, respectivamente, mientras que reduciría el precio de suministro en un 24% en comparación con la no expansión. Además, simulaciones de una expansión de 5,5 veces la capacidad actual de producción de productos maderables entre 2023 y 2038 indican un aumento del consumo de madera sin procesar y productos maderables manufacturados por la industria de la pulpa y papel en un 8% cada uno. Asimismo, las importaciones de estos productos y de productos manufacturados de la industria del mueble disminuirían un 35% y un 25%, respectivamente, en comparación con el escenario sin expansión. Estas simulaciones de políticas alternativas de expansión enriquecen la información disponible para los responsables de políticas nacionales y otras partes interesadas, de cara a la primera evaluación de la política del PFCm programada para 2023 después de su implementación inicial en diciembre de 2022.

Mauricio Nasi Lignarolo (b. Bogotá, 1949* - 2023) is an Italian/Colombian composer, harpist, multikeyboard instrumentalist, and biologist currently living in Bogotá, Colombia, where he has lectured at colleges and universities, offered composition workshops and seminars, and performed in a variety of ensembles. Maestro Nasi is a multi-faceted individual, immersed in numerous fields of the arts and sciences, and a speaker of multiple languages, including Latin. He began composing in 1975 and to date has written a total of 183 musical works, several of them adapted in diverse instrumental versions. Currently, most of his works remain unpublished. His creative style revives traditional tonality and musical modes, with clear romantic-impressionist influences, writing toccatas, berceuses, and pavanes, predominantly—a body of work that positions him as a leading cosmopolitan modern composer. The data for my doctoral essay has been primarily collected directly from the primary source, Maestro Nasi, through video-recorded interviews, from his archives, and from the manuscripts of all his compositions, which are located in his personal library. This essay classifies and integrates all the information into a detailed biography, a study of his piano pieces, and a complete catalogue of his works in chronological order and by genre. My project brings attention to a remarkable but littleknown artistic voice, introducing him to the English-speaking world. Resumen: Mauricio Nasi Lignarolo (n. Bogotá, 1949* - 2023) es un compositor ítalo-colombiano, arpista, multiinstrumentista de teclado y biólogo. Actualmente reside en Bogotá, Colombia, donde ha impartido conferencias en colegios y universidades, ofrecido talleres de composición y seminarios, y actuado en diversas agrupaciones musicales. El Maestro Nasi es una figura versátil, inmersa en numerosos campos de las artes y las ciencias, y habla varios idiomas, incluido el latín. Comenzó a componer en 1975 y hasta la fecha ha escrito un total de 183 obras musicales, varias de las cuales han sido adaptadas en diversas versiones instrumentales. En la actualidad, la mayoría de sus obras permanecen inéditas. Su estilo creativo revive la tonalidad tradicional y los modos musicales, con claras influencias románticas e impresionistas, componiendo principalmente toccatas, berceuses y pavanas. Este conjunto de obras lo sitúa como un destacado compositor moderno y cosmopolita. Los datos para mi tesis doctoral se han recopilado principalmente directamente de la fuente principal, el Maestro Nasi, a través de entrevistas en video, de sus archivos personales y de los manuscritos de todas sus composiciones, que se encuentran en su biblioteca personal. Esta tesis clasifica e integra toda la información en una biografía detallada, un estudio de sus piezas para piano y un catálogo completo de sus obras en orden cronológico y por género. Mi proyecto llama la atención sobre una voz artística notable pero poco conocida, presentándola al mundo de habla inglesa.

Background: Type 2 diabetes is often a stigmatized condition as it is considered a lifestyle-related disease in many societies. It is important to understand stigma and its sources, but little research on this matter was found in the UK. This study aimed to investigate perceived stigma, self-stigma and flourishing in the context of type 2 diabetes. Method: The present study sought to investigate the lived experiences of people with a type 2 diabetes diagnosis in the UK. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted, 6 individuals living with type 2 diabetes were interviewed (aged 41-79 years; 66.67% female; 33.33% male). Results: Reflective thematic analysis of the data generated four overarching themes. The first theme, ‘Receiving a diabetes diagnosis’ encapsulates the psychological reaction at the time participants received their diagnosis. The second theme, ‘coping with diabetes’ encapsulates what patients experience after diagnosis. The third theme, ‘Accepting the diagnosis’ shows current attitudes and feelings towards diabetes. Finally, the fourth theme, ‘Stigma around type 2 diabetes’ refers to the attitudes participants have perceived from others and its sources. Discussion: The results indicate that patients in this study perceive stigma from health providers, media, and the general population, but they have not internalised it. They believe stigmatising comments come from a lack of awareness and lack of knowledge about diabetes. The findings demonstrate gaps in the patient-health provider relationship that lead to resistance towards attending medical appointments.

