Lately, the Colombian government has opted for military oppression as the main route towards national security. However, recent events have shown that new post-conflict regions in Colombia are not necessarily violence- nor conflict-free scenarios. The institutional, social and economical instability of these post-conflict zones, as well as the high profitability of drug production, have promoted the reappearance of violent groups, generally led by previous mercenaries. In addition, under the actual Colombian peace-policies, the environmental security in post-conflict regions is not as secure as it should be. Many authors have argued that the economic reactivation in post-conflict scenarios could impose more threats to natural ecosystems than the economic stagnation typical of times of war. Then, it is important to look for new and effective alternatives to development, seeking to promote “sustainable peace” (i.e. social, economic and environmental long-term peace-conditions) in post-conflict regions in Colombia. This exploratory research suggests that natural resources in Colombia -besides bolstering belligerent groups- could be the medium for facilitating and maintaining peace. It proposes, for instance, that the correct management of natural resources through Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes have a threefold potential. Firstly, to provide social, environmental and economic stabilization in post-conflict regions in Colombia. Secondly, to displace illegality and violence; and thirdly, to promote environmental citizenship for the alleviation of marginalization and as an alternative way toward national security.

In this master thesis were characterized two highly porous media and a conduit in sandstone with special focus in the transition region between the laminar and turbulent states. As porous media were used glass beads and coarse sand of similar size, 2 and 1.9 mm respectively; for the laboratory work was used a setup where was possible to control the discharge and was measured the hydraulic head. Laminar flow ceases at Reynolds number of 0.25 in glass beads and 0.21 in coarse sand. The flow follows the same pathway between laminar and transitional, without regard if the velocity was increasing or decreasing. A conduit of 5 mm diameter was drilled in a fragment of sandstone for the experiments. The discharge and head losses through the conduit were measured. It was possible to establish two critical Reynolds values, 365 and 3060, for the state change between laminar to transitional and transitional to turbulent. A hysteretic behavior was observed when the flow switches between laminar and transitional. All the results were modeled using the Conduit Flow Process Mode 2 and compared with the experimental data. For porous media there is not a good agreement between the outputs of the model and the measured data.

The protracted nature of the Colombian conflict has allowed the emergence of numerous attempts for its resolution (intense military offensives and different models of negotiation). Regarding the attempts of negotiation, some of them have resulted in durable peace agreements while others have failed during the process. For example, in 1991, the government negotiated the reincorporation into the political life of the guerrillas M-19 and EPL, and recently in 2002-2007, the government held a peace process with the AUC paramilitary group, which produced the demobilization of approximately 40.000 rebels. However, the scenery of resolution with two remaining guerrillas (FARC and ELN) is different, after more than 26 years of failed negotiations and tough military offensives; it has not been possible to settle the conflict with them. What explains the different results in the peace processes with the armed groups? I suggest that in order to identify opportunities for negotiations and more effective peace processes, states and third parties, should regard more seriously the character of the different armed groups (motivation, leadership, strategies, social composition, organizational structure, etc). Therefore, by doing a comparative analysis of the AUC and FARC peace processes. I found out that: 1. the type of violence and financial sources are not determinant factors to reach a negotiated settlement with rebel groups. It is false that is more difficult to negotiate with armed groups pursuing high benefits from war, at least not in Colombia. 2. That the degree of task cohesion, the group cohesiveness, and social support are extremely relevant to the state engage and manage possible crisis and setbacks during the negotiations. Armed groups are different and those differences have positive and negative impacts when negotiating with them.

Good quality of legislation is one of the main concerns of the European Union. Given that the EU system is not a single structure but coexists with the legislative systems of the Member States, there is a need to have a Community legislation system which is adaptable to the particular conditions of its Member States and which contributes to the consolidation of the Internal Market. With the purpose of achieving this goal in a sustainable way, in 2011 the European Commission issued its White Paper on European Governance. It stated the necessity of a better and simpler regulatory system involving the participations of all the relevant actors -central governments, regions, cities and civil society. It also declared that ""to improve the quality of its policies, the Union must first asses whether action is needed and, if it is, whether it should be at Union level. Where Union action is required, it should consider the combination of different policy tools. When legislatin, the Union needs to find ways of speeding up the legislative process. It must find the right mix between imposing a uniform approach when and where it is needed and allowing greater flexibility in the way that rules are implemented on the ground. It must boost confidence in the way expert advice influences policy decisions.

This thesis provides a description of political conflicts derived from differences in perspectives of environmental management and governance for Northwest Amazonia (NWA). A chapter is devoted to analysing the impact of State security policy in the development of indigenous’ territorial rights. The chapter concludes that the Colombian and USA government discourses of security coincide that the derived policies increase environmental risks and hinder indigenous peoples’ rights. Survey forms are treated as an additional source of discourse and are used to illustrate different perspectives with respect to governance and territorial ordering in Amazonia. It is argued that inhabitants of the industrialised countries with access to Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in many senses share the responsibility for the actual state of affairs in NWA, as well as other parts of the developing world where there is precarious access to ICT. Central to the thesis is the idea that we are passing through a moment of conceptual ‘dissolution’: dissolution of the divide ‘Indigenous Knowledge’ / ‘Western Sciences’, of the distinction between ‘Social Resistance’ and ‘Social Adaptation’, and of the differentiation between ‘Corporate Management’ and ‘State Security policy’. The thesis describes how this dissolution is occurring at the same time as cultural identity is mutating. The thesis goes beyond discourses surrounding the governance of NWA, by offering a contemporary critique of the concept of ‘globalisation’, and an attempt to locate it in the a 21st century cultural context.

This thesis develops arguments relevant to scientific writing, the understanding of genres in scientific writing, and the construction of scientific fields. It is concerned with how review articles construct the fields of study which they describe. Using constructivist and relativist perspectives from the sociology of scientific knowledge, the research is based on a textual or discourse analysis, emphasizing the contingency of collective phenomena, such as scientific fields. In the first part, the co-formation of the genres of research and review writing is addressed; the focus is on how review writing has been portrayed by historians and rhetorical analysts, bibliographers and information analysts, compilers of guidelines on scientific writing and by scientists, editors, and reviewers. Other central questions include who is expected or authorized to write reviews, as well as to what extent reviews are considered to be a discrete genre in the production of scientific knowledge; it is argued that in practical circumstances (i.e., when classifying research articles and reviews, producing guidelines on reviewing, or awarding scientific reviewing) the straightforward differentiation of two distinct forms of writing becomes blurry. In the second part, the construction of the field of Darwin Studies is examined, through the analysis of various reviews proclaiming the constitution of the field and aiming to put it in order. This ordering is produced through the establishing of boundaries with other fields; mapping it in a comprehensive manner, that is, providing criteria of inclusion and exclusion; building a biography for the field, thus identifying its origins and development through time; and through defining the “state of the art”, which includes introducing its central figures, research problems, and ongoing controversies. The production of each construction of the field as an inter-subjective definition of a given entity, and not as a prejudiced or idiosyncratic representation, requires the careful management of the identity, authority, and credibility of the reviewer. The successful negotiation of a relatively stable constitution of a field is produced through inter-textual reiteration and reinterpretation.

Resumen: El tema de la seguridad energética, se define como la capacidad de un país para satisfacer la demanda nacional de energía con suficiencia, oportunidad, sustentabilidad y precios adecuados, en el presente y hacia un futuro. La problemática de la seguridad energética constituye en la actualidad uno de los temas centrales mundiales que afectan de forma esencial a las economías y la política de seguridad de los Estados. Precisamente el interés estratégico asociado a la seguridad energética de las naciones, constituye la motivación para abordar un trabajo de investigación que permita identificar y evaluar las amenazas a la seguridad energética, las cuales necesiten ser analizadas por cualquier nación. En este trabajo se realiza la identificación, análisis y evaluación los riesgos del suministro energético en un país. Se destaca el enfoque de algunas herramientas para la toma de decisiones y más concretamente su aplicación en el ámbito de la identificación y evaluación de amenazas al suministro energético. Adicionalmente se revisa y se actualiza el estado del arte del tema de aseguramiento del suministro energético, desde el punto de conceptual en países de la OCDE, y específicamente, de acuerdo con la directiva 2008/114/CE de la U.E. (sobre la identificación y designación de infraestructuras críticas europeas) y la NIPP de EE.UU (National Infrastructure Protection Plan) al tiempo que se revisa la situación de los países europeos, se identifican sus vulnerabilidades y las acciones propuestas para el aseguramiento del suministro energético. La revisión y actualización del estado del arte en el aseguramiento energético, se acompaña de una revisión en el panorama de los países europeos, con mayor énfasis en el caso español. De esta manera, se realiza una identificación de las vulnerabilidades, así como las acciones propuestas, las cuales se evalúan a través de una metodología de Administración del Riesgo, ajustándose a la normativa actualmente implementada por empresas del sector energético. Los capítulos que conforman este trabajo, así como los respectivos anexos, se complementan con información referida a las metodologías de apoyo a la toma de decisiones y simulación de sistemas, que pueden ser empleadas en futuras investigaciones relacionadas con aplicaciones en distintos ámbitos para la priorización de decisiones. De esta manera se puede realizar la comparación de algunas técnicas de apoyo a la toma de decisiones para su aplicación en un caso de estudio de identificación y evaluación de amenazas a los sistemas de suministro energético de un país. Igualmente, se presenta información relevante con la situación geopolítica, la economía de la energía, la escasez de recursos y la vulnerabilidad de las infraestructuras energéticas y los recursos claves, que hacen parte del concepto de “seguridad energética”. De esta manera, se efectúa un aporte desde el punto de vista metodológico, dada la recopilación y análisis estructurado de la información, que puede tomarse como un documento técnico y científico en el área del “aseguramiento energético”. Abstract: The issue of energy security is defined as the ability of a country to meet domestic demand for energy sufficiency, opportunity, sustainability and appropriate pricing, both in the present and in the future. This issue of energy security is now one of the key topics that affect the world's essential to the economies and security policy of states.Precisely the strategic interest associated with the energy security of any nation is the motivation to tackle a research project to identify and assess threats to energy security, which need to be analyzed by any nation. In this work we make the identification, risk analysis and assessment of energy supply in a country. It highlights the approach of some tools for making decisions and more specifically its application in the field of identification and evaluation of energy supply threats.Furthermore, we make a review and update of the state of art in the subject of supply security, from the conceptual point of OECD countries, and specifically, in accordance with EU directive 2008/114/CE (On the identification and designation of European critical infrastructures) and the U.S. NIPP (National Infrastructure Protection Plan) at the same time as reviewing the situation of European countries, identifying their vulnerabilities and the proposing some actions in the concept of energy supply. This review and update of the state of the art in energy supply security, is associated with an outlook description for European countries, emphasizing on the Spanish case. This way, we make an identification of vulnerabilities and we propose actions, which are assessed through a Risk Management methodology, which is also aligned to the regulations currently being implemented by companies in the energy sector.Both chapters and amendments of this work are supplemented with information concerning the methodologies to support decision making and system simulation, which can be used in future researches related to applications in variousfields for prioritizing decisions. In this way it is possible to make the comparison among some techniques in order to support decision making for application in a case study of identification and assessment of threats to energy supply systems of a country. We also provide information relevant to geopolitics, energy economics, scarcity of resources and the vulnerability of energy infrastructure and key resources, which are part of the concept of energy security. Thus, a contribution is made from a methodological point of view, given the structured collection and analysis of information that can be taken as a technical and scientific document in the area of “energy security”.