Abstract: The egg weight (EW) increases as the hen ages, but unfortunately, eggshell quality does not improve with increasing EW. Dietary changes can help control the increase EW, resulting in improved eggshell quality. This experiment aimed to deterMomine the effect of different digestive lysine (dLYS) levels on the production performance and eggshell quality of 82-87-week-old Lohmann Brown hens and identify the optimal level of dLYS intake to achieve an optimal production performance and the level of dLYS that can improve eggshell quality by modifying EW. A total of 240 Lohmann Brown hens were selected for the experiment (79-87 weeks). These were distributed in individual cages and 6 treatments with 40 replicates per treatment. The cages were divided into 40 blocks of 6 consecutive cages. In each block, the treatments were randomly distributed in the room. The treatments were 6 different diets with different dLYS levels (6.72, 6.40 (control diet (CON)), 6.08, 5.76, 5.44, 5.12 g/kg). The production performance and eggshell quality were evaluated, and the ideal dLYS was calculated by linear broken-line regression. Modifying dLYS levels from 6.08 to 5.12 g/kg decreased a hen day egg production (HDEP) by 4.4%, and reduced egg mass (EM) by 3.2 g/d. Adjusting dLYS levels from 5.44 to 5.12 g/kg reduced 2.2 g the egg weight (EW). Changing dLYS levels from 6.40 to 5.44 g/kg increased the average feed daily intake (ADFI) by 5 g. The different dLYS levels did not affect the feed conversion ratio (FCR), but it showed a tendency (P = 0.074). Eggshell quality attributes were not affected by different dLYS levels. The optimal dLYS intake requirement was 713, 646, 626, and 627 mg/b/d to achieve an optimal HDEP, EW, EM, and FCR respectively. In conclusion, the results of this experiment can help the laying hen industry to determine the optimal dLYS for managing EW increase, keeping a good HDEP, EM, FCR, and maintaining eggshell quality in long-life laying hens.

Resumen: A sus 64 años, el reconocido arquitecto Le Corbusier decidió construir el Cabanon, una pequeña cabaña de 16m2 en la orilla del Mediterráneo, como un refugio apartado en el que pasaba sus vacaciones. Resulta intrigante que el arquitecto emblemático del ""movimiento moderno"", símbolo de progreso cultural y tecnológico basado en la ciencia e industrialización, optara, al final de su carrera, por apartarse de la vida ""moderna"" y las ""comodidades"" que ésta conlleva. Esta es la motivación para un análisis que se adentra en la evaluación de las condiciones de habitabilidad térmica de la estructura, junto con la implementación de estrategias bioclimáticas que logren prolongar el tiempo en el que ésta mantiene temperaturas interiores dentro de rangos considerados como confortables. Esta aproximación busca explorar el comportamiento térmico de arquitecturas icónicas y fomentar la reflexión sobre el concepto de la mínima habitabilidad en un contexto de crisis ambiental. Además, presenta la oportunidad de comparar las exigencias normativas españolas con los estándares de confort más actuales. La metodología implica simulaciones del comportamiento térmico a lo largo del año y la aplicación de los rangos de temperaturas confortables según las normativas CTE- DB-HE y EN 16798-1. En la medida en que el Cabanon sea capaz de ofrecer condiciones confortables desde el punto de vista térmico, podríamos cuestionarnos si la arquitectura y energía que demandan nuestras ciudades es un imperativo para proporcionar ambientes térmicamente habitables. ¿Es la reducción de un consumo inevitable e in- sostenible de energía la única vía hacia la sostenibilidad? ¿O es a partir de una arquitectura deconstruida, que elimina la dependencia de energía externa, como podemos acercarnos a estándares de vida contemporáneos? Los resultados revelan que, según la EN 16798-1, el Cabanon lograba proporcionar condiciones de confort térmico durante el 88% del tiempo del mes en que era habitado, y un 53% según el CTE-DB- HE. Mediante un análisis detallado del contexto y la aplicación de estrategias bioclimáticas, esta cabaña consigue extender el porcentaje a un 91% de todo el año dentro de la EN 16798-1 y un 60% en el rango CTE.DB.HE. Ofreciendo hasta un 25% más de horas de confort que una vivienda estándar que cumple con la normativa europea vigente en cuanto a ahorro energético. Esto confirma la utilidad del modelo adaptativo para elevar los límites de confort durante los meses cálidos y proporcionar una proyección precisa de la neutralidad térmica en edificios ventilados naturalmente. En contraste, la normativa española no provee esta precisión y sus exigencias conllevan al aumento de la demanda energética. El análisis del comportamiento térmico del Cabanon, además de ser un trabajo investigativo de arquitectura histórica, explora en qué medida la energía del entorno puede proveer condiciones que nos acerquen al confort térmico en la vivienda mediterránea. Partir de esta comprensión, ofrece un abordaje alternativo con fines proyectuales en el que se vuelve válido comenzar con lo mínimo para alcanzar lo máximo, en lugar de partir de lo máximo para lograr lo mínimo.