This professional dissertation aims at understanding and questioning the present supremacy of the densification paradigm in urban planning. After presenting the theoretical bases of urban spatial structures, the paper studies the urban growth dynamics in Colombian cities. It focuses on a special category of cities where the densification paradigm proves to be especially inefficient: intermediary rapidly growing cities in developing countries. On the light of these findings, the paper analyses an alternative experience of urban development in Colombia by presenting the Urban Expansion Initiative conducted in Valledupar. Finally, the paper discusses the relationship between densification, urban poverty and urban sustainability. 

Biological parameters and spatial variation of H. arguinensis were estimated inside the Ria Formosa, Portugal. Data collected during visual census (November 2012 to March 2014) and random samplings (February to March 2014) were analyzed. The average sizes were estimated in six localities with a total range between 4 and 48 cm. Three sites showed significant diferences in the average size: Armona, showing the highest mean and Barinha and PFE with the smallest mean (27.4, 17.5 and 21.7 cm respectively, p < 2.2e-16)  Asymptotic population length L?=70 cm and growth coeficient k=0.87 were estimated. The growth pattern showed seasonality using Hoenig’s function. The coverage of mud and sea grass (Z. Noltii, and C. nodosa) were the variables explaining better the diferences in abundance of H. arguinensis among sampled sites, demonstrating the importance of these sea grass species in the persistence of the species in the Ria Formosa.

In this paper, I examine the case of Angosturas, a large-scale gold mining project by the Canadian-based company GreyStar in the sensitive high wetland páramo of Santurbán in the northeast of the Colombian Andes. Angosturas is the closest large-scale gold mining project to the phase of extraction in the country, and constitutes a referent for other ongoing cases. In 2011, the Ministry of the Environment, Housing, and Territorial Development (hereafter: Ministry of the Environment) denied the environmental license to the company to start extraction operations. Despite this government’s recent ruling, GreyStar (which renamed itself ‘Eco Oro’ after the 2011 decision) and other mining companies have continued their quest to gain permission to begin extraction in the area. I explore why these continued attempts to change government policy regarding extraction licensing is possible within the existing juridical framework. In particular, I ask how Sustainable Development allows for the classification of large-scale mining as a public utility activity. This paper is a criticism of Sustainable Development and the limitations it places on hearing certain kinds of languages and discourses that resist the commodification of nature. The case study allows me to address a gap in the existing literature, and outline the distinctive situation of non-legally recognized ethnic minorities (e.g. peasant farmers, small-scale miners, and the urban population).