Abstract: This thesis proposes an update to the NS-047 technical standard of the aqueduct and sewerage company of Bogota for storm drain design, introducing the comprehensive and modern UPC methodology. The research addresses the limitations of the current standard, emphasizing the importance of critical parameters such as flow depth and velocities for pedestrian and vehicle safety during storms. By considering a wide range of hydrologic and hydraulic factors, the UPC method provides a realistic representation of stormwater behavior and enables better system understanding and optimization. The adoption of UPC is expected to enhance stormwater management, promoting safety and sustainability in urban flood control. The application of the UPC methodology to a real-life case study, the CASU road project in Bogotá, demonstrates its effectiveness in optimizing storm drain design. The analysis identified areas for improvement, resulting in a revised approach with strategically located storm drains that effectively controlled runoff while reducing the number of structures. This optimization not only saves costs but also minimizes risks for road users. The comparison between EAAB and UPC methodologies highlights the superiority of the UPC method in terms of its comprehensive approach, graphical outputs, and ability to incorporate multiple roadways. To further improve storm drains designs, experimentation is recommended to determine capture coefficients for different structures, especially in low points critical for drainage efficiency and flood prevention. Obtaining accurate capture coefficients through real-world experiments will enhance the overall stormwater management performance and inform design decisions. By complementing the EAAB standard with the UPC methodology and conducting experimentation for capture coefficients, this research aims to provide a clearer, practical, and more effective storm drain design approach for infrastructure projects in Bogotá and other areas in Colombia.

Abstract: This thesis advances the understanding of brand polarization, a nascent concept in the marketing and branding academic literature. Brand polarization is defined as an affective phenomenon that involves passionate positive and negative feelings and offers a new analytical lens to the consumer-brand relationship knowledge. The current thesis addresses the nature, drivers and outcomes of the brand polarization phenomenon and answers three research questions. To better understand brand polarization, the theoretical development involves a systematic literature review of five related concepts (polarization in political science and social psychology, brand rivalry, brand love and brand hate) and lie foundation for the development of a new conceptual model. The empirical analysis adopts a sequential mixed-methods research design, where data is first collected via 22 semistructured interviews, followed by a survey of 1,238 lovers and haters of polarizing brands in three different product categories. The qualitative study utilises semi-structured interviews to identify the key antecedents and outcomes of brand polarization, and these preliminary insights inform the confirm the relationships hypothesised in the conceptual model. The findings show the multidimensional nature of brand polarization, (brand passion, self-brand benchmarking, intra-group identification and inter-group dissociation), and offer a new measurement for the phenomenon. The results also identify five drivers of brand polarization, namely brand strength, brand uniqueness, association with important issues, ideological compatibility/incompatibility and sense of community. Finally, the evidence supports the role of brand polarization in pairs of oppositional concepts including complimenting and complaining behaviours; brand loyalty and disloyalty; using pro and anti-brand merchandise; participation in a brand and anti-brand community; forgiveness and retaliation behaviours; positive and negative WoM; and defending and attacking the brand. The research offers theoretical, methodological and managerial implications. Resumen: Esta tesis avanza en la comprensión de la polarización de marca, un concepto naciente en la literatura académica de marketing y branding. La polarización de la marca se define como un fenómeno afectivo que involucra sentimientos apasionados positivos y negativos y ofrece una nueva visión analítica al conocimiento de la relación consumidor-marca. La presente tesis aborda la naturaleza, los antecedentes y las consecuencias del fenómeno de polarización de la marca. Para comprender mejor la polarización de marcas, el desarrollo teórico implica una revisión sistemática de la literatura de cinco conceptos relacionados (polarización en ciencias políticas, polarización en psicología social, rivalidad de marcas, amor y odio de marcas) y sentar las bases para el desarrollo de un nuevo modelo conceptual. El análisis empírico adopta un diseño de investigación secuencial de métodos mixtos con un estudio cualitativo y cuantitativo. El estudio cualitativo utiliza entrevistas semiestructuradas para identificar los antecedentes y resultados clave de la polarización de marca, y estos conocimientos preliminares informan la dimensionalidad del fenómeno y el modelo conceptual. La investigación cuantitativa confirma las relaciones planteadas en el modelo conceptual. Los hallazgos de la tesis muestran la naturaleza multidimensional del fenómeno (pasión por la marca, evaluación comparativa del consumidor con la marca, identificación intragrupo y disociación intergrupal). Los resultados también identifican cinco antecedentes de la polarización de la marca. Finalmente, la evidencia respalda el papel de la polarización de la marca en siete pares de conceptos opuestos. La investigación ofrece varias implicaciones teóricas, metodológicas y de gestión.